Richard Serra
Richard Serra photographed by Oliver Mark, Siegen 2005
Born (1938-11-02) November 2, 1938
San Francisco, California, U.S.
NationalityAmerican
EducationUniversity of California, Berkeley (attended)
University of California, Santa Barbara (B.A. 1961)
Yale University (B.F.A. 1962, M.F.A. 1964)
MovementMinimalism, Process Art
Spouses
​
​
(m. 1965; div. 1970)​
    Clara Weyergraf
    ​
    (m. 1981)​
    Bramme for the Ruhr-District, 1998 at Essen
    Sea Level (South-west part), Zeewolde, Netherlands

    Richard Serra (born November 2, 1938) is an American artist known for his large-scale sculptures made for site-specific landscape, urban, and architectural settings. Serra's sculptures are notable for their material quality and exploration of the relationship between the viewer, the work, and the site. Since the mid-1960s, Serra has worked to radicalize and extend the definition of sculpture beginning with his early experiments with rubber, neon, and lead, to his large-scale steel works.

    Early life and education

    Serra was born in San Francisco, California to Tony and Gladys Serra – the second of three sons. His father was Spanish from Mallorca and mother was Russian, in Odessa.[1] From a young age, he was encouraged to draw by his mother. The young Serra would carry a small notebook for his sketches and his mother would introduce her son as "Richard the artist."[2] His father worked as a pipe fitter for a shipyard near San Francisco. Serra recounts a memory of a visit to the shipyard to see a boat launch when he was four years old. He watched as the ship transformed from an enormous weight to a buoyant, floating structure and notes that: "All the raw material that I needed is contained in the reserve of this memory."[3]

    Serra studied English literature at the University of California, Berkeley in 1957 before transferring to the University of California, Santa Barbara and graduating in 1961 with a BA in English Literature. In Santa Barbara, Serra met the muralists, Rico Lebrun and Howard Warshaw. Both were in the Art Department and took Serra under their wing.[4] During this time, Serra worked in steel mills to earn a living.[5]

    Serra studied painting at Yale University and graduated with both a BA in Art History and an MFA in 1964. Fellow Yale alumni include Chuck Close, Rackstraw Downs, Nancy Graves, Brice Marden, and Robert Mangold.[6] At Yale Serra met visiting artists from the New York School such as Philip Guston, Robert Rauschenberg, Ad Reinhardt, and Frank Stella. Serra taught a color theory course during his last year at Yale and after graduating was asked to help proof Josef Albers' notable color theory book "Interaction of Color."[6][7]

    In 1964, Serra was awarded a one-year traveling fellowship from Yale and went to Paris where he met the composer Philip Glass[6] who became a collaborator and long-time friend. In Paris, Serra spent time sketching in Constantine Brancusi's studio, partially reconstructed inside the Musée national d'art modern on the avenue President Wilson,[6] allowing Serra to study Brancusi's work, later drawing his own sculptural conclusions.[8] An exact replica of Brancusi's studio is now located opposite the Centre Pompidou.[9] Serra spent the following year in Florence, Italy on a Fulbright Grant. In 1966 while still in Italy, Serra made a trip to the Prado Museum in Spain and saw Diego Velazquez's painting, "Las Meninas."[9] The artist realized he would not surpass the skill of that painting and made the decision to move away from painting.[2]

    While still in Europe, Serra began experimenting with nontraditional sculptural material. He had his first one-person exhibition "Animal Habitats" at Galleria Salita, Rome.[10] Exhibited there were assemblages made with live and stuffed animals which would be referenced as early work from the Arte Povera movement.[3]

    Work

    Early work

    Serra returned from Europe and moved to New York City in 1966. He continued his constructions using experimental materials such as rubber, latex, fiberglass, neon, and lead.[11] His Belt Pieces were made with strips of rubber and hung on the wall using gravity as a forming device. Serra combined neon with continuous strips of rubber in his sculpture Belts (1966–67) referencing the serial abstraction in Jackson Pollock's Mural (1963.) Around that time Serra wrote Verb List (1967) a list of transitive verbs (i.e. cast, roll, tear, prop, etc.) which he used as directives for his sculptures.[12] To Lift (1967), and Thirty-Five Feet of Lead Rolled Up (1968), Splash Piece (1968), and Casting (1969), were some of the action-based works with origins in the verb list. Serra used lead in many of his constructs because of its adaptability. Lead is malleable enough to be rolled, folded, ripped, and melted. With To Lift (1967) Serra lifted a 10-foot sheet of rubber off the ground making a free-standing form; with Thirty-five Feet of Lead Rolled Up (1968), Serra, with the help of Philip Glass, unrolled and rolled a sheet of lead as tightly as they could.[12]

    In 1968 Serra was included in the group exhibition "Nine at Castelli" at Castelli Warehouse in New York[13] where he showed Prop (1968), Scatter Piece (1968), and made Splashing (1968) by throwing molten lead against the angle of the floor and wall. In 1969 his piece Casting was included in the exhibition Anti-Illusion: Procedures/Materials at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York.[13] In Casting the artist again threw molten lead against the angle of the floor and wall. He then pulled the casting made from the hardened lead away from the wall and repeated the action of splashing and casting creating a series of free-standing forms.[14]

    "To prop" is another transitive verb from Serra's "Verb List" utilized by the artist for a series assemblages of lead plates and poles dependent on leaning and gravity as a force to stay upright.[14] Serra's early Prop Pieces such as Prop (1968) relied mainly on the wall as a support.[15] Serra wanted to move away from the wall to remove what he thought was a pictorial convention. In 1969 he propped four lead plates up on the floor like a house of cards. The sculpture One Ton Prop: House of Cards (1969) weighed 1 ton and the four plates were self-supporting.[16]

    Another pivotal moment for Serra occurred in 1969 when he was commissioned by the artist Jasper Johns to make a Splash Piece in Johns's studio. While Serra heated the lead plates to splash against the wall, he took one of the larger plates and set it in the corner where it stood on its own. Serra's break into space followed shortly after with the sculpture Strike: To Roberta and Rudy (1969–71).[17] Serra wedged an 8 by 24-foot plate of steel into a corner and divided the room into two equal spaces. The work invited the viewer to walk around the sculpture, shifting the viewer's perception of the room as they walked.[14]

    Serra first recognized the potential of working in large scale with his Skullcracker Series made during the exhibition, "Art and Technology," at the L.A. County Museum of Art in 1969. He spent ten weeks building a number of ephemeral stacked steel pieces at the Kaiser Steelyard. Using a crane to explore the principles of counterbalance and gravity, the stacks were as tall as 30 to 40 feet high and weighed between 60 and 70 tons. They were knocked down by the steel workers at the end of each day. The scale of the stacks allowed Serra to begin think of his work outside the confines of gallery and museum spaces.[18]

    Landscape works

    Hours of the Day (1990), Bonnefanten Museum, Maastricht

    In 1970 Serra received a Guggenheim Fellowship and traveled to Japan. His first outdoor sculptures, To Encircle Base Plate (Hexagram) (1970) and Sugi Tree (1970), were both installed in Ueno Park as part of the "Tokyo Biennale."[19]

    While in Japan, Serra spent most of his time studying the Zen gardens and temples of the Myoshin-ji in Kyoto. The layout of the gardens revealed the landscape as a total field that can only be experienced by walking. The gardens changed Serra's way of seeing space in relation to time.[20] Upon returning to the US he built his first site-specific outdoor work: To Encircle Base Plate Hexagram, Right Angles Inverted (1970). Here Serra embedded two semi-circular steel flanges, forming a ring 26 feet in diameter, into the surface of 183rd Street in the Bronx. One semi-circle measured 1 inch wide and the second, 8 inches wide. The work was visible from two perspectives: either when the viewer came directly upon it or from above on a stairway overlooking the street.[21]

    Throughout the 1970s Serra continued to make outdoor site-specific sculpture for urban areas and landscapes Serra's was interested in the topology of landscape and how one relates to it through movement, space, and time. His first landscape work was made in late 1970 when Serra was commissioned by the art patrons Joseph and Emily Rauh Pulitzer to build a sculpture on their property outside St. Louis, Missouri. Pulitzer Piece: Stepped Elevation (1970–71) was Serra's first large-scale landscape work. Three plates measuring 5 feet high by 40 to 50 feet long were placed across approximately 3 acres. The placement of the plates was determined by the fall of the landscape. Each plate was impaled into the ground far enough until its rise was 5 feet. Serra's intention was for the plates to act as cuts in the landscape that function as surrogate horizons as viewers walked amongst them.[22]

    Shift (1970–72), Serra's second endeavor in the landscape, was built in a field owned by the collector Roger Davidson in King City, Ontario. The sculpture is composed of six rectilinear concrete sections placed along the sloping landscape.[18] In 2013 Shift was designated a Heritage Site under the Ontario Heritage Act. Shift, like Pulitzer Piece, was based on the elevational fall of the land over a given distance. The top edges of the plates function as a horizon being placed into specific elevational intervals as you walk the entire field.[23]

    Richard Serra's Tilted Spheres in Toronto Pearson International Airport (Terminal 1, Pier F)

    Serra's subsequent site-specific works in landscape continued to explore the topography of the land and how the sculpture relates to this topography by way of movement, meditation, and perception of the viewer. Among the most notable of the landscape works are Porten i Slugten (1983–86) in Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, Denmark;[24] Afangar (Stations, Stops on the Road, To Stop and Look: Forward and Back, To Take It All In) (1990) in Videy Island, Iceland;[25] Schunnemunk Fork (1991) in Storm King Art Center, New York;[26] Snake Eyes and Box Cars (1993) in Sonoma County, California;[27] Te Tuhirangi Contour (2000–2) in Kaipara, New Zealand;[28] and East-West/West-East (2014) in Qatar.[29]

    The sculpture Porten i Slugten (1983–86) was commissioned for the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art, Humlebaek, Denmark. After walking the museum grounds, Serra chose a ravine that runs towards the Kattegat Sea as the site for his sculpture. The ravine was the only area in the grounds that had not been landscaped. Two plates were set at an angle to each other at the end of a sloping stretch of path which fronts the ravine. The plates function in their location like a gate which opens as the viewer walks down the path towards the sea. Seen from the center of a bridge, which crosses the ravine and leads to the museum, the two plates form a single plane as if the gate had closed. As you walk down from the museum to the ocean below, the plates appear to have a continuous swinging motion.[30] In 1988 Serra was invited by the National Gallery of Iceland to build a work. Serra chose Videy Island as the site for Afangar (Stations, Stops on the Road, To Stop and Look: Forward and Back, To Take It All In) (1990). The sculpture consists of nine pairs of basalt columns (a material indigenous to Iceland) and placed along the periphery of Vesturey, the northwest part of the island. All nine locations share the same elevations in that the stones of each pair are situated at an elevation of 9 and 10 meters, respectively. Each set of stones is level at the top. All stones at the higher elevation measure 3 meters; all stones at the lower elevation measure 4 meters. Because of the variance of topography, the stones in a set are sometimes closer together, sometimes further apart. The rise and fall of Videy Island and the surrounding landscape is seen against the fixed measure of the standing stones.[31] The stones are visible along the horizon of the island and orient the viewer against the rise and fall of the surrounding landscape.[18]

    Te Tuhirangi Contour (2000–2) is located on vast open pasture on Gibbs Farm in Kaipara, New Zealand. The sculpture stands 20 feet high and spans 844 feet as one continuous contour that follows the rolling hills, expansion, and contraction of the landscape. The sculpture's elevation is perpendicular to the fall of the land.[32]

    East-West/West-East (2014), located on an east–west axis in the Brouq Nature Reserve in Qatar, was commissioned by Sheika al-Mayassa al-Thani of Qatar. It consists of four steel plates either 54 3/4 or 48 1/2 feet high. The plates are placed at irregular intervals in a valley that runs between two gypsum plateaus. The plates are level to each other and the elevation of the adjacent plateaus. The work spans less than a kilometer and all plates are visible from either end.[33]

    Urban works

    In the landscape, the sculptural elements draw the viewer's attention to the topology of the land as its walked. Serra's site-specific Urban sculptures focus the viewer's attention on the sculpture itself. Their locations often more accessible to the public than the landscape works, invite the viewer to walk inside, pass through and move around them.[34] Because of the confines of Urban architecture, sculptures such as Sight Point (1972–75) at the Stedelijk Museum, The Netherlands; Terminal (1977) in Bochum, Germany; T.W.U. (1980) at the Deichtorhallen, Hamburg, Germany; Fulcrum (1986–87), installed in Broadgate, London; Exchange (1996) outside the City of Luxembourg; or 7 (2011) on a pier in Doha, Qatar, reflect the verticality of their surrounding architecture.[35] Outdoor sculptures like St. John's Rotary Arc (1980) temporarily installed outside the Holland Tunnel entrance in New York City; Tilted Arc (1981) installed and later removed from New York City's Federal Plaza; Clara-Clara (1983), temporarily installed at Tuileries, Place de la Concorde, Paris; Berlin Junction (1987) installed outside the Berlin Philharmonic; are all curved forms or arcs that open and close depending on the direction the viewer takes walking around them.[35]

    Sight Point (1972–75) was Serra's first vertical Urban work and a continuation of the balance and counterbalance principles of his earlier work Prop.[36] Sight Point stands outside the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, consisting of three vertical steel plates 10 feet wide and 40 feet high that lean in at an angle and forming a triangular space on the ground with three openings that can be walked through. Once inside the viewer can look up and see the sky framed by the triangular shape made by the leaning plates.[37]

    Another vertical sculpture, Terminal (1977), was conceived for "Documenta VI" in 1977. It was permanently installed on a traffic island between the street car tracks in front of a train station in Bochum, Germany. Serra chose the site because of its proximity to a high traffic area.[38] Exchange (1996), sited in a vehicular round-about on top of a highway tunnel, made of seven trapezoidal plates. The sculpture stands 60 feet high and can be seen by drivers as they enter and leave the City of Luxembourg.[39]

    In 1980 Serra installed two sculptures, with support of the Public Art Fund, in New York City. T.W.U. (1980) and St. John's Rotary Arc (1980) were each placed in areas where traffic and people converged. T.W.U, a vertical sculpture consisting of three vertical plates, each 36 feet high, was installed at a subway entrance near West Broadway between Leonard and Franklin Streets.[40] The sculpture is now permanently installed outside the Deichterhallen, Hamburg, Germany.[41] St. John's Rotary Arc, one of Serra's earliest curved sculptures, was 12 feet high and spanned 180 feet. From 1980 to 1988 the site-specific sculpture was installed on the rotary at the entrance and exit to the Holland Tunnel.[18]

    The following year in 1981, a second site-specific curved sculpture Tilted Arc (1981) was installed in New York City's Federal Plaza. Commissioned by the U.S. General Services Administration's Art-in-Architecture Program following a rigorous selection process, the sculpture's arc spanned 120 feet and 12 feet high. The sculpture was a curve that tilted and leaned away from its base. It was anchored into the plaza at both ends so that the center of the sculpture was raised. Serra's intention for the sculpture was to draw pedestrians' attention to the sculpture as they crossed the plaza.[42] Tilted Arc was met with resistance by workers in the Federal building. An eight-year campaign to remove the sculpture ensued and Tilted Arc was ultimately removed on March 15, 1989.[43] In Serra's defense to preserve the sculpture he stated "To remove the work is to destroy the work,"[44] advocating an art-for art's sake mantra of site-specific artworks. The case of Tilted Arc continues to highlight the tension surrounding the nature of public art and its intended audience.[45]

    West and East by Richard Serra in Zekreet Qatar

    Serra has had numerous exhibitions in gallery and museum settings. His site-specific gallery installations are sometimes used to test ideas.[46] Serra's first US solo exhibition was at the Leo Castelli Warehouse, New York in 1969. There he exhibited ten lead Prop Pieces, a Scatter Piece: Cutting Device: Base Plate Measure (1969), and a Splash Piece: Splashing with Four Molds (To Eva Hesse) (1969).

    Following his process-based works of the late 1960s and early 1970s, Serra began to solely use rolled or forged steel in his sculpture.[47] Berlin Block (for Charlie Chaplin) (1977) was Serra's first forged sculpture. Made for the plaza outside the Neue Nationalgalerie in Berlin, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, the sculpture weighs 70 tons.[11] Other forged sculptures include Elevation for Mies (1985–88) at Museum Haus Esters, Krefeld, Germany; Philibert et Marguerite (1985), in the Musee de Brou, Bourg-en-Bresse, France; Weight and Measure (1992), a temporary site-specific installation at the Tate Gallery, London; Santa Fe Depot (2004), in the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego; and Equal (2015) in the Museum of Modern Art, New York.

    Serra's most known series of sculpture using rolled steel plates are the Torqued Ellipses. In 1991 Serra visited Borromini's Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane in Rome and mistook the ovals of the dome and the floor to be offset from one another.[48] He thought to make a sculpture in this torqued form. Serra constructed models of this perceived form in his studio by cutting two ellipse-shaped pieces of wood and nailing a dowel between them. He then turned the ellipses so they were at a right angle to one another and wrapped a sheet of lead around the form. After making a template from the models Serra worked with an engineer to fabricate the sculptures.[49] In total there are seven Torqued Ellipses and four Double Torqued Ellipses (an ellipse inside of an ellipse) dated between 1996 and 2004.[50] Each sculpture has a different degree or torque and measures up to 13 feet high. The sculptures all have an opening so that they can be walked through and around.[51] Three Torqued Ellipses are on permanent view at Dia Beacon, New York.[52]

    Detail from Richard Serra artwork called Matter of Time at Bilbao Guggenheim Museum

    In 2005 "The Matter of Time", a commissioned installation, opened at the Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain. Consisting of eight sculptures spanning a decade from 1994 to 2005, "The Matter of Time" highlights the evolution of Serra's sculptural forms. Serra chose to include five sculptures derived from the initial torqued ellipse: one single, one double ellipse, and three torqued spirals.[53] The Torqued Spirals followed after the Double Torqued Ellipses when Serra decided to connect a double ellipses into one wound form that can be entered and walked through.[22] The remaining sculptures in "The Matter of Time" are one closed (Blind Spot Reversed) and one open (Between the Torus and the Sphere) torus and spherical sculpture; and Snake: made of three parts, each comprising two identical conical sections inverted relative to each other and spanning 104 feet overall. The sculptures are organized by Serra with intention. The direction which the viewer moves through the space creates a sensation of varying scale and proportion, and an awareness to the passing of time.[54][55]

    Equal (2015) at the Museum of Modern Art in 2022

    In 2008 Serra participated in Monumenta, an annual exhibition held in Paris's Grand Palais featuring a single artist. For Monumenta Serra installed a single sculpture, Promenade (2008), consisting of five plates, each 55 feet tall and 13 feet wide, placed 100 feet apart from one another across the cavernous interior of the Grand Palais. Overall, the sculpture spanned 656 feet. The plates were not placed in a line but stood side to side off the Grand Palais's center axis. They tilted either left or right, leaned either toward or away from another, and the viewer as they strolled around them.[56]

    Four Rounds: Equal Weight, Unequal Measure (2017) at Glenstone in 2022

    The sculpture Equal (2015), in the collection of The Museum of Modern Art, New York, consists of eight forged blocks. Each block measures 5 by 5 1⁄2 by 6 feet and weighs 40 tons. The blocks are stacked in pairs and positioned on their longer or shorter sides so that each stack measures 11 feet tall.[57] When walking amongst the four stacks the viewer becomes aware of their own sense of weight, balance, and gravity in relation to the sculptures.[58]

    Four Rounds: Equal Weight, Unequal Measure (2017), consisting of four 82-ton forged cylinders of varying dimensions is permanently installed at Glenstone, Potomac, Maryland. The sculpture is installed within a building designed by Thomas Phifer of Thomas Phifer and Partners, in collaboration with Serra to highlight the sculpture’s mass within the confines of the building’s interior.[59][60]

    Drawings

    Drawing is integral to Serra's practice. Serra makes drawings on large sheets of canvas or handmade paper. They include horizontal or vertical compositions; constructions of overlapping sheets; or line drawings.[61] His drawings are primarily done in paintstick, lithographic crayon, or charcoal and are always black. Serra experiments with different techniques and tools to manipulate and apply the medium. He often pushes the conventions of drawing towards a tactile, phenomenological experience of movement, time and space.[62] The artist has said that his drawing practice is involved with "repetition, knowing there's no possibility of repeating, knowing that it's going to yield something different each time."[62]

    Following his break into space with sculptures like Strike: To Roberta and Rudy (1969–71), Serra became interested in redefining architectural space with drawing as well.[63] In 1974 Serra started to make his Installation Drawings—large-scale site-specific sheets of canvas completely covered in paintstick and stapled to the wall. The Installation Drawings cover the wall, or walls, of a given space.[64] Shafrazi and Zadikians were two of Serra's first Installation Drawings. Both were exhibited at Leo Castelli Gallery, New York in 1974 and measured approximately 10 1⁄2 feet high and 18 feet wide overall.[65] Serra continued to make Installation Drawing throughout his career. Other notable drawing series include: Diptychs (1989); Dead Weight (1991–92); Weight and Measure (1993–94); Videy Afangar (1989–91); Rounds (1996–97); out-of-rounds (1999–2000); Line Drawings (2000–02); Solids (2008); Greenpoint Rounds (2009); Elevational Weights (2010); Rifts (2011–18); Transparencies (2011–13); Horizontal Reversals (2014) Rambles (2015–16); Composites (2016); Horizontals and Verticals (2016–17); Orchard Street (2018).[66]

    National and international survey exhibitions of Serra's drawings include Richard Serra: Tekeningen/Drawings 1971–1977 at the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam in 1978; Richard Serra: Tekeningen/Drawings at the Bonnefantenmuseum, Maastrict in 1990; Richard Serra Drawings: A Retrospective at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and Menil Collection, Houston from 2011 to 2012; and Richard Serra: Drawings 2015–2017: Rambles, Composites, Rotterdam Verticals, Rotterdam Horizontals, Rifts at the Museum Boijmans van Beuningen. Rotterdam, The Netherlands in 2017.[67]

    Prints

    Richard Serra, Level IV, 2010, One color etching, 29 x 65 inches

    Serra began making prints in 1972. Working closely with Gemini G.E.L. in Los Angeles, Serra developed unconventional printing techniques. He has made over 200 printed works and like his sculpture and drawing, his prints reflect an interest in process, scale, and experimentation with material.[68]

    His early lithographs starting in 1972 include the prints Circuit; Balance; Eight by Eight; or 183rd & Webster Avenue, each titled after a sculpture created around the same time. In 1981 Serra produced his first lithograph series comprising seven editions, titled: Sketch #1 through Sketch #7. That same year Serra begin to make larger-scale prints such as Malcolm X; Goslar, or The Moral Majority Sucks.[69]

    After pushing lithography to its limit, Serra began to work with silkscreen to produce a unique surface in his prints. He did so by first applying a layer of ink onto the paper. He then would apply a layer of paint stick through the second screen creating a saturated and textured surface.[70]

    Serra continued to work this his silkscreen technique, sometimes combining it with etching and aquatint. Print series include: Videy Afanger (1991); Hreppholer (1991); WM (1996); Rounds (1999); Venice Notebook (2001); Between the Torus and the Sphere (2006); Paths and Edges (2007); Level (2008); Junction (2010); Reversal (2015); Elevational Weight (2016); Equal (2018); and (2019).

    Films and video works

    From 1968 to 1979 Serra made a collection of films and videos. Although he began working with sculpture and film at the same time, Serra recognized the different material capacities of each and did not extend sculptural problems into his films and videos.[71][72] Serra collaborated with several artists including Joan Jonas, Nancy Holt, and Robert Fiore, on his films and videos. His first films, Hand Catching Lead (1968), Hands Scraping (1968) and Hand Tied (1968) involve a series of actions: a hand tries to catch falling lead; pairs of hands move lead shavings; and bound hands untie themselves.[73]

    A later film Railroad Turnbridge (1976) frames the surrounding landscape of the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon, as the bridge turns. Steelmill/Stahwerk (1979), made in collaboration with the art historian Clara Weyergraf is divided in two parts. The first part is made up of interviews of German steel-factory workers about their work. The second part captures the forging of Serra's sculpture Berlin Block (for Charlie Chaplin).[73]

    Survey exhibitions and screenings of his films were held at the Kunstmuseum Basel, Switzerland in 2017;[74] Anthology Film Archives, New York, October 17–23, 2019;[75] and Harvard Film Archive, January 27 – February 9, 2020.[76] In 2019 Serra donated his entire film and video works to The Museum of Modern Art in New York.

    Exhibitions

    Serra's first solo exhibition was in 1966 at Galleria Salita in Rome, Italy.[77] His first solo exhibition in the US was at the Leo Castelli Warehouse, New York in 1969.[78] His first solo museum exhibition was held at the Pasadena Art Museum in California in 1970.[79]

    The first retrospective of his work was held at The Museum of Modern Art, New York in 1986.[80] A second retrospective was held at The Museum of Modern Art, New York in 2007.[81]

    The first survey exhibition of his drawings was held at the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam in 1977 and traveled to the Kunsthalle Tübingen in 1978. A second retrospective of drawings was presented at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art; and The Menil Collection, Houston from 2011 to 2012.[82] An overview of the artist's work in film and video was on view at the Kunstmuseum Basel, in 2017.[83]

    Serra has had solo exhibitions at the Staatliche Kunsthalle Baden-Baden, 1978; Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam, 1980; Musée National d’Art Moderne, Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris, 1983–1984; Museum Haus Lange, Krefeld, 1985; The Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1986 and 2007; Louisiana Museum, Humlebæk, 1986; Westfälisches Landesmuseum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte, Münster, 1987; Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus, Munich, 1987; Stedelijk Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, 1988; Bonnefantenmuseum, Maastricht, 1990; Kunsthaus Zürich, 1990; CAPC Musée d’Art Contemporain, Bordeaux, 1990; Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid, 1992; Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf, 1992; Dia Center for the Arts, New York, 1997; The Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, 1998–1999; Centro de Arte Hélio Oiticica, Rio de Janeiro, 1997–1998; Trajan's Market, Rome, 1999–2000; Pulitzer Foundation for the Arts, St. Louis, 2003; and Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, Naples, 2004; and Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam, in 2017.[84][85]

    Collections

    Serra's work is included in many museums and public collections around the world.  Selected museum collections include The Museum of Modern Art, New York; The Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto; Art Institute of Chicago; Bonnefantenmuseum, Maastrict, The Netherlands; Centre Cultural Fundació La Caixa, Barcelona; Centre Georges Pompidou, Musée National d’Art Moderne, Paris; Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, Texas; Dia Art Foundation, New York; Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and New York; Hamburger Kunsthalle, Hamburg, Germany; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC; Moderna Museet, Stockholm; Glenstone Museum, Potomac, Maryland.

    Selected public collections include City of Bochum, Germany; City of Chicago, Public Art Collection; City of Goslar, Germany; City of Hamburg, Germany; City of St. Louis, Missouri; City of Tokyo, Japan; City of Berlin, Germany; City of Paris, France; Collection City of Reykjavic, Iceland.

    Awards

    Serra has been the recipient of many notable prizes and awards, including Fulbright Grant (1965–66); Guggenheim Fellowship (1970); République Française, Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication Chevalier de l’Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (1985 and 1991); Japan Arts Association, Tokyo Praemium Imperiale  (1994); a Leone d’Oro for lifetime achievement, Venice Biennale, Italy (2001); American Academy of Arts and Letters (2001); Orden pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste, Federal Republic of Germany (2002); Orden de las Artes y las Letras de España, Spain (2008); The National Arts Award: Lifetime Achievement Award (bestowed by Americans for the Arts 2014); Hermitage Museum Foundation's Award for Lifetime Contributions to the World of Art (2014); Chevalier de l’Ordre national de la Légion d’honneur, Republic of France (2015); Landesmuseum Wiesbaden Alexej-von-Jawlensky-Preis (2017); and a J. Paul Getty Medal (2018).

    Personal life

    Richard Serra moved to New York City in 1966. He bought a house in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia in 1970 and spent summers working there. Serra married art historian Clara Weyergraf in 1981.[86] Since early 2010s Serra and Weyergraf-Serra spend their time between New York City and the North Fork, Long Island.[87]

    Writings and interviews

    Gathered in the following three anthologies is a comprehensive collection of writings by, and interviews with, the artist:

    • Richard Serra: Writings, Interviews. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1994. Includes writings by the artist and interviews by Friedrich Teja Bach, Liza Béar, Patricia E. Bickers, Lizzie Borden, Lynne Cooke, Douglas Crimp, Peter Eisenman, Mark Francis, Bernard Lamarche-Vadel, Annette Michelson, Robert C. Morgan, Alfred Pacquement, Brenda Richardson, Mark Rosenthal, Nicholas Serota, David Sylvester, and Clara Weyergraf.
    • Richard Serra: Interviews, Etc. 1970–1980. Yonkers, New York: The Hudson River Museum, 1980. Written and compiled by Richard Serra in collaboration with Clara Weyergraf. Includes interviews by Friedrich Teja Bach, Liza Béar, Lizzie Borden, Douglas Crimp, Bernard Lamarche-Vadel, and Clara Weyergraf.
    • Richard Serra: Schriften, Interviews 1970–1989. Bern: Benteli Verlag, 1990. German translation of the 1980 Hudson River Museum publication with additional contributions by Thomas Beller, Peter Eisenman, Philip Glass, Gerard Hovagymyan, Robert C. Morgan, Alfred Pacquement, Brenda Richardson, and Harald Szeemann.

    Selected writing

    All solely by Richard Serra unless indicated otherwise.

    • "Play it Again, Sam." Arts Magazine 44, no. 4 (February 1970), pp. 24–27.
    • "Verb List, 1967–68." First published in Avalanche [New York], no. 2 (Winter 1971), pp. 20–21.
    • "Skullcracker Stacking Series." In Scott, Gail R., A Report on the Art & Technology Program of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art 1967–1971, pp. 299–300. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1971.
    • Jackson, Ward, and Richard Serra. "Richard Serra." Art Now: New York 3, no. 3 (September 1971), p. 4.
    • Serra, Richard. "Statements." Artforum 10, no. 1 (September 1971), p. 64.
    • "On Frame, on Color-Aid." Artforum 10, no. 1 (September 1971), p. 64.
    • Jonas, Joan, and Richard Serra. "Paul Revere." Artforum 10, no. 1 (September 1971), pp. 65–67.
    • Serra, Richard, and Rosalind Krauss, ed. "Shift." Arts Magazine 47, no. 6 (April 1973), pp. 49–55.
    • Serra, Richard, and Clara Weyergraf. "St. John's Rotary Arc." Artforum 19, no. 1 (September 1980), pp. 52–55.
    • "Notes from Sight Point Road." Originally published in Perspecta: The Yale Architectural Journal, no. 19 (1982), pp. 172–81. Edited and printed as "Extended Notes from Sight Point Road" in Richard Serra: Neuere Skulpturen in Europa 1977–1985 (Eine Auswahl)/Recent Sculpture in Europe 1977–1985 (Selected), pp. 11–15.
    • "Letter from Richard Serra to President Ronald Reagan" [in Portuguese and English]. Lo Spazio Umano [Portugal], no. 2 (April–July 1985), pp. 89–92. Bilingual, Portuguese and English.
    • "Serra Writes the President." Art & Artists 14, no. 3 (May–June 1985), special supplement, pp. 3, 22.
    • "Notes on Drawing." First published in Güse, Ernst-Gerhard, ed. Richard Serra, pp. 66–68. New York: Rizzoli, 1988.
    • "Weight." In Richard Serra: 10 Sculptures for the Van Abbe, pp. 10–12. Exh. cat. Stedelijk Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, 1988. Bilingual in Dutch and English.
    • "'Tilted Arc'—A Precedent?" [letter to the editor]. The New York Times, April 30, 1989, sec. 2, p. 5.
    • "'Tilted Arc' Destroyed." Art in America 77, no. 5 (May 1989), pp. 34–47, cover.
    • "Artists Have Rights to Their Works." Des Moines Sunday Register, October 29, 1989, pp. 3C.
    • "The Yale Lecture, January 1990." Kunst & Museumjournaal [Amsterdam: English edition] 1, no. 6 (1990), pp. 23–33.
    • "Art and Censorship." Critical Inquiry 17, no. 3 (Spring 1991), pp. 574–81.
    • "Afangar Series." Open City, no. 2 (1993), pp. 101–7.
    • "Donald Judd" [eulogy]. Parkett, nos. 40–41 (1994), pp. 176–79.
    • "Basel, 18. Januar 1994/Basel, January 18, 1994." In Martin Schwander, ed., Richard Serra: Intersection Basel, pp. 72–79. Basel: Christoph Merian Verlag and Düsseldorf: Richter Verlag, 1996.
    • "Notes on The Matter of Time." In Richard Serra: The Matter of Time, p. 141. Bilbao: Museo Guggenheim Bilbao, and Göttingen: Steidl Verlag, 2005.

    Selected interviews

    • Bear, Liza. "Document: Spin Out '72–'73 for Bob Smithson" [interview with the artist, October 30, 1973]. Avalanche[New York], no. 8 (Summer/Fall 1973), pp. 14–15.
    • Bear, Liza. "Prisoner's Dilemma" [interview with the artist, January 27, 1974]. Avalanche [New York], no. 9 (May–June 1974), pp. 26–28.
    • Bear, Liza. "Richard Serra: Sight Point '71-75/Delineator '74–76" [radio interview, February 23, 1976]. First published in Art in America 64, no. 3 (May–June 1976), pp. 82–86.
    • Borden, Lizzie. "Richard Serra Interviewed by Lizzie Borden." In Richard Serra: Tekeningen/Drawings 1971–1977, pp. 9–14. Exh. cat. Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, 1977.
    • Michelson, Annette, and Clara Weyergraf. "Richard Serra's Films: An Interview." October, no. 10 (Fall 1979), pp. 68–104.
    • Bear, Liza. "Interview" [March 30, 1976]. First published in Richard Serra: Interviews, Etc. 1970–1980, pp. 65–73.Yonkers, New York: The Hudson River Museum, 1980.
    • Bach, Friedrich Teja. "Interview: Richard Serra & Friedrich Teja Bach" [March 14, 1975]. In Richard Serra: Interviews, Etc. 1970–1980, pp. 45–55. Yonkers, New York: The Hudson River Museum, 1980.
    • Lamarche-Vadel, Bernard. "Entretien avec Richard Serra" [interview with the artist, May 1980]. First published in Artistes [Paris], no. 7 (January- February 1981), pp. 24–29.
    • Crimp, Douglas. "Richard Serra's Urban Sculpture: An Interview" [July 1980]. Arts Magazine 55, no. 3 (November 1980), pp. 118–24.
    • Pacquement, Alfred. "Interview." In Richard Serra: Writings, Interviews, pp. 157–64. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1994.
    • Szeemann, Harold. "On the Bridge." In Richard Serra: "Maillart Extended," pp. 20–25. Bern: Benteli Verlag, 1989. Trilingual, German, French, and English.
    • Serota, Nicholas, and David Sylvester. "Interview with the artist" [May 27, 1992]. In Richard Serra: Weight and Measure, pp. 9–25. Exh. cat. Tate Gallery, London. Düsseldorf: Richter Verlag, 1992.
    • Kimmelman, Michael. "Richard Serra." The New York Times, August 11, 1995, pp. C1, C26.
    • Cooke, Lynne and Michael Govan. "Interview with Richard Serra" [Cape Breton, July 10, 1997]. In Richard Serra: Torqued Ellipses, pp. 11–31. Exh. cat. Dia Center for the Arts, New York, 1997.
    • Sylvester, David. "Interview." In Russell Ferguson, Anthony McCall, and Clara Weyergraf-Serra, eds. Richard Serra: Sculpture 1985–1998, pp. 187–206. Exh. cat. Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles. Göttingen: Steidl Verlag, 1998.
    • Waters, John. "Art Profile: Richard Serra." Vogue Hommes International (Spring-Summer 2002), pp. 116–24.
    • Peyser, Jonathan. "Declaring, Defining, and Dividing Space: Conversation with Richard Serra." Sculpture 21, no. 8 (October 2002), pp. 28–35.
    • Foster, Hal. "Richard Serra in Conversation with Hal Foster." In Richard Serra: The Matter of Time, pp. 23–41. Bilbao: Museo Guggenheim Bilbao, and Göttingen: Steidl Verlag, 2005.
    • Bui, Phong. "In Conversation: Richard Serra with Phong Bui," The Brooklyn Rail, June 2006, pp. 22–24. Reprinted in Richard Serra: Rolled and Forged, pp. 5–15. Exh. cat. Gagosian Gallery, New York, 2006.
    • McShine, Kynaston. "A Conversation About Work with Richard Serra." In Richard Serra: Forty Years, pp. 15–40. Exh. cat. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, 2007.
    • Pacquement, Alfred. "Richard Serra: Grand Seigneur du Grand Palais." In Richard Serra: Monumenta 2008/Grand Palais, pp. 4–11. Boulogne: Beaux Arts Éditions, 2008.
    • Storr, Robert. "Richard Serra Goes Public in Paris." Art Press [Paris], no. 345 (May 2008), pp. 28–35.
    • Garrels, Gary. "An Interview with Richard Serra." In Richard Serra: Drawing: A Retrospective, pp. 65–83. Exh. cat. The Menil Collection, Houston, 2011.
    • Enright, Robert. "The Weight of History: Richard Serra's Sculpture and Drawings" [interview with the artist]. Border Crossings 36, no. 4 (December 2017 – February 2018), pp. 30–43.
    • Serra, Richard, and Hal Foster. Conversations About Sculpture. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2018.

    References

    1. ↑ "Richard Serra logra el "Príncipe" por su "audacia" en la creación de espacios – La Nueva España – Diario Independiete de Asturias". Lne.es. May 13, 2010. Retrieved April 24, 2015.
    2. 1 2 Magazine, Kelly Crow | Photographs by Adrian Gaut for WSJ (November 5, 2015). "The Reinvented Visions of Richard Serra". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    3. 1 2 "Richard Serra by David Seidner – BOMB Magazine". bombmagazine.org. January 1993. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    4. ↑ Bui, Phong (July 11, 2011). "RICHARD SERRA with Phong Bui". The Brooklyn Rail. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    5. ↑ Richard Serra, Pt. 2; Hal Foster – Charlie Rose, retrieved November 16, 2021
    6. 1 2 3 4 Krauss, Rosalind (1986). Chronology: Richard Serra: Sculpture. New York: The Museum of Modern Art.
    7. ↑ "The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation". The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    8. ↑ "Brancusi's studio". Centre Pompidou. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
    9. 1 2 White, Michelle (2011). A Drawing Chronology. In Richard Serra: Drawing: A Retrospective. Houston: Menil Collection. p. 207.
    10. ↑ "SVA Archives". archives.sva.edu. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    11. 1 2 Solomon, Deborah (August 28, 2019). "Richard Serra Is Carrying the Weight of the World". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    12. 1 2 Krauss, Rosalind (1986). Richard Serra Sculpture. New York: The Museum of Modern Art. pp. 14–39.
    13. 1 2 Weiss, Jeffrey (November 2015). "DUE PROCESS: RICHARD SERRA'S EARLY SPLASH/CAST WORKS". Artforum. 54 (3). Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    14. 1 2 3 "Strike: To Roberta and Rudy". The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    15. ↑ "Richard Serra | Prop". whitney.org. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    16. ↑ "Richard Serra. One Ton Prop (House of Cards). 1969 (refabricated 1986) | MoMA". The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    17. ↑ Crimp, Douglas (1994). Richard Serra's Urban Sculpture: An Interview. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago. p. 136.
    18. 1 2 3 4 Serra, Richard (August 15, 1994). Writings/Interviews. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-74880-1.
    19. ↑ "慶應義塾大学アート・センター（KUAC） | Reconstructed plan of location of the works in the exhibition 'Tokyo Biennale 1970' released". www.art-c.keio.ac.jp. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    20. ↑ Fergus McCaffrey | Richard Serra discusses Myoshinji, Kyoto, June 2020 (Japanese), retrieved November 16, 2021
    21. ↑ Crimp, Douglas (1986). Serra's Public Sculpture: Redefining Site Specificity. New York: The Museum of Modern Art. p. 47.
    22. 1 2 Peyser, Jonathan (October 1, 2002). "Declaring, Defining, Dividing Space: A Conversation with Richard Serra". Sculpture. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    23. ↑ Béar, Liza (March 30, 1976). Interview" [March 30, 1976]. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 45–49.
    24. ↑ Richard Serra: On 'Porten i slugten', October 29, 2014, retrieved November 16, 2021
    25. ↑ created, not yet (December 17, 2015). "Art Works on Viðey Island". reykjavikcitymuseum.is (in Icelandic). Retrieved November 17, 2021.
    26. ↑ "» Richard Serra". stormking.org. Retrieved November 17, 2021.
    27. ↑ Chatfield-Taylor, Joan (November 14, 2008). "Canvasing the Field". Napa Sonoma Magazine. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    28. ↑ "Richard Serra, Te Tuhirangi Contour – Gibbs Farm". www.gibbsfarm.org.nz. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
    29. ↑ Fabrique. "East-West/West-East by Richard Serra". Qatar Museums. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    30. ↑ Richard Serra: On 'Porten i slugten', October 29, 2014, retrieved November 17, 2021
    31. ↑ Foster, Hal, and Richard Serra (1998). Richard Serra: Sculpture 1985–1998. Göttingen: Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles. pp. 102–05.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    32. ↑ McPhie, P. (December 2, 1975). "The origin of the alkaline inactivation of pepsinogen". Biochemistry. 14 (24): 5253–5256. doi:10.1021/bi00695a003. ISSN 0006-2960. PMID 44.
    33. ↑ "SERRA IN THE DESERT". www.artforum.com. September 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2021.
    34. ↑ Cooke, Lynne (2007). Thinking on Your Feet: Richard Serra's Sculptures in Landscape. New York: The Museum of Modern Art. p. 100.
    35. 1 2 Crimp, Douglas (1994). Richard Serra's Urban Sculpture: An Interview. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 136–37.
    36. ↑ RuhrKunstMuseen, Ruhr Tourismus GmbH /. "Terminal". RuhrKunstMuseen (in German). Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    37. ↑ Béar, Liza (1994). Richard Serra: Sight Point '71-75/Delineator '74–76. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago. pp. 35–42.
    38. ↑ Irminger, Bente; Lien, Linda (2020). "Design plass i "Design Thinking"". Faculty of Fine Art, Music and Design, University of Bergen (in Norwegian) (1). doi:10.22501/kmd-ar.1090244.
    39. ↑ "Exchange (sculpture by Richard Serra) – Luxembourg tourism – ViaMichelin". www.viamichelin.ie. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    40. ↑ Lamarche-Vadel, Barnard, and Clara Weyergraf (1994). Interview: Richard Serra and Bernard Lamarche-Vadel, New York City, May 1980. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 111–17.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    41. ↑ "Architektur ⎪ Deichtorhallen Hamburg". www.deichtorhallen.de (in German). Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    42. ↑ "The Case in Favor of a Controversial Sculpture". The New York Times. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    43. ↑ Mundy, Jennifer. "Lost Art: Richard Serra – Essay". Tate. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    44. ↑ "Richard Serra: On trial for Tilted Arc". SFMOMA. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
    45. ↑ White, Michelle (2011). Drawing as Drawing. Houston: Menil Collection. p. 24.
    46. ↑ ""Notes from Sight Point Road" by Richard Serra". avt101researchproject. November 28, 2011. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    47. ↑ Serra, Richard, and Hal Foster (2018). Conversations About Sculpture. London and New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 108.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    48. ↑ "The Weight of History". bordercrossingsmag.com. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
    49. ↑ Foster, Hal (2005). Richard Serra in Bilbao (in English and German). Parkett, no. 74. pp. 28–43.
    50. ↑ Kimmelman, Michael (September 26, 1997). "ART REVIEW; Inventing Shapes To Tease The Mind And Eye". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    51. ↑ "Torqued Ellipse". The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
    52. ↑ "Richard Serra | Exhibitions & Projects". www.diaart.org. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
    53. ↑ "La materia del tiempo | Guggenheim Bilbao Museoa". Guggenheim Bilbao (in Spanish). Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    54. ↑ "La materia del tiempo | Guggenheim Bilbao Museoa". Guggenheim Bilbao (in Spanish). Retrieved November 18, 2021.
    55. ↑ Foster, Hal (2005). Richard Serra in Bilbao (in English and German). Parkett, no. 74. pp. 28–42.
    56. ↑ Erlanger, Steven (May 7, 2008). "Serra's Monumental Vision, Vertical Edition". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
    57. ↑ "Richard Serra. Equal. 2015 | MoMA". The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    58. ↑ Richard Serra: Equal | ARTIST STORIES, retrieved November 16, 2021
    59. ↑ Jenkins, Mark (July 1, 2022). "Glenstone unveils a monumental Richard Serra, in a custom-built space". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 13, 2022. Retrieved December 7, 2022.
    60. ↑ "Monumental Richard Serra Sculpture in Custom-Designed Building by Thomas Phifer to Go on View at Glenstone Museum Beginning June 23". www.glenstone.org. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
    61. ↑ "How do you take notes? Richard Serra draws his thoughts". SFMOMA. Retrieved November 16, 2021.
    62. 1 2 White, Michelle (2011). Drawing as Drawing: Richard Serra: Drawing: A Retrospective. Houston: The Menil Collection. pp. 13–29.
    63. ↑ Serra, Richard, and Hal Foster (2018). Conversations About Sculpture. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 34.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
    64. ↑ Serra, Richard (1990). Notes on Drawing. Bern, Switzerland: Benteli Publishers. p. 9.
    65. ↑ White, Michelle (2011). Drawing as Drawing. Houston: The Menil Collection.
    66. ↑ White, Michelle (2011). A Drawing Chronology. Houston: Menil Collection. pp. 24–27.
    67. ↑ "Richard Serra Drawings press release | David Zwirner". www.davidzwirner.com. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
    68. ↑ "Richard Serra: Prints January 28, 2017 – April 30, 2017 | Exhibition – Nasher Sculpture Center". www.nashersculpturecenter.org. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
    69. ↑ Berswordt-Wallrabe, Silke von (1972–1999). "Work Generates Different Kinds of Work: Development and Process in Richard Serra's Graphic Work". In Richard Serra (ed.). Druckgraphik/Prints/Estampes: Catalogue Raisonné 1972–1999. Druckgraphik/Prints/Estampes. pp. 24–27.
    70. ↑ Berswordt-Wallrabe, Silke von (1972–1999). "Work Generates Different Kinds of Work: Development and Process in Richard Serra's Graphic Work.". In Richard Serra (ed.). Druckgraphik/Prints/Estampes: Catalogue Raisonné 1972–1999. Druckgraphik/Prints/Estampes. p. 28.
    71. ↑ "The Films and Videos of Richard Serra". Harvard Film Archive. January 27, 2020. Retrieved November 19, 2021.
    72. ↑ Serra, Richard (1980). Interview: Bernard Lamarche-Vadel. p. 116.
    73. 1 2 "The Art of Perception: Richard Serra's Films | Essay". Gagosian Quarterly. September 10, 2019. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
    74. ↑ zephir.ch. "Richard Serra". kunstmuseumbasel.ch. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
    75. ↑ "Anthology Film Archives: Film Screenings". anthologyfilmarchives.org. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
    76. ↑ "The Films and Videos of Richard Serra". Harvard Film Archive. January 27, 2020. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
    77. ↑ "SVA Archives". archives.sva.edu. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
    78. ↑ "Richard Serra – - Exhibitions – Castelli Gallery". www.castelligallery.com. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
    79. ↑ Grrr.nl. "Richard Serra: Pasadena Art Museum, 26 February to 1 March 1970 – Richard Serra". www.stedelijk.nl. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
    80. ↑ "Richard Serra/Sculpture | MoMA". The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
    81. ↑ "Richard Serra Sculpture: Forty Years | MoMA". The Museum of Modern Art. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
    82. ↑ "Richard Serra Drawing A Retrospective". The Menil Collection. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
    83. ↑ zephir.ch. "Richard Serra". kunstmuseumbasel.ch (in German). Retrieved October 27, 2022.
    84. ↑ "Richard Serra – Biography". David Zwirner. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
    85. ↑ "Richard Serra". Gagosian. April 12, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
    86. ↑ Solomon, Deborah (October 8, 1989). "OUR MOST NOTORIOUS SCULPTOR". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
    87. ↑ Solomon, Deborah (August 28, 2019). "Richard Serra Is Carrying the Weight of the World". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
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