Samnuha or Samanuha was the tutelary deity of Shadikanni (Šadikanni; modern Tell 'Ağağa) in the lower Habur area.[1] It is generally accepted that he had Hurrian origin.[2] It is assumed that Šamanminuḫi, a god known from a treaty of Shattiwaza, is the same deity.[2][3] In this document, he occurs before "Teshub, lord of Washukanni," and after KASKAL.KUR.(RA).[4]

Bel-Eresh, a ruler of Shadikanni who was a contemporary of Ashur-resh-ishi I,[5] renovated the temple of Samanuha and a deity identified by Stephanie Dalley as Kubaba, the Hurrian goddess of Carchemish,[6] but whose name was actually spelled dGu-ba-ba.[2] Whether Gubaba, known also from the Assyrian Tākultu ritual, and Kubaba were the same deity is uncertain, and there are also proposals that this name refers to a masculine deity similar to either Nergal or Amurru.[7]

Many attestations of Samanuha come from neo-Assyrian sources.[2] He appears in an inscription of Ashurnasirpal II, where he is acknowledged as the personal god of the provincial governor Mushezib-Ninurta,[8] the son of a ruler of Shadikanni who bore the theophoric name Samanuha-shar-ilani.[2] He continued to be worshiped in Shadikanni at least until the ninth century BCE.[9] He is also attested as one of the Hurrian deities from Taite (originally a major Mitanni city[4]) in Tākultu, alongside Kumarbi and Nabarbi.[10]

Personal names attest that Samanuha continued to be worshiped at least until the Achaemenid period.[2]

References

  1. ↑ Kühne 2017, pp. 285–286.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Krebernik 2011, p. 612.
  3. ↑ Wilhelm 2011, p. 611.
  4. 1 2 Haas 2015, p. 543.
  5. ↑ George 1993, p. 169.
  6. ↑ Dalley 2002, pp. 190–191.
  7. ↑ Hawkins 1983, pp. 260–261.
  8. ↑ Karlsson 2016, p. 146.
  9. ↑ Kühne 2017, p. 286.
  10. ↑ Wilhelm 1989, p. 52.

Bibliography

  • Dalley, Stephanie (2002). Mari and Karana: Two Old Babylonian Cities. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. doi:10.31826/9781463207731. ISBN 978-1-4632-0773-1.
  • George, Andrew R. (1993). House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 0-931464-80-3. OCLC 27813103.
  • Haas, Volkert (2015). Geschichte der hethitischen Religion. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1: The Near and Middle East (in German). Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-29394-6. Retrieved 2022-03-06.
  • Hawkins, John D. (1983), "Kubaba A. Philologisch · Kubaba A. Philological", Reallexikon der Assyriologie, retrieved 2022-03-06
  • Karlsson, Mattias (2016). Relations of Power in Early Neo-Assyrian State Ideology. De Gruyter. doi:10.1515/9781614516910. ISBN 978-1-61451-691-0.
  • Krebernik, Manfred (2011), "Sam(a)nuḫa/u", Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German), retrieved 2022-03-06
  • Kühne, Hartmut (2017). "The Temple of Salmānu at Dūr-Katlimmu, Nergal of Hubšalum, and Nergal-ereš". At the Dawn of History. Penn State University Press. doi:10.1515/9781575064741-020.
  • Wilhelm, Gernot (1989). The Hurrians. Warminster, England: Aris & Phillips. ISBN 978-0-85668-442-5. OCLC 21036268.
  • Wilhelm, Gernot (2011), "Šamanminuḫi", Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German), retrieved 2022-03-06
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