Wright v. Arkansas

On July 2, 2013, eleven same-sex couples, some of whom had married in Iowa and some of whom were registered as domestic partners in Eureka Springs, filed a lawsuit in state court challenging the Arkansas Constitution's ban on same-sex marriage.^[12] On May 9, 2014, Judge Chris Piazza struck down the constitutional ban and did not stay his ruling.^[13] The Arkansas Supreme Court refused to issue a stay because Piazza's ruling was preliminary,^[14] and some counties issued marriage licenses to same-sex couples. Judge Piazza clarified his order to enjoin enforcement of state statutes as well,^[15][16] freeing county clerks from statutory restrictions on issuing licenses to same-sex couples. More counties issued licenses.^[17]

On May 16, 2014, the Arkansas Supreme Court stayed Piazza's ruling pending appeal.^[18] On October 7, the original plaintiffs filed a petition for summary judgment citing actions by the U.S. Supreme Court the day before and asked for expedited consideration, which the court granted. The court heard oral arguments on November 20.^[19] In an unprecedented move, the Supreme Court did not rule before the close of its term in 2014. Instead, two new justices ended up joining the court after two justices had their terms end, causing the justices to question who should participate. The court never issued an opinion before Obergefell was decided, mooting Wright. On November 11, 2015, former Justice Donald L. Corbin, one of the original justices to hear the case, revealed that the court had voted 5–2 to strike down the same-sex marriage ban in 2014. Corbin said he had written a majority opinion finding that Arkansas' ban on same-sex marriage violated both the Arkansas and U.S. constitutions. Corbin urged the other justices to issue the opinion before the end of his term in 2014, but for unstated reasons, the ruling was never issued. Instead, the court waited for the Supreme Court to decide another case on the same issue, and dismissed Wright as moot.^[20]

Jernigan v. Crane

On July 15, 2013, two lesbian couples filed a federal same-sex marriage lawsuit, Jernigan v. Crane, in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Arkansas. One plaintiff couple sought a marriage license from Arkansas, while another couple asked to have their New York marriage recognized. The lead named defendant was the Pulaski County clerk, being sued in his official capacity for denying marriage licenses, with the other defendants being Governor Mike Beebe and Attorney General McDaniel.^[21] On January 31, 2014, the county and state defendants filed a motion to dismiss the suit.^[22] On July 16, 2014, the plaintiffs filed a motion for summary judgment. Judge Kristine Baker heard oral arguments on November 20.^[23]

On November 25, Baker ruled for the plaintiffs and stayed her ruling pending appeal. Judge Baker found that the state's ban on same-sex marriage violated the plaintiffs' fundamental right to marry, requiring justification under the strict scrutiny standard. She also ruled that a ban on same-sex marriage is a form of sex discrimination, which is therefore reviewed under the standard known as heightened scrutiny. She rejected the plaintiffs' contention that the ban violated their right to travel and that it constituted discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.^[24] Attorney General McDaniel said that before deciding whether to appeal the decision he would confer with Leslie Rutledge, who was due to succeed him as attorney general in January 2015.^[25] The state filed a notice of appeal in the Eighth Circuit on December 23.^[26] The Eighth Circuit dismissed the appeal and affirmed the district court's decision on August 11, 2015.^[27]

Frazier-Henson v. Walther

On February 13, 2015, two same-sex couples in "window marriages", married in May 2014 while a state court's order enjoining enforcement of the state's same-sex marriage ban was in force, brought suit in state court seeking to require the state to recognize their marriages. They named three state officials as defendants. They asked the court to rule on behalf of all same-sex couples married in May.^[28] State Judge Wendell Griffen ruled on June 9, 2015 in Frazier-Henson v. Walther that the 541 same-sex marriages conducted between May 9 and May 16 were valid.

Obergefell v. Hodges

On June 26, 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that same-sex marriage bans violate the Due Process and Equal Protection clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. The decision legalized same-sex marriage nationwide in the United States, including in Arkansas. Immediately following the ruling, same-sex couples began obtaining marriage licenses in Arkansas.^[1] All counties in the state announced their intention to comply, expect Cleburne, Van Buren and Yell counties, which refused to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples until relenting on June 29.^[29][30][31]

Governor Asa Hutchinson responded to the ruling by stating, "Today the Supreme Court in a 5-4 decision requires the State of Arkansas to recognize same-sex marriage. This decision goes against the expressed view of Arkansans and my personal beliefs and convictions. While my personal convictions will not change, as Governor I recognize the responsibility of the state to follow the direction of the U.S. Supreme Court. As a result of this ruling, I will direct all state agencies to comply with the decision."^[32] Attorney General Rutledge said she was "disappointed" but "[t]he justices have issued a decision, and that decision must be followed." Rutledge instructed state agencies and county clerks to comply with the Supreme Court ruling. State tax authorities began allowing married same-sex couples to submit joint tax returns, and government employers that allow spouses of married employees to enroll in employee benefits programs, such as health insurance, began allowing the same-sex spouses of employees to enroll as well. County clerks began issuing marriage licenses to all couples regardless of gender.^[33]