Eyalet of Rumelia
Eyalet-i Rumeli
1365–1867
The Rumelia Eyalet in 1609
The Rumelia Eyalet in 1609
StatusEyalet of the Ottoman Empire
CapitalEdirne (1362–1530)
Sofia (1530–1836)
Monastir (1836–1867)
41°1′N 21°20′E / 41.017°N 21.333°E / 41.017; 21.333
History 
• Established
1365
• Disestablished
1867
Area
1844[1]124,630 km2 (48,120 sq mi)
Population
• 1844[1]
2,700,000
Preceded by		Succeeded by
Byzantine Empire
Second Bulgarian Empire
Despotate of Serbia
Despotate of Dobruja
Lordship of Prilep
Gazaria (Genoese colonies)
Principality of Theodoro
Kingdom of Bosnia
League of Lezhe
Venetian Albania
Latinokratia
Kingdom of Hungary
Eyalet of the Archipelago
Kefe Eyalet
Bosnia Eyalet
Ioannina Eyalet
Principality of Serbia
Salonica Eyalet
Adrianople Eyalet
Silistra Eyalet
Niš Eyalet
Vidin Eyalet
Habsburg Monarchy

The Eyalet of Rumeli, or Eyalet of Rumelia (Ottoman Turkish: ایالت روم ایلی, Eyālet-i Rūm-ėli),[2] known as the Beylerbeylik of Rumeli until 1591,[3] was a first-level province (beylerbeylik or eyalet) of the Ottoman Empire encompassing most of the Balkans ("Rumelia"). For most of its history, it was the largest and most important province of the Empire, containing key cities such as Edirne, Yanina (Ioannina), Sofia, Filibe (Plovdiv), Manastır/Monastir (Bitola), Üsküp (Skopje), and the major seaport of Selanik/Salonica (Thessaloniki). It was also among the oldest Ottoman eyalets, lasting more than 500 years with several territorial restructurings over the long course of its existence.

The capital was in Adrianople (Edirne), Sofia, and finally Monastir (Bitola). Its reported area in an 1862 almanac was 48,119 square miles (124,630 km2).[4]

History

Initially termed beylerbeylik or generically vilayet ("province") of Rumeli, only after 1591 was the term eyalet used.[3]

The first beylerbey of Rumelia was Lala Shahin Pasha, who was awarded the title by Sultan Murad I as a reward for his capture of Adrianople (Edirne) in the 1360s, and given military authority over the Ottoman territories in Europe, which he governed effectively as the Sultan's deputy while the Sultan returned to Anatolia.[3][5][6] Also, Silistra Eyalet was formed in 1593.

From its foundation, the province of Rumelia encompassed the entirety of the Ottoman Empire's European possessions, including the trans-Danubian conquests like Akkerman, until the creation of further eyalets in the 16th century, beginning with the Archipelago (1533), Budin (1541) and Bosnia (1580).[5][6]

The first capital of Rumelia was probably Edirne (Adrianople), which was also, until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottomans' capital city. It was followed by Sofia for a while and again by Edirne until 1520, when Sofia once more became the seat of the beylerbey.[6] At the time, the beylerbey of Rumelia was the commander of the most important military force in the state in the form of the timariot sipahi cavalry, and his presence in the capital during this period made him a regular member of the Imperial Council (divan). For the same reason, powerful Grand Viziers like Mahmud Pasha Angelovic or Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha held the beylerbeylik in tandem with the grand vizierate.[5]

In the 18th century, Monastir emerged as an alternate residence of the governor, and in 1836, it officially became the capital of the eyalet. At about the same time, the Tanzimat reforms, aimed at modernizing the Empire, split off the new eyalets of Üsküb, Yanya and Selanik and reduced the Rumelia Eyalet to a few provinces around Monastir. The rump eyalet survived until 1867, when, as part of the transition to the more uniform vilayet system, it became part of the Salonica Vilayet.[5][7][8]

Governors

The governor of the Rumelia Eyalet was titled "Beylerbey of Rumelia" (Rumeli beylerbeyi) or "Vali of Rumelia" (Rumeli vali).

Governor Reign Notes
Lala Shahin Pasha the first beylerbey of Rumelia, the lala (tutor) of Murad I.[9]
Timurtaş Bey fl. 1385
Süleyman Çelebi before 1411 son of Bayezid I[10]
Mihaloğlu Mehmed Bey 1411
Mustafa Bey 1421[11]
Sinan Pasha ( son of noble Bogdan) 1430
Hadım Şehabeddin 1439–42[12]
Kasım Pasha 1443[13]
Ömer Bey fl. 1453[14]
Turahan Bey before 1456
Mahmud Pasha before 1456
Ahmed after 1456
Hass Murad Pasha c. 1469–1473
Hadım Süleyman Pasha c. 1475[15]
Davud Pasha c. 1478[16]
Sinan Pasha c. 1481[17]
Mesih Pasha after 1481[18]
Hasan Pasha fl. 1514[19]
Ahmed Pasha fl. 1521[20]
Güzelce Kasım Pasha c. 1527[21]
Ibrahim fl. 1537[22]
Khusrow Pasha June 1538[23]–?
Ali Pasha fl. 1546[24]
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha fl. 1551[25]
Şemsi Ahmed Pasha 1564 – 1569[26]
Doğancı Mehmed Pasha [27]
Osman Yeğen Pasha 1687[28]
Sari Ahmed Pasha 1714[29]–1715[30]
Topal Osman Pasha 1721–27, 1729–30, 1731[31]
Hadji Mustafa Pasha summer of 1797[32]–?
Ahmed Kamil Pasazade Hakki Pasha [33]
Ali Pasha 1793[34]
Ali Pasha (2nd term) 1802[35])
Veli Pasha (son of Ali Pasha) 1804[36]
Hurshid Pasha fl. 1808[37]
Köse Ahmed Zekeriya Pasha 1836–March 1840
Mehmed Dilaver Pasha May–July 1840
Yusuf Muhlis Pasha Serezli July 1840–February 1842
Yakub Pasha Kara Osmanzade
Mustafa Nuri Paşa, Sırkatibi
Mehmed Said Paşa, Mirza/Tatar
Mehmed Ziyaeddin Paşa, Mezarcızade
Ömer Paşa, Kızılhisarlı
Mehmed Ziyaeddin Paşa, Mezarcızade
Mehmed Emin Pasha
Asaf Pasha
Mehmed Reşid Paşa, Boşnakzade
Ömer Paşa, Kızılhisarlı (2nd term)
Mehmed Hurshid Pasha Arnavud
Ahmed Nazır Paşa
İsmail Paşa, Çerkes
Abdülkerim Nadir Paşa, Çırpanlı
Ali Paşa, Hacı, Kütahyalı/Germiyanoğlu
Hüseyin Hüsnü Paşa
Mehmed Tevfik Paşa, Taşcızade

Administrative divisions

1475

A list dated to 1475 lists seventeen subordinate sanjakbeys, who controlled sub-provinces or sanjaks, which also functioned as military commands:[5]

  1. Constantinople
  2. Gallipoli
  3. Edirne
  4. Nikebolu/Nigbolu
  5. Vidin
  6. Sofia
  7. Serbia (Laz-ili)
  8. Serbia (Despot-ili)
  9. Vardar (under the Evrenosoğullari)
  10. Üsküb
  11. Arnavut-ili (under Iskender Bey, i.e. Skanderbeg)
  12. Arnavut-ili (under the Arianiti family)
  13. Bosnia
  14. Bosnia (under Stephen)
  15. Arta, Zituni and Athens
  16. Morea
  17. Monastir

1520s

Another list, dating to the early reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566), lists the sanjakbeys of that period, in approximate order of importance.:[5]

  1. Bey of the Pasha-sanjak
  2. Bosnia
  3. Morea
  4. Semendire
  5. Vidin
  6. Hersek
  7. Silistre
  8. Ohri
  9. Avlonya
  10. Iskenderiyye
  11. Yanya
  12. Gelibolu
  13. Köstendil
  14. Nikebolu
  15. Sofia
  16. Inebahti
  17. Tirhala
  18. Alaca Hișar
  19. Vulcetrin
  20. Kefe
  21. Prizren
  22. Karli-eli
  23. Ağriboz
  24. Çirmen
  25. Vize
  26. Izvornik
  27. Florina
  28. Elbasan
  29. Sanjakbey of the Çingene ("Gypsies")
  30. Midilli
  31. Karadağ (Montenegro)
  32. Sanjakbey of the Müselleman-i Kirk Kilise ("Muslims of Kirk Kilise")
  33. Sanjakbey of the Voynuks

The Çingene, Müselleman-i Kirk Kilise and Voynuks were not territorial circumscriptions, but rather represented merely a sanjakbey appointed to control these scattered and often nomadic groups, and who acted as the commander of the military forces recruited among them.[5] The Pasha-sanjak in this period comprised a wide area in western Macedonia, including the towns of Üskub (Skopje), Pirlipe (Prilep), Manastir (Bitola) and Kesriye (Kastoria).[5]

A similar list compiled c. 1534 gives the same sanjaks, except for the absence of Sofia, Florina and Inebahti (among the provinces transferred to the new Archipelago Eyalet in 1533), and the addition of Selanik (Salonica).[5]

1538

In 1538 there are listed 29 liva (sanjaks) during the reign of Sultan Suleiman I.[38]

  1. Sofya (Pasha Sanjak of Rumelia)
  2. Ağrıboz
  3. Alacahisar
  4. Avlonya
  5. Bosna
  6. Çirmen
  7. Gelibolu
  8. Hersek
  9. İlbasan
  10. İskenderiye
  11. İzvornik
  12. Karlıili
  13. Kefe
  14. Köstendil
  15. Mora
  16. Niğbolu
  17. Ohri
  18. Prizrin
  19. Rodos
  20. Semendire
  21. Silistre
  22. Tırhala
  23. Vidin
  24. Vize
  25. Vulçıtrın
  26. Yanya
  27. Müselleman-ı Kızılca
  28. Müselleman-ı Çingane
  29. Voynugan-ı Istabl-ı Amire

1644

Further sanjaks were removed with the progressive creation of new eyalets, and an official register c. 1644 records only fifteen sanjaks for the Rumelia Eyalet:[5]

  1. Köstendil
  2. Tirhala
  3. Prizren
  4. Yanya
  5. Delvine
  6. Vulcetrin
  7. Üskub
  8. Elbasan
  9. Avlonya
  10. Dukagin
  11. Iskenderiyye
  12. Ohri
  13. Alaca Hișar
  14. Selanik
  15. Voynuks

1700/1730

The Rumelia Eyalet in 1795

The administrative division of the beylerbeylik of Rumelia between 1700-1730 was as follows:[39]

  1. Pasha-sanjak, around Manastir
  2. Köstendil
  3. Tirhala
  4. Yanya
  5. Delvina
  6. Elbasan
  7. Iskenderiyye
  8. Avlonya
  9. Ohri
  10. Alaca Hisar
  11. Selanik
  12. Dukagin
  13. Prizren
  14. Üsküb
  15. Vulçıtrin
  16. Voynuks
  17. Çingene
  18. Yoruks

Early 19th century

Sanjaks in the early 19th century:[40]

  1. Manastir
  2. Selanik
  3. Tirhala
  4. Iskenderiyye
  5. Ohri
  6. Avlonya
  7. Köstendil
  8. Elbasan
  9. Prizren
  10. Dukagin
  11. Üsküb
  12. Delvina
  13. Vulcetrin
  14. Kavala
  15. Alaca Hișar
  16. Yanya
  17. Smederevo

Mid-19th century

The reduced eyalet in the 1850s

According to the state yearbook (salname) of the year 1847, the reduced Rumelia Eyalet, centred at Manastir, encompassed also the sanjaks of Iskenderiyye (Scutari), Ohri (Ohrid) and Kesrye (Kastoria).[5] In 1855, according to the French traveller A. Viquesnel, it comprised the sanjaks of Iskenderiyye, with 7 kazas or sub-provinces, Ohri with 8 kazas, Kesrye with 8 kazas and the pasha-sanjak of Manastir with 11 kazas.[41]

    References

    1. 1 2 The Encyclopædia Britannica, or, Dictionary of arts, sciences ..., Volume 19. 1859. p. 464.
    2. ↑ "Some Provinces of the Ottoman Empire". Geonames.de. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
    3. 1 2 3 İnalcık, Halil (1965). "Eyālet". In Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch. & Schacht, J. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume II: C–G (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 721–724. OCLC 495469475.
    4. ↑ The Popular encyclopedia: or, conversations lexicon, Volume 6, p. 698, at Google Books
    5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 İnalcik, Halil (1995). "Rūmeli". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume VIII: Ned–Sam (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 607–611, esp. 610–611. ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3.
    6. 1 2 3 Birken, Andreas (1976). Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (in German). Vol. 13. Reichert. p. 50. ISBN 9783920153568.
    7. ↑ Ursinus, M. (1991). "Manāstir". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume VI: Mahk–Mid (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 371–372. ISBN 978-90-04-08112-3.
    8. ↑ Birken, Andreas (1976). Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (in German). Vol. 13. Reichert. pp. 50, 52. ISBN 9783920153568.
    9. ↑ Smailagic, Nerkez (1990), Leksikon Islama, Sarajevo: Svjetlost, p. 514, ISBN 978-86-01-01813-6, OCLC 25241734, Sjedište beglerbega Rumelije ...prvi namjesnik, Lala Šahin-paša,...
    10. ↑ Kenneth M. Setton; Harry W. Hazard; Norman P. Zacour (1 June 1990). A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 699–. ISBN 978-0-299-10744-4.
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    26. ↑ Afyoncu, Erhan (2010). "ŞEMSİ AHMED PAŞA". Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Vol. 38. TDV İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi. pp. 527–529.
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    30. ↑ Kenneth Meyer Setton (1991). Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century. American Philosophical Society. pp. 430–. ISBN 978-0-87169-192-7.
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    32. ↑ Ćorović 2001
    33. ↑ Robert W. Zens (2004). The Ayanlik and Pasvanoğlu Osman Paşa of Vidin in the age of Ottoman social change, 1791-1815. University of Wisconsin--Madison. p. 96.
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    35. ↑ Ágoston & Masters 2009, p. 37.
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    37. ↑ Ali Yaycioglu (4 May 2016). Partners of the Empire: The Crisis of the Ottoman Order in the Age of Revolutions. Stanford University Press. pp. 220–. ISBN 978-0-8047-9612-5.
    38. ↑ Osmanlı Yer Adları I: Rumeli Eyaleti (1514-1550). Ankara: Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü Osmanlı Arşivi Daire Başkanlığı. 2013. pp. 17–32.
    39. ↑ Orhan Kılıç, XVII. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısında Osmanlı Devleti'nin Eyalet ve Sancak Teşkilatlanması, Osmanlı, Cilt 6: Teşkilât, Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, Ankara, 1999, ISBN 975-6782-09-9, p. 91. (in Turkish)
    40. ↑ The Penny cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful ..., Volume 25, p. 393, at Google Books — by George Long, Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
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    Bibliography

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