The Judean date palm at Ketura, Israel, nicknamed Methuselah

The Judean date palm is a date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) grown in Judea. It is not clear whether there was ever a single distinct Judean cultivar, but dates grown in the region have had distinctive reputations for thousands of years, and the date palm was anciently regarded as a symbol of the region and its fertility. Cultivation of dates in the region almost disappeared after the 14th century AD from a combination of climate change and infrastructure decay but has been revived in modern times.

In 2005, a team of scientists sprouted a preserved 2,000-year-old seed, the oldest seed germinated with human-assistance (with the claim in 2012 of a 32,000-year-old arctic flower involving fruit tissue rather than a seed).[1] The palm, a male, was named Methuselah (not to be confused with a bristlecone pine tree of the same name). Following this success, six further preserved seeds were sprouted.[2]

History

Fruit of the date palm was considered a staple food in the Judaean Desert, as it was a source of food and its tree of shelter and shade for thousands of years, and became a recognized symbol of the Kingdom of Judah. It grew around the Dead Sea in the south, to the Sea of Galilee and the Hula Valley regions in the north. The tree and its fruit caused Jericho to become a major population center and are praised in the Hebrew Bible possibly several times indirectly, such as in Psalms (Psalms 92:12–15),[3] "The righteous himself will blossom forth as a palm tree does", and date clusters (אַשְׁכֹּלֽוֹת‎) are mentioned in the Song of Songs (Song of Songs 7:8).[4]

In ancient times, date palms were used for their supposed medicinal properties to cure many diseases and infections, promoting longevity and acting as a mild aphrodisiac.[5] Modern studies have been done in an attempt to confirm their medicinal value.[6]

Its likeness was engraved on shekalim, the ancient Hebrew unit of currency. According to historical sources, Judean dates were renowned as tasting delicious. Already in the fifth century BC, Herodotus noted that the greatest importance of the Judean dates was that they were drier and less perishable than those from Egypt and thus suitable for storage and export, which is still an important distinction today. Pliny the Elder, a Roman naturalist of the 1st century AD, wrote that Jericho's dates were known for their succulence and sweetness, though he distinguished a considerable variety of them and discussed several different varieties by name.[7]

When the Roman Empire invaded ancient Judea, thick forests of date palm up to 80 feet (24 m) high and 7 miles (11 km) wide covered the Jordan River valley from the Sea of Galilee in the north to the shores of the Dead Sea in the south. The tree so defined the local economy that the Roman emperor Vespasian celebrated the reconquest after the First Jewish Revolt (66–70 AD) by minting Judaea Capta coinage, a series of coins sometimes depicting Judaea as a mourning woman beneath a date palm. The palm tree can appear on the coin either in combination with the mourning woman, or without her.[8] Andrea Moresino-Zipper contests that in the former case, it is the woman who symbolises the defeated Judaea and the towering, dominating palm stands for victorious Rome, while in the latter case the palm tree does represent Judaea.[8]

An ancient coin design depicting a date palm and two baskets full of dates has been reused for the front side of the modern Israeli ten-shekel coin.

Decline

It is sometimes claimed that date growing as a commercial fruit export stopped at the end of 70 AD, when the Second Temple was destroyed by the Romans.[9] However, study of contemporary sources indicates that the date industry continued in Judea throughout the Roman period and that the Roman Imperial treasury collected a good deal of the profits.[10] Asaph Goor, in his 21-page article History of the Date through the Ages in the Holy Land, never mentions any such Roman devastation of the date palms, but rather cites numerous contemporary accounts attesting to the continuing extent of date cultivation through the Roman period. Goor only detects a decline in date cultivation through the period of Early Arab rule and especially during the Crusades, when he notes that the devastation of the region was particularly hard on the palm plantations. However, despite this, extensive cultivation persisted in Jericho and Zoara, until the agrarian economy collapsed during Mamluk rule around the 14th century, which he attributes to a change in the climate. Goor quotes several later, Ottoman-period travellers to the area as to the rarity of date palms, including Pierre Belon, who in 1553 scoffed at the idea that the region could have ever produced the bounty of dates reported in ancient sources.[7]

Climatological research has proven that immediately after 1000 AD, the climate became colder and more humid, reaching a peak around 1600, followed by a century of severe heat and drought, and then again by colder times with more rainfall.[11] A 1974 study blames the 15th-century disappearance of date palms from the Jericho-Ein Gedi region on human activity, but Goor raises the possibility that the climate change led to the springs in the area delivering less water, which harmed the water-intensive cultivation of date palms.[11]

Vespasian coin celebrating the victory over the rebels. The legend says: IVDEA CAPTA ("Judaea [has been] captured")

Symbolism

The book Plants of the Bible by Michael Zohary states: "The Hebrew word for the date palm is 'tàmâr.' [...] It became the Jews’ symbol of grace and elegance and was often bestowed by them to women." For example, David's beautiful daughter was named Tamar.

Germination of 2000-year-old seeds

Ancient seeds

During 1963–1965, excavations at Herod the Great's palace on Masada, Israel, revealed a cache of date palm seeds preserved in an ancient jar. They had experienced a very dry and sheltered environment for millennia. Radiocarbon dating at the University of Zurich confirmed the seeds dated from between 155 BC to 64 CE. The seeds were held in storage for 40 years at Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan.[12][13]

Germination and growth

Dr. Sarah Sallon came up with the initiative to germinate some ancient seeds[14] and persuaded the archaeological storage at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem to share some.[15] She challenged her friend, Dr. Elaine Solowey from the Center for Sustainable Agriculture at the Arava Institute for Environmental Studies, with the task[16] and in 2005 Solowey managed to sprout several seeds, after slowly hydrating them in a common baby bottle warmer, then pretreating them in an ordinary solution of fertilizer and growth hormone.[15][17] Three of the seeds were subsequently planted at Ketura, Israel, in the Arabah in southern Israel.[12] The first plant was nicknamed "Methuselah" after the longest-lived person listed in the Bible.

By June 2008, the tree had nearly a dozen fronds and was nearly 1.4 metres (4 ft 7 in) tall.[18] Methuselah flowered in March 2011 and is male.[19] By November 2011 it was 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) high, having been transplanted from pot to earth.[20] By May 2015, the palm was 3.0 metres (9.8 ft) tall and was producing pollen.[21] As of February 2020, Methuselah had reached 3.5 metres (11 ft).[22]

New sprouts and pollination plans

As of 2012, there were tentative plans to crossbreed the male palm with what was considered its closest extant relative, the Hayani date from Egypt, to generate fruit by 2022; however, two female Judean palms have been sprouted since then.[19][22] By 2015 Methuselah had produced pollen that has been used successfully to pollinate female date palms.[23]

As of 2019, altogether thirty-two Judean date palm seeds have been grown from locations in the Dead Sea area, and six saplings (Adam, Jonah, Uriel, Boaz, Judith, and Hannah) have survived. As of February 2020, Adam was 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in). Both Adam and Jonah have produced flowers. Because several seedlings are female, it is hoped that it will be possible to pollinate one or more of the female Judean date palms with the pollen from Methuselah.[22] The genomes of these Judean date palms germinated from ancient seeds were sequenced and analyzed.[24][25]

As of June 2021, dates have grown from the pollination of Hannah, one of the female specimens, by Methuselah. The harvested dates are undergoing study regarding their properties and nutritional values.[26]

Researchers at the Arava Institute for Environmental Studies at Kibbutz Ketura plan to grow dates resurrected from seeds found at archaeological sites in the Judaean Desert and Masada in large quantities using tissue culture, and then establish them in commercial plantations.[27]

When compared with three other cultivars of date palm, genetic tests showed the plant to be closely related to the old Egyptian variety Hayani, 19% of its DNA being different, and an Iraqi cultivar (16% different DNA).[28] They may have shared the same wild ancestor.

In addition to its honoured place in the history of Judea, the palm may contribute useful characteristics, such as environmental tolerance and disease resistance, to modern date cultivars.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Wade, Nicholas (2012-02-20). "New Life, From an Arctic Flower That Died 32,000 Years Ago". The New York Times.
  2. ↑ Zhang, Sarah (2020-02-05). "After 2,000 Years, These Seeds Have Finally Sprouted". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  3. ↑ Psalms 92:12–15
  4. ↑ Song of Songs 7:8
  5. ↑ Kresh, Miriam (2012-03-25). "2000-Year-Old Date Pit Sprouts In Israel". Green Prophet. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  6. ↑ Roach, John (2012-11-22). "2,000-Year-Old Seed Sprouts, Sapling Is Thriving". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on November 25, 2005. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
  7. 1 2 Goor, Asaph (Oct–Dec 1967). "The History of the Date through the Ages in the Holy Land". Economic Botany. 21 (4): 320–340. doi:10.1007/bf02863157. JSTOR 4252895. S2CID 44253453.
  8. 1 2 Andrea Moresino-Zipper (2009). Gerd Theissen; et al. (eds.). Die Judaea-Capta-Münze und das Motiv der Palme. Römisches Siegessymbol oder Repräsentation Judäas? (The Judaea Capta coin and the image of the palm tree: Roman symbol of victory, or representation of Judaea?). Novum Testamentum et Orbis Antiquus/Studien zur Umwelt des Neuen Testaments (NTOA/StUNT) (Book 70) (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 64–67. ISBN 9783525533901. Retrieved 26 July 2018. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Jones, Larry (2010-03-11). "Extinct Judean Date Palm Grows After 1500 Years". Follow-The-Light. Retrieved 2013-10-01.
  10. ↑ Safrai, Ze'ev (2005) [1994]. "I.3.4 Dates". The Economy of Roman Palestine (Electronic ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-20486-3. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
  11. 1 2 Issar, Arie S. (2004). "1.4.8 The Crusader period and Little Ice Age, 1.0 ka to 0.4 ka BP, and 1.4.9 The Moslem-Ottoman period, 0.4 ka to 0.1 ka BP". Climate Changes during the Holocene and their Impact on Hydrological Systems. International Hydrology Series. Cambridge University Press. p. 28. ISBN 9780521607735. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  12. 1 2 "Dr. Elaine Solowey". The Arava Institute for Environmental Studies. Retrieved 2021-07-12.
  13. ↑ "Methuselah". The Arava Institute for Environmental Studies. Retrieved 2018-07-25.
  14. ↑ "Six new ancient date trees", Arava Institute,
  15. 1 2 "After 2,000 Years, These Seeds Have Finally Sprouted", The Atlantic
  16. ↑ "From Extinction to Resurrection: The Judean Date Palm Tree"
  17. ↑ Sallon, Sarah; Cherif, Emira; Chabrillange, Nathalie; Solowey, Elaine; Gros-Balthazard, Muriel; Ivorra, Sarah; Terral, Jean-Frédéric; Egli, Markus; Aberlenc, Frédérique (2020-02-01). "Origins and insights into the historic Judean date palm based on genetic analysis of germinated ancient seeds and morphometric studies". Science Advances. 6 (6): eaax0384. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aax0384. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7002127. PMID 32076636.
  18. ↑ "Researchers confirm age of "Methuselah" tree" at Reuters
  19. 1 2 Miriam Kresh (2012-03-25). "2000-Year-Old Date Pit Sprouts in Israel". Green Prophet Weekly Newsletter. Retrieved 2012-05-13.
  20. ↑ Siegel-Itzkovich, Judy (2011-11-25). "Medicinal date palm from oldest known seed planted". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
  21. ↑ "Date palm grown from 2,000-year-old seed is a dad".
  22. 1 2 3 Winer, Stuart; Surkes, Sue (6 February 2020). "Israeli researchers grow new date plants from 2,000-year-old seeds". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 13 February 2020.
  23. ↑ "'Methuselah' Palm Grown from 2,000-Year-Old Seed is a Father". 2015-03-24. Archived from the original on March 27, 2015.
  24. ↑ Gros-Balthazard, Muriel; Flowers, Jonathan M.; Hazzouri, Khaled M.; Ferrand, Sylvie; Aberlenc, Frédérique; Sallon, Sarah; Purugganan, Michael D. (May 11, 2021). "The genomes of ancient date palms germinated from 2,000 y old seeds". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 118 (19): e2025337118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2025337118. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 8126781. PMID 33941705.
  25. ↑ Schuster, Ruth (May 2, 2021). "Scientists Resurrect Mysterious Judean Date Palms From Biblical Era". Haaretz.
  26. ↑ "Extinct tree from the time of Jesus rises from the dead". BBC Reel. 2021-06-21. Archived from the original on 2021-06-23. Retrieved 2021-06-23.
  27. ↑ How King Solomon and the Romans Shaped the Judean Date Palm, Haaretz
  28. ↑ Sarah Sallon; Elaine Solowey; Yuval Cohen; Raia Korchinsky; Markus Egli; Ivan Woodhatch; Orit Simchoni; Mordechai Kislev (2008). "Germination, Genetics, and Growth of an Ancient Date Seed". Science. 320 (5882): 1464. Bibcode:2008Sci...320.1464S. doi:10.1126/science.1153600. PMID 18556553. S2CID 206510663.
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