San Francisco Unified School District
Location
San Francisco, California
United States
District information
TypePublic
GradesK-12
Established1851 (1851)
SuperintendentDr. Matt Wayne
Schools114
Students and staff
Students48,000 (August 2023)[1]
Staff10,000 (August 2023)[1]
Other information
Websitewww.sfusd.edu
San Francisco Unified School District Administrative Building at 555 Franklin Street.

San Francisco Unified School District (SFUSD), established in 1851, is the only public school district within the City and County of San Francisco, and the first in the state of California.[2] Under the management of the San Francisco Board of Education, the district serves more than 55,500 students in more than 160 institutions.[3]

SFUSD utilizes an intra-district school choice system and requires students and parents to submit a selection application. Every year in the fall, the SFUSD hosts a Public School Enrollment Fair to provide families access to information about all the schools in the district. This system is set to change as the school board has resolved to overhaul the system to ensure that more students (at least at the elementary level) are placed at neighborhood schools.[4]

SFUSD has the second highest Academic Performance Index among the seven largest California school districts.[5] Newsweek’s national ranking of "Best High Schools in America" named seven SFUSD high schools among the top five percent in the country in 2007. In 2005, two SFUSD schools were recognized by the federal government as No Child Left Behind Blue-Ribbon Schools.

History

Arlene Ackerman began her tenure as the superintendent of SFUSD on August 1, 2000. In May 2004, the district received $3.3 million for whistleblowing a company defrauding a federal program meant to provide internet to disadvantaged children. In June 2004, Ackerman announced that Progress Energy Inc would pay SFUSD $43.1 million to settle a case accusing its subsidiary, Strategic Resource Solutions, of defrauding the district in an energy deal.[6]

The David Lynch Foundation sponsored the Quiet Time transcendental meditation program at various SFUSD middle and high schools. Visitacion Valley Middle School was the first school to adopt the program in 2007.[7][8]

SFUSD dropped Columbus Day from the school calendar in January 2017.[9]

In early March 2020, SFUSD temporarily closed Lowell High School and adjacent Lakeshore Elementary School after some family members of students reported respiratory illness at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.[10] All schools were then closed on March 16th, for 3 weeks,[11] which was subsequently extended until the end of the school year with distance learning implemented for students.[12] In July 2020, they announced that schools would remain closed into the next school year.[13]

On February 3, 2021, San Francisco City Attorney Dennis Herrera announced that, on February 11, he will sue the San Francisco Board of Education, SFUSD, and Superintendent Vincent Matthews for violating state law by not having a plan to "offer classroom-based instruction whenever possible". The lawsuit was the first of its kind, wherein a civil action is filed by a city against its school district over COVID-19 school closures, within the state of California. The suit is supported by Mayor London Breed, who has criticized the Board for focusing on renaming 44 SFUSD schools during the pandemic. Both the Board and Matthews have criticized the suit, calling it wasteful and inaccurate.[14][15][16][17]

On February 15, 2022, three members of the school board were recalled in the 2022 San Francisco Board of Education recall elections.[18]

Student admissions

Another San Francisco Unified School District building, from Fell st. & Franklin st. crossing.
Windows of that San Francisco Unified School District building covered with photos of jazz legends.

SFUSD previously practiced a race-based admissions system, presently operates under a choice assignment system.

San Francisco NAACP v. San Francisco Unified School District (1980s)

In 1983 the NAACP sued the school district and won a consent decree that mandated that no more than 45% of any racial group may make up the percentage of students at a single school. At the time, white and black students were the largest demographic groups in the school district. The decree was intended to benefit black children. When it was discovered that Hispanic children also had low test scores, they were added to the decree's intended beneficiaries.[19]

Ho v. San Francisco Unified School District (1990s)

In a five-year period ending in 1999, Asian and Latino students were the largest demographic groups in the SFUSD. In 1994, after several ethnic Chinese students were denied admission to programs because too many ethnic Chinese students were present, ethnic Chinese parents sued SFUSD arguing that the system promoted racial discrimination.[19] On April 15, 1998, the Chinese-American group asked a federal appeals court to end the admissions practice.[20] The system required ethnic Chinese students to receive higher scores than other ethnic groups in order to be admitted to Lowell High School, the city's most prestigious public high school.[20][21] Waldemar Rojas, the superintendent, wanted to keep the decree because the district had received $37 million in desegregation funds. The NAACP had defended the decree. White parents who were against the racial quotas had a tendency to leave San Francisco.[19]

In 1998, a federal appeals court ruled that the race-based criteria should not be ended, but that SFUSD is required to justify why it required higher test scores from ethnic Chinese applicants to gain admission to the school district's most prestigious high school and that the school district is required to prove, during a trial held in the 1999–2000 school year, that segregation is remaining in the school system and that the limitation of the ethnic groups at each school is the only possible remedy.[22] On February 16, 1999, lawyers representing the Chinese parents in Ho v. SFUSD revealed that the school district had agreed to a settlement that removed the previous race-based admission system; William Orrick, the U.S. district judge, had planned to officially announce the news of the settlement the following day.[19] The district planned to implement a "diversity index" in which race was one factor, but in December 1999 Orrick rejected the plan as unconstitutional. Orrick ordered the district to resubmit the plan without race as a factor or to resubmit the plan under the settlement that had been reached with the Chinese parents.[23] In January 2000 the district agreed to remove race as a factor of consideration for admission.[24]

Critics of the diversity index created by Ho v. San Francisco Unified School District point out that many schools, including Lowell, have become even less racially diverse since it was enacted.

On November 15, 2005, the United States District Court for the Northern District of California denied a request to extend the Consent Decree, which was set to expire on December 31, 2005, after it had been extended once before to December 31, 2002. The ruling claimed "since the settlement of the Ho litigation [resulting in the institution of the "diversity index"], the consent decree has proven to be ineffective, if not counterproductive, in achieving diversity in San Francisco public schools" by making schools more racially segregated.[25]

As of 2007, SFUSD admission factors include race-neutral aspects, such as the socioeconomic status of a student's family. Lyanne Melendez of KGO-TV wrote in 2007 "but the local courts and the district have found that race-neutral factors haven't worked in San Francisco's case."[26]

Current Student Assignment System (2011–present)

In 2011, SFUSD instituted a full choice assignment system, but "despite the District’s good intentions, San Francisco’s schools are more segregated now under the current policy than they were thirty years ago." then under the OER system implemented after San Francisco NAACP v. San Francisco Unified School District from 1983 to 2000.[27] Citing choice did not increase diversity, but encourage the opposite, as well as the problem of requiring the time to "shop" for schools.

Elementary Zone-based Assignment System (in development; Fall 2026 earliest implementation)

In 2018, the school board voted unanimously to create a new plan to address segregation in the district. The plan seeks to focus on diversity, predictibility, and proximity with a zone-based assignment system for Elementary students, and will "also consider the demographic characteristics of each child’s immediate neighborhood when assigning students to help ensure that every school reflects the diversity of the zone it's in."[28]

Current schools

High schools

Balboa High School
Galileo Academy of Science and Technology
Lowell High School
Mission High School
Ida B. Wells High School
Comprehensive schools


Alternative schools
  • The Academy - San Francisco @ McAteer (Small High School by Design; located at the former J. Eugene McAteer High School campus)
  • Ruth Asawa School of the Arts (SOTA) (specialized arts program; located at the former J. Eugene McAteer High School campus)
  • Civic Center Secondary School (county; located at the former John Swett Elementary, 727 Golden Gate Ave.)
  • City Arts & Technology (charter; located at the Luther Burbank Middle School campus; merged with Leadership High School in 2022)
  • Downtown High School (continuation; located at the former Patrick Henry Elementary campus)
  • Gateway High School (charter; located at the Burl Toler/former Benjamin Franklin Middle School campus)
  • Hilltop High School (county; located at the former Sunshine School campus)
  • Independence High School
  • June Jordan School for Equity (Small School by Design; located at the Luther Burbank Middle School campus)
  • Leadership High School (charter; located at the former San Miguel Elementary School; merged with City Arts & Technology in 2022)
  • John O'Connell High School of Technology
  • KIPP San Francisco College Preparatory (charter)
  • San Francisco International High School (located at the former Enola Maxwell Middle School campus on DeHaro Street)
  • Ida B. Wells Continuation High School (formerly Alamo Park Continuation High, Louise M. Lombard High)

Middle schools

  • Aptos Middle School
  • James Denman Middle School
  • Everett Middle School
  • Francisco Middle School
  • Gateway Middle School (charter; located at the former Golden Gate Elementary School campus)
  • A.P. Giannini Middle School
  • Herbert Hoover Middle School
  • Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Academic Middle School
  • James Lick Middle School
  • Marina Middle School
  • Presidio Middle School
  • Roosevelt Middle School
  • Visitacion Valley Middle School
  • Willie L. Brown Jr. Middle School

K-8 schools

  • Buena Vista/Horace Mann Alternative K-8 (located at the Horace Mann Middle School campus)
  • Bessie Carmichael/FEC K-8
  • Creative Arts Charter (located at the former Golden Gate Elementary)
  • Lawton Alternative K-8
  • Claire Lilienthal Alternative K-8
    • Madison Campus (Grades K-2) 3950 Sacramento Street
    • Winfield Scott Campus (Grades 3–8) 3630 Divisadero Street
  • Paul Revere K-8
  • Rooftop Alternative Elementary K-8 (formerly Twin Peaks Elementary)
    • Twin Peaks Campus (Grades K-4) 443 Burnett Avenue (formerly Burnett Campus)
    • Mayeda Campus (Grades 5–8) 500 Corbett Avenue
  • San Francisco Community K-8 (formerly Corbett/Community Elementary and located on Corbett Avenue, where Rooftop's Mayeda campus was built many years later. Now on the site of the former Excelsior School)
  • Thomas Edison Charter Academy ("TECA" formerly Edison Elementary, expanded from K-5 to K-8 in 2005)
  • Alice Fong Yu Alternative K-8 (located at the former Christopher Columbus Elementary)

K-5 schools

  • Alamo Elementary
  • Alvarado Elementary
  • Argonne Elementary
  • Bryant Elementary (located at the former site of Buena Vista Elementary School since 2011; previously it was located at 1050 York Street in the Mission District)
  • Dr. George Washington Carver Elementary
  • César Chávez Elementary (formerly Hawthorne Elementary)
  • John Yehall Chin Elementary (formerly Washington Irving Elementary)
  • Chinese Immersion School at De Avila (formerly William R. De Avila Elementary and before 1979 known as Dudley Stone Elementary)
  • Clarendon Elementary Second Community (named after the original SF Community which moved to the Excelsior)
  • JBBP (Japanese Bilingual Bicultural Program) at Clarendon Elementary
  • Cleveland Elementary
  • Dr. William L. Cobb Elementary (formerly Emerson Elementary)
  • Dr. Charles R. Drew College Preparatory Academy
  • El Dorado Elementary
  • Dianne Feinstein Elementary (built on the site of the old Parkside Elementary)
  • Leonard R. Flynn Elementary (formerly Le Conte Elementary)
  • Garfield Elementary
  • Glen Park Elementary
  • Grattan Elementary
  • Guadalupe Elementary
  • Bret Harte Elementary
  • Hillcrest Elementary
  • Dolores Huerta Elementary (renamed on August 28, 2018, in honor of the co-founder of UFW Dolores Huerta; formerly Fairmont Elementary, one of the oldest elementary schools in San Francisco)
  • Jefferson Elementary
  • Francis Scott Key Elementary
  • Thomas Starr King Elementary
  • Lafayette Elementary
  • Lakeshore Elementary
  • Gordon J. Lau Elementary (dedicated and renamed on October 30, 1998, formerly Commodore Stockton Elementary [This school was also named the "Oriental School" before 1924.])
  • Edwin and Anita Lee Newcomer School (renamed and dedicated on August 28, 2018, to honor San Francisco's former mayor and his wife, formerly Chinese Education Center Elementary School, established in 1969)[29]
  • Longfellow Elementary
  • Frank McCoppin Elementary (established 1896, originally known as the Park Primary School; renamed in 1908 to honor the mayor who was credited with founding nearby Golden Gate Park)[30][31]
  • McKinley Elementary
  • Malcolm X Academy (formerly Sir Francis Drake Elementary)
  • Marshall Elementary (formerly Mission Elementary)
  • Harvey Milk Civil Rights Academy (dedicated and renamed June 25, 1996; formerly Douglass School)
  • Miraloma Elementary
  • Mission Education Center (dual-language immersion TK and newcomer K-5; located in the former Kate Kennedy School)
  • Monroe Elementary
  • George R. Moscone Elementary
  • John Muir Elementary
  • New Traditions Elementary (located since 1990 in the former Andrew Jackson Elementary building)
  • Jose Ortega Elementary
  • Jean Parker Elementary
  • Rosa Parks Elementary (reconstituted and renamed in 1995, formerly Raphael Weill Elementary)
  • Rosa Parks JBBP (Japanese Bilingual Bicultural Program)
  • George Peabody Elementary
  • Redding Elementary
  • Sanchez Elementary
  • San Francisco Public Montessori
  • Junipero Serra Elementary
  • Sheridan Elementary
  • Sherman Elementary
  • Commodore Sloat Elementary
  • Spring Valley Elementary
  • Robert Louis Stevenson Elementary
  • Sunnyside Elementary
  • Sunset Elementary (formerly Mark Twain Elementary)
  • Sutro Elementary
  • Edward Robeson (E.R.) Taylor Elementary
  • Tenderloin Community School
  • Ulloa Elementary
  • Visitacion Valley Elementary
  • Daniel Webster Elementary
  • West Portal Elementary
  • Yick Wo (formerly Sarah B. Cooper Elementary)

Closed or merged schools

High schools

  • High School of Commerce (1926-1952) including Nourse Auditorium, built in 1927 and named for former Superintendent of Schools Joseph Nourse.
  • Newton J. Tharp Commercial School (1908-1952) was originally built on Grove Street and then moved to Fell and Franklin Streets in 1913.
  • International Studies Academy (1984-2016) was located at 655 De Haro Street and was merged into John O'Connell Technical High School.
  • J. Eugene McAteer High School (1973–2002) was located at 555 Portola Drive and had been built to replace 'Poly' (see below) as the most centrally located high school.
  • Newcomer High School (was located at the old Laguna Honda Elementary)
  • Metropolitan Arts and Tech High School (Charter) (____-2013) (located at the former Woodrow Wilson High School campus) (merged into City Arts and Technology High School)
  • Polytechnic High School (1895–1972) 701 Frederick Street across from Kezar Stadium.[32]
  • Urban Pioneer Experiential Academy (2002–2004)
  • Woodrow Wilson High School (1963-1996) 400 Mansell Avenue (renamed as Phillip & Sala Burton HS)

Middle schools

  • Aim High Academy, 2003-2006 (relocated to Luther Burbank MS site and renamed as Small Middle School for Equity at the end of the 2005–2006 academic year)
  • Luther Burbank Middle School (closed at the end of the 2005–2006 academic year) was located at 325 La Grande Avenue. It is currently the home for the June Jordan School for Equity (Small public school), and City Arts and Technology High School (Charter school).
  • Gloria R. Davis College Preparatory Academy (closed at the end of the 2006–2007 academic year) was located at 1195 Hudson Street[33]
  • Excelsior Middle School was merged into International Studies Academy [ISA HS] in the fall of 2008 allowing for a 6-12 grade school.
  • Benjamin Franklin Middle School (closed at the end of the 2004–2005 academic year) was located at 1430 Scott Street and renamed in the fall of 2006 as the Burl L. Toler Campus and is now home to both Gateway High School and KIPP SF Bay Academy (both charter schools).
  • Horace Mann Middle School (was merged with Buena Vista K-5 to form a K-8 program starting in fall 2011 while supporting the 7th & 8th graders who had started at Horace Mann)
  • Enola Maxwell Middle School (closed at the end of the 2005–2006 academic year) (formerly Potrero Middle School) then home to I.S.A. High School, and now home to San Francisco International High School.

K-8 schools

  • Willie L. Brown Jr. Academy College Preparatory School, 4-8 (formerly Twenty-First Century K-8) (closed at the end of the 2010–2011 academic year for considerable renovations as well as academic issues.)
  • Treasure Island School (closed mid-school year, December 16, 2005)
  • Twenty-First Century K-8 (became Willie L. Brown College Preparatory 2004–2005)

Elementary schools

  • Cabrillo Elementary School (closed at the end of the 2005–2006 academic year) was located at 750 25th Avenue in the Outer Richmond District. It is now used as a district office for Curriculum & Instruction, VAPA & IT.
  • Columbus Elementary was located at 1541 12th Avenue in the Inner Sunset Neighborhood. In 1995, SFUSD opened its first Chinese Immersion School in the District called Alice Fong Yu Alternative School.
  • William R. De Avila Elementary (formerly Dudley Stone Elementary) was located at 1351 Haight Street, between Masonic and Central in the Upper Haight. The school was closed at the end of the 2004–2005 school year and briefly rented to City College of San Francisco. Before the start of the 2009–2010 school year, the school district re-opened De Avila as the Chinese Immersion School at De Avila. Kindergarten and 1st grade students were enrolled for 2009–2010, with the plan of gradually expanding the school to comprise grades K-5.
  • Diamond Heights Elementary (currently home to the San Francisco Police Academy & PAL) was located at 350 Amber Drive, just behind the Diamond Heights' Safeway. The building was built in the 1960s hugging the Diamond Heights/Glen Park Canyon. Almost immediately upon completion the property was determined to be unsafe and sliding into the canyon. The school was closed for one year, shored up and reopened. It was closed as a public school in the 1980s. Subsequently, the building was sold to the SFPD and has been used since for cadet training.
  • Farragut Elementary (closed in the early 1970s) was located on Holloway between Capitol and Faxon in the Ingleside District. Sold off to developers, townhouses were built on the site.
  • Golden Gate Elementary (closed at the end of the 2004–2005 academic year) was located at 1601 Turk Street between Steiner and Divisadero. The campus is the current home to both Gateway Middle School and Creative Arts Charter School.
  • JBBP West (Japanese Bilingual Bicultural Program in the Sunset) was located at 3045 Santiago Street at 42nd Avenue for 3 years, after being housed at the William R. De Avila campus for 2 years. Due to the small size of the Santiago campus and a growing student population, the program moved to Rosa Parks Elementary at 1501 O'Farrell Street after the 2005–2006 academic year, and was renamed JBBP Rosa Parks.
  • Laguna Honda Elementary was located at 1350 Seventh Avenue in the Inner Sunset. Reopened as Independence High School.
  • San Miguel Elementary (closed in the 1980s) was located at 300 Seneca Avenue in the Excelsior District. It became home to Leadership High School.
  • John Swett Alternative Elementary (merged with John Muir after 2005–2006 academic year) was located at 727 Golden Gate Avenue, between Franklin and Gough. The School is now home to Civic Center Secondary School.

Superintendents

The following is a list of SFUSD Superintendents: (additional information is needed to complete the list between 1851 and 1934)

  • 1851 (1851) – ? (?): Thomas J. Nevins
  • 1902 (1902) – 1905 (1905): William Langdon
  • 1905 (1905) – 1922 (1922): Alfred Roncovieri
  • 1934 (1934) – 1935 (1935): Edwin A. Lee
  • 1936 (1936) – 1942 (1942): Joseph P. Nourse[34]
  • 1943 (1943) – 1946 (1946): Curtis E. Warren
  • 1947 (1947) – 1954 (1954): Herbert Clish
  • 1955 (1955) – 1966 (1966): Harold Spears
  • 1967 (1967) – 1970 (1970): Robert Jenkins
  • 1970 (1970) – 1972 (1972): Thomas Shaheen[35]
  • 1972 (1972) – 1975 (1975): Steven Morena[36]
  • 1975 (1975) – 1985 (1985): Robert F. Alioto[37]
  • 1985 (1985) – 1986 (1986): Carlos V. Cornejo (interim)
  • 1986 (1986) – 1992 (1992): Ramon C. Cortines[38]
  • 1992 (1992) – 1999 (1999): Waldemar "Bill" Rojas[39]
  • 1999 (1999) – 2000 (2000): Linda F. Davis (interim)
  • 2000 (2000) – 2006 (2006): Arlene Ackerman
  • 2006 (2006) – 2007 (2007): Gwen Chan (interim)
  • 2007 (2007) – 2012 (2012): Carlos A. Garcia
  • 2012 (2012) – 2016 (2016): Richard A. Carranza
  • 2016 (2016) – 2017 (2017): Myong Leigh (interim)[40]
  • 2017 – 2022: Vincent Matthews[41]
  • 2022 - Present: Matt Wayne[42]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 San Francisco Chronicle (2023-08-30). "S.F. school district charts map for district overhaul". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2023-08-30.
  2. ↑ San Francisco History Center (2008). "San Francisco Unified School District Records" (PDF). 1854-2005 (Bulk 1874-1978). San Francisco Public Library: vii. Archived from the original (.PDF) on March 1, 2006. Retrieved 2010-02-11. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ()
  3. ↑ "School Site List & Summary" (PDF). SFUSD. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  4. ↑ Tucker, Jill (December 12, 2018). "SF school board plans to replace much-criticized student assignment system". SF Chronicle. Retrieved 1 September 2019.
  5. ↑ "About SFUSD: Did you know". San Francisco Unified School District. 2007. Archived from the original on 2010-06-09. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
  6. ↑ Knight, Heather (July 6, 2004). "SAN FRANCISCO / Schools chief learns tough lessons on fraud / Ackerman's 4 years of fear, frustration pay off in settlement". SFGATE.
  7. ↑ Kirp, David L. (2014-01-13). "Meditation transforms roughest San Francisco schools". SFGATE. Retrieved 2021-10-23.
  8. ↑ Tucker, Jill; Riley, Neal J. (2013-05-07). "Celebrities join S.F. schools' meditation". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2021-10-23.
  9. ↑ Barba, Michael (2017-01-25). "SF school board wipes 'Columbus Day' off academic calendar". The San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved 2021-12-13.
  10. ↑ "SFUSD To Close Lakeshore Elementary Immediately As 4 Students Report Respiratory Illness". KPIX. CBS. 2020-03-11. Retrieved 2021-02-22.
  11. ↑ "Glen Park Elementary closed after seven students reported ill". The San Francisco Examiner. 2020-03-12. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
  12. ↑ "Coronavirus Update: Social Distancing Will Shape Reopening Of San Francisco Bay Area Schools". 2020-04-15. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
  13. ↑ Asperin, Alexa Mae (2020-07-15). "San Francisco public schools to start distance learning Aug. 17". KRON4. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
  14. ↑ Gecker, Jocelyn (February 3, 2021). "San Francisco sues its own school district to reopen classes". ABC News. AP News.
  15. ↑ Rasmus, Allie (2021-02-03). "City of San Francisco sues its own school district to force classrooms to open". KTVU FOX 2. Retrieved 2021-02-03.
  16. ↑ Li, David K.; Gostanian, Ali; Farivar, Cyrus (February 3, 2021). "San Francisco sues its own school district, demands restart of in-person instruction". NBC News. Retrieved 2021-02-03.
  17. ↑ Knight, Heather (2021-02-03). "San Francisco sues its own school district, board over reopening: 'They have earned an F'". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2021-02-03.
  18. ↑ Fuller, Thomas. "In Landslide, San Francisco Forces Out 3 Board of Education Members". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 December 2022.
  19. 1 2 3 4 Walsh, Joan. "A new racial era for San Francisco schools." (Archive) Salon. Thursday February 18, 1999. Retrieved on August 25, 2013.
  20. 1 2 "SCHOOL'S RACE QUOTAS UNDER FIRE." Contra Costa Times. April 16, 1998. News p. A10. Retrieved on August 24, 2013. "SAN FRANCISCO - A Chinese-American group asked a federal appeals court Wednesday to end a 15-year-old, judge-approved racial admissions system in San Francisco schools that requires Chinese students to score higher than others to get into the top high school. The students are entitled to "the right to attend the public schools of San Francisco without being subject to a system of race and ethnic quotas," Daniel Girard, lawyer for Chinese-American students and parents challenging the... "
  21. ↑ "CHALLENGING RACE-BASED ADMISSIONS." Los Angeles Daily News. July 19, 1994. Retrieved on August 24, 2013. "To this country's great shame, there was a time when an American child who studied hard and earned good grades nonetheless was held back from the best public school classes because of the color of his skin. That young child was punished because he was black. Oddly, school districts across America have determined that the best way to atone for such racial injustice is more skin-color and ethnic discrimination. In the San Francisco Unified School District, children wishing to attend Lowell[...]"
  22. ↑ "COURT ALLOWS RACE-BASED ADMISSIONS S.F. SCHOOLS: THE DISTRICT MUST RETURN IN SEPTEMBER TO PROVE ITS CASE." San Jose Mercury News. June 5, 1998. California News p. 3B. Retrieved on August 25, 2013. "With misgivings, a federal appeals court refused Thursday to end a 15-year-old system of racial admissions to San Francisco public schools, but said SFUSD must justify its requirement of higher test scores for Chinese-Americans to get into the top high school. The San Francisco Unified School District must prove, at a trial in time for the 1999-2000 school year, that segregation persists in the schools and can be remedied only by limiting the representation of each ethnic group at[...]"
  23. ↑ "JUDGE TELLS S.F. SCHOOLS TO REDO ADMISSIONS PLAN." San Jose Mercury News. December 18, 1999. Local Section p. 3B. Retrieved on August 25, 2013. "A federal judge Friday rejected as unconstitutional a plan by San Francisco schools to implement a diversity index that would consider race and ethnicity in the admissions process. U.S. District Judge William Orrick ordered San Francisco Unified School District officials by Jan. 7 to either resubmit the plan without race and ethnicity as factors or resubmit the plan being implemented this year under a settlement between the district and Chinese-American students. The settlement,[...]"
  24. ↑ "SCHOOL ASSIGNMENTS NOT BASED ON RACE." San Jose Mercury News. January 9, 2000. California News p. 3B. Retrieved on August 24, 2013. "In compliance with a judge's order, the San Francisco Unified School District has decided to abandon its effort to use race as a factor inassigning students to schools. The school district informed U.S. District Judge William Orrick on Friday of its plan to continue using its current race-neutral plan, which was implemented last spring. Orrick had ruled the district could not use a proposed diversity index that would have used race as one of the factors for assigning students to[...]"
  25. ↑ The United States District Court of the Northern District of California. "110805order.pdf" (PDF). Retrieved March 28, 2021.
  26. ↑ Melendez, Lyanne. "S.F. Schools Reviewing Diversity Policy." (Archive) KGO-TV (ABC). Thursday June 28, 2007. Retrieved on August 25, 2013.
  27. ↑ "Facing Our Past, Changing Our Future, Part II: Five Decades of Desegregation in SFUSD (1971-today) | SFUSD". www.sfusd.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
  28. ↑ "Changes to Student Assignment Policy | SFUSD". www.sfusd.edu. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
  29. ↑ "Chinese Education Center: Home Page". School Loop. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
  30. ↑ "Outside Lands magazine, "Roosevelt History, Part 2"" (PDF). Western Neighborhoods Project. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  31. ↑ "San Francisco Call, February 13, 1908". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  32. ↑ Wagner, Venise (1997-04-21). "Poly High alums seek spirit of '68". The San Francisco Chronicle.
  33. ↑ "Davis Ms". Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2007-07-23.
  34. ↑ "Joseph Pomeroy Nourse". Nourse.net. 21 May 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  35. ↑ Asimov, Nanette (5 October 2007). "Thomas Shaheen - 1970s S.F. schools chief backed desegregation". SFGate. San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  36. ↑ "Steven Morena". Legacy.com. San Francisco Chronicle. 15 May 2011. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  37. ↑ "OBITUARIES : Robert Alioto, 54; Former San Francisco School Chief". Los Angeles Times. 21 May 1988. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  38. ↑ Gross, Jan (5 September 1993). "Schools Chief Seen as Intense, Effective Manager". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  39. ↑ "Dr. Waldemar "Bill" Rojas". Hispanic Border Leadership Institute. Arizona State University. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  40. ↑ "San Francisco Unified School District Superintendent Richard Carranza is top pick to lead Houston Independent School District". San Francisco Unified School District. San Francisco Unified School District. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
  41. ↑ "San Francisco superintendent's resignation points to ongoing turnover in school leadership". EdSource. Retrieved 2021-03-28.
  42. ↑ "SFUSD announces new school superintendent". KTVU FOX 2. 2022-05-12. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
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