Hindu terrorism, sometimes called Hindutva terror[1][2] or, metonymically, saffron terror,[3] refer to terrorist acts carried out on the basis of motivations in broad association with Hindu nationalism or Hindutva.

Such acts have principally been perpetrated by members, or alleged members, of Hindu nationalist organisations such as Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh or Abhinav Bharat.[4][5][6]

The phenomenon became a topic of contentious political discourse in the aftermath of the 2007–2008 attacks which targeted Pakistanis and Muslims in India.

Terminology

"Hindu terrorism" and "Hindutva terrorism"

According to Nikita Saxena writing for The Caravan, the term "Hindu terrorism" gained traction in the wake of the 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings and 2008 Malegaon blasts.[7] A prominent reference to "Hindu terrorism" was made by Indian National Congress (Congress) member Digvijaya Singh in a 2007 campaign.[8][9][10][Note 1]

While the perpetrators have consistently justified these acts by their Hindu faith, some writers prefer to use the term "Hindutva terrorism". Writer and activist Subhash Ghatade asserts that "most critics" have avoided describing the term as "Hindu terrorism" and instead talked about "Hindutva terrorism".[1] Political scientist Jyotirmaya Sharma argues that "there is no Hindu terrorism" because the perpetrators do not represent the Hindu faith.[12]

The position of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh is that Hindu terrorism does not exist, because "Terrorism and Hindus are an oxymoron and can never be related to each other".[13][14] According to the journalist and BJP leader Balbir Punj, the term "Hindu terror" was invented and used by the Congress party in the aftermath of the 2007–2008 incidents in order to denounce the party's political opposition as terrorists.[15] In the 2018 book Hindu Terror: Insider Account of Ministry of Home Affairs, Ramaswamy Venkata Subra Mani, a former officer in the Home Ministry, alleged that the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government had forced Home Ministry officials to manufacture a narrative about the presence of "Hindu terror".[16]

However, in 2019, BJP's narrative has been put into question by the revelation that the Multi-Agency Centre had created a standing focus group with the narrowly limited mandate of looking into terror funding "for Islamist & Sikh Terrorism" only, despite the existence of multiple historical terrorism cases for which individuals linked to Hindu nationalist groups, such as Pragya Thakur and Aseemanand, have been arrested and tried.[7]

"Saffron terror"

The term "saffron terror" was coined in 2002 by the Indian journalist Praveen Swami after the 2002 Gujarat riots,[17][18] and gained popularity in the aftermath of the 2007–2008 attacks which targeted Pakistanis and Muslims and were reportedly instigated by people affiliated with Hindu nationalist organisations like Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and Abhinav Bharat.[4][5][6] The term comes from the symbolic use of the saffron colour by many Hindu nationalist organisations.[19][20][21][22]

Several analysts and commentators have said that the term was being used as a smear tactic against the political opponents of Congress in the aftermath of the attacks.[23][5][6] Kanchan Gupta and Swapan Dasgupta have said that investigators of the attacks were using the term "saffron terror" in their statements to the media to promote the agenda of the Congress.[24][25]

Former Home Minister of India and Congress member P. Chidambaram urged Indians to beware of "saffron terror" during an August 2010 meeting of state police chiefs in New Delhi;[26] his remark met with backlash from politicians and Hindu religious figures.[27][28][29]

2007–2008 attacks

2007 Samjhauta Express bombings

Twin blasts shook two coaches of the Samjhauta Express around midnight on 18 February 2007. Sixty-eight people were killed in the ensuing fire and dozens were injured.[30] It was linked to Abhinav Bharat, a Hindu fundamentalist group.[31] In November 2008, it was reported that the Maharashtra Anti-Terrorism Squad suspected the attacks were linked to Prasad Shrikant Purohit, an Indian army officer and member of Abhinav Bharat.[32] Purohit himself claimed that he had "infiltrated" the Abhinav Bharat. During an army's Court of Inquiry, 59 witnesses stated to the court, along with officers who testified that Purohit was tasked with gathering intelligence inputs by infiltrating extremist organisations.[33][34] On 8 January 2011, Swami Aseemanand, a pracharak of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), confessed that he was involved in the bombing of Samjhauta Express,[35] a statement he later claimed to have made under duress.[36][37]

There have also been allegations that Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) was responsible for the bombings.[38] The United States and subsequently the United Nations Security Council added Arif Qasmani, a Pakistani national and LeT financier, to their sanction lists, stating that he had facilitated the bombings.[39][40][41][42]

2007 Ajmer Dargah attack

The Ajmer Dargah blast occurred on 11 October 2007, outside the Dargah (shrine) of Sufi saint Moinuddin Chishti in Ajmer, Rajasthan, allegedly by the Hindutva organisation Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and its groups.[43][44][45] On 22 October 2010, five accused perpetrators, of which four said to belong to the RSS, were arrested in connection with the blast.[46][47] Swami Aseemanand, in his confession, implicated the then General Secretary Mohan Bhagwat for ordering the terrorist strike.[48] Bhavesh Patel, another accused in the bombings, has corroborated these statements but later claimed that the Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde and some other Congress leaders forced him to implicate the RSS leaders.[49]

2008 western India bombings

On 29 September 2008, three bombs exploded in the States of Gujarat and Maharashtra killing 8 persons and injuring 80. During the investigation in Maharashtra, the Hindu extemist group Abhinav Bharat was found to be responsible for the blasts.[50][Note 2] Three of the arrested persons were identified as Sadhvi Pragya Singh Thakur,[51][52] Shiv Narayan Gopal Singh Kalsanghra and Shyam Bhawarlal Sahu. All three were produced before the Chief Judicial Magistrate's court in Nashik, which remanded them to custody till 3 November.[53] On 28 October, the Shiv Sena, came out in support of the accused saying that the arrests were merely political in nature. Lending credence to this, the party chief, Uddhav Thackeray, pointed out a potential conflict of interest in political rivalry as the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) controlled the relevant ministry.[54] NIA, National Investigation Agency, has found no evidence against Sadhvi Pragya Singh Thakur and it has recommended the court to drop all charges against her.[55][56] following which Bombay High Court granted bail to Pragya Thakur on 22 April 2017.[57][58]

The Army officer Prasad Shrikant Purohit was also accused of being involved in the blast.[59] His counsel alleged that he was being falsely framed for political reasons because he has intelligence data of a sensitive nature pertaining to the operations of Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI) and Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence, which could embarrass some quarters.[60]

Reportedly, the terms "Hindu terror" and "saffron terror" were used to describe this event in mainstream Indian media.[61] In an analysis of the security situation during this period, B. Raman referred to acts of alleged reprisal terrorism by Hindus, criticizing "politicisation and communalisation of the investigative process" as leading to a "paralysis of the investigation machinery."[62]

In the aftermath of the attacks, Rajnath Singh, the then president of the Bharatiya Janata Party's (BJP), spoke of a "political conspiracy" aimed at the "vilification of Hindu saints and army officers in the name of Hindu terrorism".[63]

Other incidents

Members of Abhinav Bharat have been alleged to have been involved in a plot to kill Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh President Mohan Bhagwat,[64][65] Headlines Today released a recorded video tested by the Central Forensic Science Laboratory which indicated the uncovering of an alleged plot to assassinate the Vice President of India Hamid Ansari.[66] Tehelka also released alleged audio tape transcripts of main conspirators of Abhinav Bharat, which indicated involvement of Military intelligence officers with the Abhinav Bharat group, in their January 2011 edition.[67]

The Indian Home Secretary R. K. Singh said that at least 10 people having close links with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) and its affiliated organisations were named accused in various acts of terror across India.[68]

According to released documents by WikiLeaks, Congress(I) party's general secretary Rahul Gandhi remarked to US Ambassador Tim Roemer, at a luncheon hosted by Prime Minister of India at his residence in July 2009, that the RSS was a "bigger threat" to India than the Lashkar-e-Taiba.[69] At The Annual Conference of Director Generals of Police held in New Delhi on 16 September 2011, a special director of the Intelligence Bureau (IB) reportedly informed the state police chiefs that Hindutva activists have either been suspected or are under investigation in 16 incidents of bomb blasts in the country.[70][71]

See also

Explanatory footnotes

  1. ↑ The BJP criticised these statements and filed a complaint with the Election Commission of India, citing it as a violation of the Model Code of Conduct. The Election Commission issued a show-cause notice to Singh on this complaint.[11]
  2. ↑ Material seized during house arrests has shown that the Hindu militants who were responsible for this attack were all members of a new group, Abhinav Bharat, which resorted to violent action to resist the Islamists by emulating them.[50]

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 Gatade, S. (2014). "Pawns In, Patrons Still Out: Understanding the Phenomenon of Hindutva Terror". Economic and Political Weekly. 49 (13): 36–43. JSTOR 24479356.
  2. ↑ Bidwai, P. (2008). "Confronting the Reality of Hindutva Terrorism". Economic and Political Weekly. 43 (47): 10–13. JSTOR 40278200.
  3. ↑ Gittinger, J. (2011). "Saffron Terror: Splinter or Symptom?". Economic and Political Weekly. 46 (37): 22–25. JSTOR 23047273.
  4. 1 2 Pubby, Vipin. "Hindutva terror cases: NIA on the backfoot as apex court questions complicity charges". Scroll.in.
  5. 1 2 3 Christophe Jaffrelot (29 January 2009). "A running thread of deep saffron". The Indian Express. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 Subhash Gatade (October 2007). "Saffron terror". Himal. Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  7. 1 2 Saxena, Nikita (15 May 2019). "Good Faith, Bad Faith". The Caravan.
  8. ↑ "EC strictures Modi, Digvijay". The Times of India. 23 December 2007. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
  9. ↑ Guardian Staff (10 December 2010). "US embassy cables: Mumbai conspiracy allegations 'outrageous' – US ambassador". the Guardian. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  10. ↑ Shekhar, Kumar Shakti (20 December 2010). "Offence is Cong's defence". The Pioneer. Archived from the original on 23 December 2010. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
  11. ↑ "Deuce! EC notice to Sonia, Digvijay". The Economic Times. 10 December 2007. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  12. ↑ Jyotirmaya Sharma, There is No ‘Hindu Terrorism’. But There is Something Called Sangh Parivar Terrorism, The Wire, 18 April 2019.
  13. ↑ "Hindu terror is a misnomer, says RSS chief". Retrieved 21 March 2013.
  14. ↑ PTI (16 February 2013), "BJP to demand apology in Parliament for saffron terror remark", The Economic Times
  15. ↑ Balbir Punb (12 December 2008). "Not terrified of terrorism". The Pioneer. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011.
  16. ↑ "Book by MHA officer reveals how UPA manufactured Hindu terror narrative". The Sunday Guardian Live. 2 June 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  17. ↑ Jahangir, J.; Mehmood, S. (2022). "Saffron Terrorism in India". Research Journal of Political Science. 11.
  18. ↑ Praveen Swami (16 March 2002). "Saffron Terror". Frontline. Archived from the original on 20 November 2021.
  19. ↑ "Beware of saffron terror too, warns home minister". The Economic Times. 26 August 2010. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  20. ↑ "PC defends 'saffron terror' remark". Deccan Herald. 1 September 2010.
  21. ↑ "Rise of Hindu 'saffron terror' New straits Times". 25 August 2010. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011.
  22. ↑ Vicky Nanjappa (14 October 2011). "Call it Hindutva terror, not Hindu terror". rediff.com/news. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  23. ↑ "Hindutva terror cases: NIA on the backfoot as apex court questions complicity charges".
  24. ↑ Kanchan Gupta (18 July 2010). "'Free' media tars RSS with fiction". The Pioneer. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  25. ↑ Swapan Dasgupta (7 August 2010). "Battleground heats up as the Hand plucks at the Lotus, one petal at a time". Tehelka. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
  26. ↑ "Saffron Terrorism — a new phenomenon, says Home Minister Chidambaram". NDTV.com. 25 August 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  27. ↑ Press Trust of India (30 August 2010). "Defamation suit against P Chidambaram for 'saffron terror' remark". Daily News and Analysis. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  28. ↑ "Court orders probe into PC's saffron terror remarks". Hindustan Times. 6 September 2010. Archived from the original on 9 September 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
  29. ↑ TNN (28 August 2010). "Congress ticks off Chidambaram over 'saffron terror' remark". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  30. ↑ "66 die in 'terror attack' on Samjhauta Express". Hindustan Times. 20 February 2007. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
  31. ↑ "The Mirror Explodes | Smruti Koppikar". Outlookindia.com. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  32. ↑ Agencies. "Purohit supplied RDX for Samjhauta bomb: ATS". Express India. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  33. ↑ "Lt Colonel Purohit: Did the Army sell short an effective officer?". NDTV.com. 30 June 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2013. One by one, 59 witnesses, all from the Army, have told a Court of Inquiry — step one of Army's legal process- why they believe Lieutenant Colonel Prasad Purohit was just doing his job by fraternising with right-wing extremists. ..Officers have testified that Lieutenant Colonel Purohit had, in the course of his duties, infiltrated organisations like the Students Islamic Movement of India or SIMI. This is exactly what he had been ordered to do as a military intelligence man.
  34. ↑ "I infiltrated Abhinav Bharat: Purohit". Hindustan Times. 29 June 2012. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  35. ↑ "Aseemanand owns up to strike on Mecca Masjid". The Times of India. 8 January 2011. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  36. ↑ Rajinder Nagarkoti (10 January 2011). "Swami Aseemanand 'confessed' under duress: Counsel". The Times of India. TNN. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  37. ↑ Staff Reporter (18 July 2011). "My arrest illegal: Aseemanand". The Hindu. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  38. ↑ "US review finds five warnings of Headley's militant links — India — DNA". Daily News and Analysis. 8 November 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  39. ↑ "ARIF QASMANI". United Nations Security Council. Qasmani has worked with LeT to facilitate terrorist attacks, including the July 2006 train bombing in Mumbai, India, and the February 2007 Samjota Express bombing in Panipat, India.
  40. ↑ Samanta, Pranab Dhal (9 January 2011). "Curious case of Qasmani, who US, UN named in bombing". The Indian Express. Retrieved 9 March 2013. In return for Qasmani's support, Al-Qaida provided him with operatives to support the July 2006 train bombing in Mumbai, India, and the February 2007 Samjota Express bombing in Panipat, India. Qasmani also facilitated the movement of Al-Qaida personnel out of Afghanistan in 2001", states the UN's narrative summary justifying the action against Qasmani. The US justification is similar.
  41. ↑ Sachin Parashar (11 May 2011). "LeT trying to acquire weapons of mass destruction with help from Qaida". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011.
  42. ↑ "Samjhauta Express Blast Vs Mumbai Terror Attacks by Radhavinod Raju". Ipcs.org. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  43. ↑ "What is the Ajmer Dargah blast case?". 24 March 2017.
  44. ↑ Mohan, Vishwa (9 January 2011). "Co-conspirators saw RSS man as ISI mole". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2011.
  45. ↑ "Ajmer blast case: Two 'RSS pracharaks' sentenced life imprisonment". 20 August 2018.
  46. ↑ "Four of five Ajmer blast accused have RSS links: ATS". The Indian Express. 1 November 2010. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
  47. ↑ "India jails Hindu radicals for life over Ajmer Sharif shrine blast". 22 March 2017.
  48. ↑ "Aseemanand links Mohan Bhagwat to terror attacks: Report". jagran.com. 6 February 2014.
  49. ↑ "Shinde forced me to name RSS chief: Ajmer blast accused". IBNLive. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013.
  50. 1 2 Jaffrelot 2010, p. 51.
  51. ↑ "Arrests of 'Hindu terrorists' embarasses BJP". Hindustan Times. 28 October 2008. Archived from the original on 5 January 2014. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  52. ↑ "Sadhvi in jail for Malegaon blast". The Times of India. 25 October 2008. Archived from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  53. ↑ "Front Page : Malegaon blast; three remanded to custody". The Hindu. 25 October 2008. Archived from the original on 26 October 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  54. ↑ "Real masterminds still at large, sadhvi Pragya a victim: Sena — Mumbai — City". The Times of India. PTI. 28 October 2008. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  55. ↑ "NIA set to drop case against Sadhvi Pragya, others arrested by MP Police". 27 December 2013.
  56. ↑ "Sadhvi Pragya's freedom now depends on HC ruling | India News - Times of India". The Times of India. 3 February 2017.
  57. ↑ Punwani, Jyoti. "Why blame judiciary for granting Pragya Thakur bail when investigative agencies show no spine?". Scroll.in.
  58. ↑ "Sadhvi Pragya Singh may not like saffron terror, but that doesn't mean it was a 'bogey'". CatchNews.com.
  59. ↑ "Malegaon blast: ATS says Purohit main conspirator". The Indian Express. 20 January 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  60. ↑ Agencies. "Malegaon probe: 'Purohit could even be eliminated by ATS'". Express India. Retrieved 17 November 2014.
  61. ↑ M. C. Joshi (24 November 2008). "Rip off 'secular' media's mask". The Pioneer. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011.
  62. ↑ "Why politicising the Malegaon case is dangerous". Rediff. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  63. ↑ Jug Suraiya (18 November 2008). "SUBVERSE | Unholy terrors". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
  64. ↑ Shibu Thomas, TNN (28 June 2010). "Did Abhinav Bharat plan to kill RSS chief?". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  65. ↑ Gangan, Surendra (9 April 2010). "Abhinav Bharat used derogatory words against RSS chief: RR Patil". Mumbai. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
  66. ↑ Khetan, Ashsih (15 July 2010). "Saffron brigade's terror plots exposed: India Today". New Delhi. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
  67. ↑ "The Unturned Stone". Tehelka. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  68. ↑ "10 people wanted in blast cases had links with RSS". The Hindu. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
  69. ↑ "Think before you speak, RSS tells Rahul — Rediff.com News". Rediff.com. 21 December 2010. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  70. ↑ "Hindutva activists behind 16 terror blasts in the country?". South Asia Mail. Retrieved 14 November 2012.
  71. ↑ Anirban Bhaumik (21 September 2011). "'Saffron terror' role being probed". Deccan Herald. New Delhi. DHNS. Retrieved 14 November 2012.

Further reading

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