AS-203

Launch of AS-203
Mission type	Launch vehicle development
Operator	NASA
COSPAR ID	1966-059A
SATCAT no.	2289
Mission duration	~6 hours
Distance travelled	161,900 kilometers (87,400 nmi)
Orbits completed	4
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft	None
Start of mission
Launch date	July 5, 1966, 14:53:13 (1966-07-05UTC14:53:13Z) UTC
Rocket	Saturn IB SA-203
Launch site	Cape Kennedy LC-37B
End of mission
Destroyed	July 5, 1966 (1966-07-06)
Orbital parameters
Reference system	Geocentric
Regime	Low Earth orbit
Perigee altitude	184 kilometers (99 nmi)
Apogee altitude	214 kilometers (116 nmi)
Inclination	31.9 degrees
Period	88.47 minutes
Epoch	July 5, 1966[1]
Apollo program

AS-203 (also known as SA-203 or Apollo 3) was an uncrewed flight of the Saturn IB rocket on July 5, 1966. It carried no command and service module, as its purpose was to verify the design of the S-IVB rocket stage restart capability that would later be used in the Apollo program to boost astronauts from Earth orbit to a trajectory towards the Moon. It achieved its objectives, but the stage was inadvertently destroyed after four orbits.

Objectives

The purpose of the AS-203 flight was to investigate the effects of weightlessness on the liquid hydrogen fuel in the S-IVB-200 second-stage tank. The lunar missions would use a modified version of the S-IVB-200, the S-IVB-500, as the third stage of the Saturn V launch vehicle. This called for the stage to fire briefly to put the spacecraft into a parking Earth orbit, before restarting the engine for flight to the Moon. In order to design this capability, engineers needed to verify that the anti-slosh measures designed to control the hydrogen's location in the tank were adequate, and that the fuel lines and engines could be kept at the proper temperatures to allow engine restart.^[2]

In order to keep residual propellants in the tanks on orbit, there would be no command and service module payload as there was on AS-201 and AS-202. This was replaced by an aerodynamic nose cone. Also, the full load of liquid oxygen oxidizer was shorted slightly so that the amount of hydrogen remaining would approximate that of the Saturn V parking orbit.^[2] The tank was equipped with 88 sensors and two TV cameras to record the fuel's behavior.

This was also the first launch of a Saturn IB from Pad 37B.

Preparation

In the spring of 1966, the decision was made to launch AS-203 before AS-202, as the CSM that was to be flown on AS-202 was delayed. The S-IVB stage arrived at Cape Kennedy on 6 April 1966; the S-IB first stage arrived six days later, and the Instrument Unit came two days after that.

On April 19, technicians began to erect the booster at Pad 37B. Once again, the testing regimen ran into problems that had plagued AS-201, including cracked solder joints in the printed-circuit boards, requiring over 8,000 to be replaced.

In June 1966, three Saturn rockets could be seen set up on various pads across the Cape: at Pad 39A was a full-size mock-up of the Saturn V; AS-202 was at Pad 34; and AS-203 was at 37B.

Flight

The rocket launched on the first attempt on July 5. The S-IVB and Instrument Unit (IU) were inserted into a 100-nautical-mile (190 km; 120 mi) circular orbit.

The S-IVB design test objectives were carried out on the first two orbits, and the hydrogen was found to behave mostly as predicted, with sufficient control over its location and of engine temperatures required for restart. The next two orbits were used for extra experiments to obtain information for use in future cryogenic stage designs. These included a free-coast experiment to observe and control the negative acceleration of the fuel caused by the small amount of aerodynamic drag on the vehicle; a rapid fuel tank depressurization test; and a closed fuel tank pressurization test.

The closed fuel tank experiment involved pressurizing the hydrogen tank by closing its vents, while depressurizing the oxygen tank by allowing it to continue venting. It was expected that the pressure difference between the two tanks (measured as high as 39.4 pounds per square inch (272 kPa) would collapse the common bulkhead separating them, as happened in a ground test. The rupture must have occurred during the two-minute loss of signal between the Manned Spacecraft Center and the Trinidad tracking station. The Trinidad radar image indicated the vehicle was in multiple pieces, and telemetry was never re-acquired. NASA concluded that a spark or impact must have ignited the propellants, causing an explosion.

Despite the destruction of the stage, the mission was classified as a success, having achieved all of its primary objectives and validating the design concept of the restartable S-IVB-500 version. In September Douglas Aircraft Company, which built the S-IVB, declared that the design was ready for use on the Saturn V to send men to the Moon.

References

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to AS-203.

• AS-203 Launch Video Archived 2016-07-29 at the Wayback Machine
• NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive
• Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operations Archived March 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
• Chariots for Apollo: A History of Manned Lunar Spacecraft Archived October 20, 2015, at the Wayback Machine