Rob Manfred
10th Commissioner of Baseball
Assumed office
January 25, 2015
Preceded byBud Selig
Chief Operating Officer of Major League Baseball
In office
September 28, 2013 – January 25, 2015
Preceded byBob DuPuy
Succeeded byTony Petitti
Personal details
Born (1958-09-28) September 28, 1958
Rome, New York, U.S.
SpouseColleen Manfred
Children4
EducationLe Moyne College
Cornell University (BS)
Harvard University (JD)
Signature

Robert Dean Manfred Jr. (born September 28, 1958) is an American lawyer and business executive who is serving as the tenth commissioner of Major League Baseball. He previously served as MLB's chief operating officer. Manfred succeeded Bud Selig as commissioner on January 25, 2015.

Early life and career

Manfred was born on September 28, 1958, in Rome, New York.[1][2] As a child, he played tennis, golf and baseball, opting to focus on tennis by his eighth grade year, which he continued to play through college at Le Moyne.[1] He attended Rome Free Academy and graduated in 1976.[3] Manfred enrolled at Le Moyne College from 1976 through 1978 before transferring to Cornell University. He earned his Bachelor of Science from Cornell's School of Industrial and Labor Relations in 1980 and his Juris Doctor from Harvard Law School in 1983, where he was an editor of the Harvard Law Review.[4][5][6]

After law school, Manfred clerked for Judge Joseph L. Tauro of the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts from 1983 to 1984. He then joined the law firm Morgan, Lewis & Bockius, where he worked on labor and employment law.[7][8]

Major League Baseball

In 1987, Manfred began working with Major League Baseball (MLB) during collective bargaining.[8] During the 1994–95 MLB strike, he served as outside counsel for the owners.[7] He joined MLB on a full-time basis in 1998, serving as the Executive Vice President of Economics and League Affairs.[5] Manfred negotiated MLB's first drug testing agreement with the Major League Baseball Players Association (MLBPA) in 2002, and represented MLB in negotiations with the MLBPA when forming new collective bargaining agreements in 2002, 2006 and 2011.[9] In 2013, Manfred led MLB's investigation of the Biogenesis scandal.[10]

Manfred at the 2015 Major League Baseball All-Star Game

At the end of the 2013 season, Commissioner of Baseball Bud Selig promoted Manfred to chief operating officer of MLB.[5] The position had been vacant since Bob DuPuy resigned in 2010.[11] Following the announcement of Selig's retirement, effective after the 2014 season, Manfred became a finalist to succeed him as Commissioner.[12][13]

On August 14, 2014, MLB owners elected Manfred to succeed Selig, beating Boston Red Sox chairman Tom Werner and MLB executive vice president of business Tim Brosnan.[8] Manfred assumed office on January 25, 2015.[14] He stated that his primary goals as commissioner were youth outreach, embracing technology, quickening the pace of play, strengthening player relations, and creating a more unified business operation.[15]

As commissioner, Manfred instituted rules before the start of the 2015 season to address the pace of play, including having batters remain in the batter's box and the installation of time clocks to limit the time spent around commercial breaks.[16] For the 2017 season, no-pitch intentional walks were approved in MLB for the first time. The first Little League Classic was also played in August 2017, which received widespread praise. Before the 2018 season, Manfred introduced more rule changes to affect the pace of play, including reducing the time in commercial breaks and limiting player visits to the pitcher's mound.[17] He has also advocated for expansion franchises, listing Portland, Las Vegas, Charlotte, Nashville, Montreal, and Vancouver as possible locations for new teams.[18]

On November 15, 2018, the owners extended Manfred's contract through the 2024 season.[19] On July 26, 2023, his contract was extended through the 2028 season.[20]

Houston Astros sign stealing scandal

In 2020, Manfred led an investigation that found that the Houston Astros had used illegal methods to steal signs during the 2017 season, in which they won the World Series, as well as part of the 2018 season.[21] Manfred fined the team $5 million, the maximum allowed by the MLB constitution, and revoked their first- and second-round draft picks in 2020 and 2021. Astros manager A. J. Hinch and general manager Jeff Luhnow were each suspended for the entire 2020 season, including the playoffs.[22] No Astros players were punished because they received immunity in exchange for their cooperation in the investigation.[23]

Manfred was widely criticized for his handling of the situation. In an interview with ESPN, he defended his decision not to discipline players involved with the scandal, arguing that the MLBPA would not accept it. He also refused to strip the Astros of their 2017 World Series title because "It has never happened in baseball" and that he believed "that precedent happens and when you deviate from that, you have to have a very good reason."[24] During this Manfred used the phrase "Hunk of Metal" to describe the Commissioner's Trophy. After many fans and players pushed back to the description, Manfred issued an apology, stating his intent was to make "a rhetorical point".[25]

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic

On March 12, 2020, one day after the COVID-19 pandemic was declared by the World Health Organization, Major League Baseball cancelled spring training and delayed the start of the 2020 season by at least two weeks.[26][27] Four days later, it was announced that the start of the season would be pushed back indefinitely due to the recommendation made by the CDC to restrict events of more than 50 people for eight weeks.[28] On May 26, Manfred made the league's first proposal for the 2020 season, which included a reduction of the richest salaries by over 75 percent. This proposal was immediately rejected by the Players Association. The MLBPA later voted 33–5 to reject a proposal from Manfred and the owners for a 60-game season that would include an expanded postseason format and no provisions for salary guarantees in the event of a cancelled season, then rejected a third proposal for a 72-game season with 80% pro-rated pay. Manfred and the owners had also rejected the players' proposal for a 70-game season.[29] On June 22, Manfred imposed a 60-game regular season that was unanimously approved by franchise owners. The season imposed by Manfred included the implementation of a sixteen-team postseason format (proposed by the players' union and later approved by the owners), a universal designated hitter and extra innings beginning with a runner on second base.[29][30] (This latter rule change has been referred to by fans and media alike as the "Manfred Man", a play on the name of the musician).[31]

2021 All-Star Game relocation

On April 2, 2021, Manfred announced that the 2021 All-Star Game would be moved from Atlanta in protest of a voting reform law passed by Georgia's legislature.[32] The move was supported by President Joe Biden and the MLBPA, the latter of whom claimed that the law "disproportionately disenfranchises the Black community." The decision was opposed both by Republican state officials including governor Brian Kemp and by several prominent Georgia Democrats including activist and former gubernatorial candidate Stacey Abrams and senator Raphael Warnock.[33] The Atlanta Braves also opposed the move remarking that they were "deeply disappointed" by Manfred's decision and "businesses, employees and fans in Georgia are the victims of this decision."[34] On April 5, Manfred announced that Coors Field in Denver, Colorado, would host the All-Star Game.[35]

2021–22 lockout

Following the expiration of the league's collective bargaining agreement in December 2021, team owners unanimously voted to enact a lockout at 12:01 a.m. EST on December 2, indefinitely lasting until a new CBA was signed. Manfred formally announced the lockout in a press release titled "A letter to baseball fans," an action that received criticism from various baseball media members.[36][37][38] After several rounds of meetings between MLB and the Major League Baseball Players Association that were described as "unproductive,"[39] the league set February 28 as a deadline to complete negotiations at Roger Dean Stadium in Jupiter, Florida, or else regular season games would begin to be cancelled.[40] MLB and the MLBPA worked late into the night on contract negotiations on February 28, ignoring the deadline and working into the early morning hours of March 1. Around 2:30 a.m. EST on March 1, the league decided that there was enough progress on negotiations to push the deadline to 5:00 p.m. on the same day.[41] As negotiations began to resume on March 1, a players' union representative stated that the two sides were further apart on key issues than what was being reported and claimed that Manfred and MLB were pushing an overly-optimistic storyline for their own gain.[42] Just before the 5:00 p.m. deadline, the league contingent made a final offer that was ultimately turned down by the players' union. As a result, Manfred announced in a press conference outside Roger Dean Stadium that a chunk of the season's first games (later revealed to be the first two series) would be cancelled.[43] Manfred received online criticism for smiling and laughing before and during the press conference.[44][45]

As negotiations continued, Manfred announced that March 8 was the new deadline for an agreement to be in place or else more games would be cancelled.[46] After another marathon of negotiations beginning on March 8 and stretching into the early hours of March 9, the deadline was extended as it had been in the previous week's deadline meeting. The league and the players' union once again failed to come to an agreement by the extended deadline because of the last-second inclusion of an international player draft in the owners' proposal. As a result, Manfred cancelled another two series, tentatively pushing the 2022 season's opening day to April 14.[47] On March 10, Manfred and the league put the possibility of a 162-game season on the table if a deal could be met soon thereafter. That evening, the players' union accepted an MLB proposal that allowed the two sides to explore the international draft idea and come to decision on it by July 2022. The owners voted unanimously to ratify the agreement, ending the lockout. Manfred announced that opening day was being reverted back to April 7 and that the original first two series of the season would be played at later dates so that a full 162-game season could be conducted.[48] In a subsequent press conference, Manfred said that he was relieved to see the lockout end and that he desired to improve his relationship with the players.[49]

2023 World Baseball Classic

United States Forces Japan people watching 2023 World Baseball Classic championship

Manfred valued the World Baseball Classic from the beginning of his tenure, and the 2017 tourney drew 3.5 million viewers in the United States. After a six-year hiatus (longer than planned due to COVID-19 pandemic), Major League Baseball superstars such as Mike Trout and Mookie Betts joined Team USA for the 5th iteration of the tournament in 2023. The 2023 World Baseball Classic was broadcast in 163 territories through 63 media partners and received US$100 million in benefits.[50][51]

The 2023 tournament was extremely popular in the United States and was broadcast nationwide on FOX. The finals between Japan and Team USA had an average combined viewership of 5.2 million Americans across FOX, FS1, and FOX Deportes and peaked at approximately 6.5 million Americans watching as Shohei Ohtani struck out Mike Trout for the game's final out to clinch the title for Japan.[52]

The 2023 World Baseball Classic game between Japan and Korea recorded nearly 63 million viewers, higher than the 1980 World Series, making it one of the most viewed baseball games in history.[53] In the Japanese archipelago, 100 million people watched the WBC,[54] and over 55 million people within the Japanese archipelago watched the final game.[54]

The 2023 tournament was broadcast in China on China's largest websites, including Weibo, Douyin, and Bilibili, Kuaishou.[55] The match between China and Japan was watched by up to 422,000 people.[56]

Oakland Athletics relocation to Las Vegas

On April 19, 2023, the Oakland Athletics (A's), at the guidance of team owner John Fisher, announced a "binding deal" purchase of land in Las Vegas, Nevada for a new ballpark. The announcement indicated the team's intent to relocate out of their longtime home of Oakland, California after 57 seasons and four World Series championships.[57] The proposed relocation of Oakland and the East Bay region's sole remaining major professional sports franchise comes on the heels of the city losing the NBA's Golden State Warriors to San Francisco in 2019 and the NFL's Oakland Raiders to Las Vegas in 2020, and has been described by national and international media as "catastrophic" for the community and "incalculable loss" for the community and larger East Bay region.[58][59] The A's proposed relocation would make Oakland the first and only major city in history to be fully abandoned by North American major professional sports after hosting multiple teams across different sports.[60]

The announcement was followed immediately by widespread condemnation, including public accusations of bad faith negotiating and intentionally-deceptive business practices on the part of the A's and Major League Baseball in negotiations with Oakland city officials.[61] In 2023, Fisher, A's President Dave Kaval and Commissioner Manfred have repeatedly been caught or accused of knowingly giving false public statements and outright lying about the proposed Oakland Ballpark project, which began in 2018 and stalled sometime following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.[62][63][64]

Public response to the proposed relocation of Oakland's only remaining major professional sports franchise has been widespread. Golden State Warriors owner Joe Lacob publicly stated he has a standing offer to buy the A's from Fisher and would privately fund a new ballpark for the team, though Fisher has repeatedly stated he will not willingly sell the team.[65] Actor Tom Hanks, who worked as an Oakland A's hot dog vendor at the Oakland Coliseum as a teenager, on the topic of the A's proposed move to Las Vegas just after the departures of the Warriors and Raiders from town, stated "Damn them all to Hell."[66] Other celebrities such as Green Day front man Billie Joe Armstrong have publicly joined the "SELL" movement, with the goal of convincing John Fisher to sell the team and allow it to remain in Oakland.[67]

In July 2016, Manfred stated “I am committed to Oakland as a major league site. If we were to leave Oakland, I think 10 years from now, we would be more likely than not looking backward, saying we made a mistake.”[68]

In May 2021, Manfred's office announced that Major League Baseball had given the Athletics permission to explore relocation, citing slow progress on the proposed bayfront Oakland Ballpark.[69]

In late October 2022, Manfred announced that he would instruct the league to waive the standard assessed relocation fee (estimated at $300 million)[70] for Athletics ownership should the team choose to relocate specifically to Las Vegas.[71] Manfred reiterated this in late July 2023,[72] exacerbating the ire of other MLB owners frustrated with the "preferential treatment" Fisher and Las Vegas were receiving from Manfred.[73]

In response to questions about the Tuesday June 13, 2023 “Reverse Boycott Game I”, which drew the A's highest attendance of the season to date, more than triple the team’s season attendance average to that point, Manfred condescendingly stated “It’s great to see what is this year almost an average Major League Baseball crowd in the facility for one night. That’s a great thing.”[74] He continued, erroneously stating, “There is no Oakland offer. They never got to the point where they had a plan to build a stadium at any site.”[75] In response to a question about several academic studies on the economic benefits to communities that contribute public funds for professional sports facilities, Manfred responded "I love academics; they're great . . . Academics can say whatever they want. I think the reality tells you something else."[76] All three comments were met with widespread condemnation of the commissioner, with the comment of Oakland having "no plan to build a stadium at any site" being immediately disproven the same day by Oakland Mayor Sheng Thao and city officials, who in response publicly shared the plans for the proposed bay-front Howard Terminal ballpark at the edge of Downtown Oakland, opposite and in complement to the cross-bay San Francisco Giants’ Oracle Park.[77] Oakland city officials had been in negotiations with A’s and MLB officials over the project since 2018 and into 2023, though Oakland city officials indicated the A’s had seemingly stalled the project and begun to shy away from following through with it, starting sometime in 2020 following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.[78] This claim was substantiated by the fact that the A’s missed project deadlines without explanation, including a key city-mandated deadline for finalizing the stadium development plan in September 2022.[79] Reports have indicated Fisher no longer has the financial capability to follow through with the Oakland ballpark project that he and his team proposed due to pandemic-related revenue losses and losses incurred by the declining stock prices of Gap Inc., which much of his net worth is tied to.[80]

On Saturday August 5, 2023, Oakland A's fans and independent supporters groups held "Reverse Boycott Game II", which drew 37,553 fans, the largest crowd of the season at the Oakland Coliseum.[81]

The circumstances surrounding the A's franchise under Fisher's ownership tenure as a whole (Fisher assumed controlling interest of the franchise in 2016 after initially co-owning the team with Lewis Wolff since 2005[82]) received significant media attention throughout the 2023 Major League Baseball season.[83] Fisher is a former part-owner and noted lifelong avid fan of the San Francisco Giants, and bought a stake in the franchise in 1992 as part of a local effort to prevent that team from relocating to the Tampa Bay area.[84][85]

Personal life

Growing up in Central New York, Manfred was a fan of the New York Yankees.[86] His father Rob Sr. led the Rome, New York, division of Revere Copper and Brass, while his mother Phyllis was a school teacher.[1][9][87] He has an older sister and a younger brother.[87]

Manfred and his wife, Colleen, have four children: Megan, Michael, Jane and Mary Clare.[5]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Van Natta Jr., Don (June 29, 2022). "Rob Manfred wants you to know: He doesn't hate baseball, he wants to save it". ESPN.com. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
  2. ↑ Blum, Ronald (January 27, 2015). "Manfred's To-Do List Long". Daily Herald. Arlington Heights, Illinois.
  3. ↑ "RFA Class Of 1976 Graduate Rob Manfred Voted Next Commissioner Of Baseball". August 14, 2014. Retrieved August 14, 2014.
  4. ↑ "Baseball's new commissioner Rob Manfred, a Le Moyne Dolphin, has some serious challenges". syracuse.com. August 15, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Commissioner Selig names Rob Manfred as the Chief Operating Officer of Major League Baseball" (Press release). Major League Baseball. September 30, 2013. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
  6. ↑ Phil Rogers (December 26, 2009). "Meet new boss – not same as old boss". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  7. 1 2 "BASEBALL; Baseball Talks May Resume". The New York Times. July 9, 1995. Retrieved September 30, 2013.
  8. 1 2 3 "Rob Manfred next MLB commissioner". ESPN. August 14, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  9. 1 2 "Rob Manfred, MLB's new commissioner, built resume through successes on labor and anti-doping front". NY Daily News. August 15, 2014. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
  10. ↑ Matthews, Wallace (October 15, 2013). "Sources: Rob Manfred to be witness". ESPN. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
  11. ↑ Shaikin, Bill (September 30, 2013). "Rob Manfred named COO of Major League Baseball". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
  12. ↑ Zinser, Lynn (August 15, 2014). "A Look at the Three Who Would Be MLB Commissioner". The New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
  13. ↑ "Who is Rob Manfred? Man who should be next MLB commissioner". Sporting News. August 13, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
  14. ↑ "Bud Selig named Commissioner Emeritus, to make $6M pension". CBS Sports. December 19, 2014. Retrieved June 23, 2020.
  15. ↑ Crasnick, Jerry (January 25, 2015). "Rob Manfred's top five priorities". ESPN. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
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  17. ↑ "MLB: No pitch clock in 2018, but mound visits, warm-up times limited". USA Today. Retrieved May 31, 2018.
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  19. ↑ "Baseball owners extend commissioner Rob Manfred's contract". ESPN.com. November 15, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.
  20. ↑ Castrovince, Anthony (July 26, 2023). "MLB clubs extend Commissioner's term". MLB.com. Retrieved July 26, 2023.
  21. ↑ Axisa, Mike (January 15, 2020). "Houston Astros cheating scandal: 10 things we learned from MLB's nine-page investigative report". CBSSports.com. Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  22. ↑ Manfred, Rob (January 13, 2020). "Statement of the Commissioner" (PDF). Major League Baseball. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 19, 2020. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  23. ↑ Diamond, Jared (January 22, 2020). "Astros Players Cheated. Baseball Wanted Answers. So It Made a Deal". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2020.
  24. ↑ "MLB commissioner Rob Manfred defends punishment of Astros". ESPN.com. February 16, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  25. ↑ Gonzalez, Aldin (February 19, 2020). "Rob Manfred apologizes for calling World Series trophy a 'piece of metal'". ESPN. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
  26. ↑ "MLB suspends spring training, delays Opening Day at least two weeks". ESPN.com. March 12, 2020. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
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  28. ↑ "Opening of regular season to be pushed back". MLB.com. Major League Baseball. March 16, 2020. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
  29. 1 2 Lacques, Gabe (June 23, 2020). "Major League Baseball implements 60-game 2020 season as players agree on safety protocols". USA Today. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
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  31. ↑ Fels, Sam. "MLB cares more about middle relievers — and money — than the fans". deadspin.com. G/O media. Retrieved December 3, 2023.
  32. ↑ Blum, Ronald (April 2, 2021). "MLB All-Star Game yanked from Georgia over voting law". AP NEWS. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  33. ↑ Parker, Ashley; Sullivan, Sean; Wootson Jr., Cleve R. (April 8, 2021). "How Biden's support for the All-Star Game boycott divided Democrats in Georgia". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  34. ↑ Shaikin, Bill (April 2, 2021). "MLB moves All-Star game out of Atlanta in response to new Georgia voting law". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 2, 2021.
  35. ↑ Harding, Thomas (April 6, 2021). "Rockies to host 2021 All-Star Game". MLB.com. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
  36. ↑ Perry, Dayn (December 6, 2021). "MLB lockout: Fact-checking commissioner Rob Manfred's open letter to baseball fans". CBS Sports. ViacomCBS. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
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  38. ↑ Roberson, Matthew (December 2, 2021). "It's impossible to take Rob Manfred and the owners seriously". New York Daily News. Tribune Publishing. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  39. ↑ Halicke, Chris (February 17, 2022). "Report: 'Unproductive' CBA Meeting Puts MLB's Opening Day in Jeopardy". FanNation. Sports Illustrated. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  40. ↑ Carroll, Rory (February 23, 2022). "MLB sets Monday deadline as labor talks continue". Reuters. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  41. ↑ Janes, Chelsea (March 1, 2022). "MLB pushes its Opening Day deadline as baseball labor talks go deep into the night". Washington Post. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  42. ↑ Stebbins, Tim (March 1, 2022). "No deal: Players reject MLB's last offer before deadline". NBC Sports Chicago. Comcast. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  43. ↑ Wagner, James (March 1, 2022). "M.L.B. Cancels Games, Delaying Start of Season". The New York Times. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  44. ↑ Schuster, Blake (March 1, 2022). "Rob Manfred shamelessly laughed while canceling Opening Day and MLB Twitter wasn't having it". For The Win. USA Today. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  45. ↑ Snyder, Matt (March 1, 2022). "How Rob Manfred's ineffective reign as MLB commissioner led to baseball's 'disastrous outcome'". CBS Sports. ViacomCBS. Retrieved March 2, 2022.
  46. ↑ Ruminski, Tom (March 7, 2022). "Report: MLB sets another deadline for 162-game season". TheScore. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
  47. ↑ Young, Jabari (March 9, 2022). "MLB cancels more games, pushing Opening Day to April 14". CNBC. Comcast. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
  48. ↑ Passan, Jeff (March 10, 2022). "MLB commissioner Rob Manfred, union chief Tony Clark hail new CBA as lockout ends". ESPN. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
  49. ↑ Papke, Grey (March 10, 2022). "Rob Manfred makes honest admission about work with MLB players". Larry Brown Sports. Retrieved March 11, 2022.
  50. ↑ "2023 World Baseball Classic reaches 163 territories". broadcastnow.co.uk. March 24, 2023.
  51. ↑ "WBC delivers emphatic turnout, as much as $100M in revenue". sportsbusinessjournal.com. March 23, 2023.
  52. ↑ "From Record-Breaking Television, Attendance and Merchandise Sales, 2023 World Baseball Classic Was a Home Run". Forbes.
  53. ↑ "Home". 콜로라도 타임즈 - Colorado Times. February 19, 2020.
  54. 1 2 "平日WBC決勝の視聴者数は延べ約1億人 生中継テレ朝系5463万9000人、録画TBS系4183万8000人". news.yahoo.co.jp. March 23, 2023.
  55. ↑ "Where to Watch the 2023 World Baseball Classic". mlb.com. March 5, 2023.
  56. ↑ Weibo MLB美职棒大联盟
  57. ↑ "On the move? Oakland Athletics announce Las Vegas land deal". East Bay Times. April 20, 2023.
  58. ↑ Moore, Dan (April 4, 2022). "What Do Cities Lose When They Lose Pro Sports?". The Ringer.
  59. ↑ "'Incalculable loss': Oakland battles to save last pro sports team". www.aljazeera.com.
  60. ↑ Feinstein, John (June 26, 2023). "Perspective | As greedy owners abandon Oakland, fans are innocent bystanders". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286.
  61. ↑ "Athletics' Las Vegas ballpark site deal 'disappointing' to Oakland mayor". Yahoo Sports. April 20, 2023.
  62. ↑ "John Fisher is redefining sports owner malpractice as he spitefully tries to move his Oakland A's to Las Vegas". CBSSports.com. June 8, 2023. Retrieved August 24, 2023.
  63. ↑ Burke, Jason (June 8, 2023). "A's President Dave Kaval Had a Night to Forget". Sports Illustrated Oakland Athletics News, Analysis and More.
  64. ↑ Killion, Ann (June 15, 2023). "Be outraged. Rob Manfred lied about Oakland's stadium deal, insulted A's fans". San Francisco Chronicle.
  65. ↑ "Joe Lacob: Warriors Owner Says He Has 'Standing Offer' to Buy A's - Sports Illustrated". Sports Illustrated.
  66. ↑ "Oakland A's Fan Tom Hanks Slams Owners for Plans to Move to Las Vegas: 'Damn Them All to Hell'". People.
  67. ↑ "Green Day's Billie Joe Armstrong Attends Oakland Athletics' 'Reverse Boycott' - Sports Illustrated". Sports Illustrated.
  68. ↑ "Baseball Commissioner Rob Manfred says MLB would regret it if Athletics left Oakland". Los Angeles Times. July 12, 2016.
  69. ↑ "MLB tells Oakland Athletics to explore relocation if no new ballpark". CNBC. May 11, 2021.
  70. ↑ Martin •, Angelina (July 30, 2023). "Report: A's Vegas relocation process draws some owners' ire". NBC Los Angeles.
  71. ↑ Shea, John (October 31, 2022). "Rob Manfred waiving relocation fee for A's a real threat or 'cheap talk'?". San Francisco Chronicle.
  72. ↑ "Manfred claims A's relocation fee not 'a realistic possibility'". Yahoo Sports. June 15, 2023.
  73. ↑ Rosa, Francisco. "Report: Some MLB Owners Upset A's Are Getting 'Preferential Treatment' for Vegas Move". Bleacher Report.
  74. ↑ Gartland, Dan (June 16, 2023). "SI:AM | Rob Manfred Kicks Oakland Fans While They're Down". Sports Illustrated.
  75. ↑ "Rob Manfred mocks A's fans over reverse boycott night, mayor calls his Oakland accusations 'totally false'". CBSSports.com. June 15, 2023.
  76. ↑ "MLB commish feels 'sorry' for A's fans in Oakland". ESPN.com. June 15, 2023. Retrieved August 24, 2023.
  77. ↑ Walsh, Erin. "Oakland Mayor's Office Disputes Rob Manfred's 'Totally False' A's Stadium Remarks". Bleacher Report.
  78. ↑ "After five years, A's rejected a $12B waterfront ballpark site in Oakland for 9 acres on the Strip". The Nevada Independent. August 20, 2023.
  79. ↑ "Oakland, A's miss deadline to finalize development agreement". www.sportsbusinessjournal.com. October 4, 2022.
  80. ↑ Dawkins, Bethany Biron, Jennifer Ortakales. "The rise and fall of the Gap: The iconic but beleaguered brand is counting on a new CEO poached from Mattel". Business Insider.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  81. ↑ Lockard, Melissa. "A's fans' reverse boycott: Once again the top of the fifth inning became must-see TV". The Athletic.
  82. ↑ McNear, Claire (August 4, 2016). "The A's Desperately Need New Ownership". The Ringer.
  83. ↑ Waldman, Daniel. "Rotten in Oakland: How the A's Trashed Their Roots and Became MLB's Laughingstock". Bleacher Report.
  84. ↑ admin. "San Francisco Giants team ownership history – Society for American Baseball Research".
  85. ↑ Wallack, Todd (March 31, 2005). "A's NEW ERA / JOHN FISHER / Son of Gap founder is the money..." SFGATE.
  86. ↑ Steve Ruark/AP (August 20, 2014). "An exclusive Q&A with new commissioner Rob Manfred on baseball's challenges — MLB — SI.com". SI.com. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
  87. 1 2 "Behind the scenes: Rob Manfred". ESPN. January 25, 2015. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
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