Rice husk

Rice hulls or husks are the hard protecting coverings of grains of rice. In addition to protecting rice during the growing season, rice hulls can be put to use as building material, fertilizer, insulation material, or fuel. Rice hulls are part of the chaff of the rice.

Production

Rice hulls are part of the rice seed. The hull protects the grain during the growing season from pests. The hull is formed from hard materials, including opaline silica and lignin. The hull is hard to eat or swallow (unless finely ground) and mostly indigestible to humans because of its enriched fibre components. However, during times of food scarcity in ancient China, a common daily meal was a pastry made from rice husks, wild vegetables, and soybean powder. This led to the idiom "meals of cereal, hulls, and vegetables for half a year," indicating poverty and food insecurity. Testing and commercialization of human grade anti-caking agents were done in the early 2000s. The material is approved for use in USDA Certified Organic products to replace silicon dioxide.

Winnowing, used to separate the rice from hulls, is to put the whole rice into a pan and throw it into the air while the wind blows. The light hulls are blown away while the heavy rice fall back into the pan. Later pestles and a simple machine called a rice pounder were developed to remove hulls. In 1885 the modern rice hulling machine was invented in Brazil. During the milling processes, the hulls are removed from the raw grain to reveal whole brown rice, which is then usually milled further to remove the bran layer, resulting in white rice.

Uses

The temples of the Batujaya Archaeological Site in Indonesia (5th century AD) were built with bricks containing rice hulls.

Ash

Combustion of rice hulls affords rice husk ash (acronym RHA). This ash is a potential source of amorphous reactive silica, which has a variety of applications in materials science. Most of the ash is used in the production of Portland cement.[1] When burnt completely, the ash can have a Blaine number of as much as 3,600 compared to the Blaine number of cement (between 2,800 and 3,000), meaning it is finer than cement. Silica is the basic component of sand, which is used with cement for plastering and concreting. This fine silica will provide a very compact concrete. The ash also is a very good thermal insulation material. The fineness of the ash also makes it a very good candidate for sealing fine cracks in civil structures, where it can penetrate deeper than the conventional cement sand mixture.

Rice husk ash has long been used in ceramic glazes in rice growing regions in the Far East, e.g. China and Japan.[2] Being about 95% silica, it is an easy way of introducing the necessary silica into the glaze, and the small particle size helps with an early melt of the glaze.

A number of possible uses for RHA include absorbents for oils and chemicals, soil ameliorants, a source of silicon, insulation powder in steel mills, as repellents in the form of "vinegar-tar" release agent in the ceramics industry, as an insulation material. More specialized applications include the use of this material as a catalyst support.[3]

Goodyear announced plans to use rice husk ash as a source for tire additive.[4][5]

Rice hulls are a low-cost material from which silicon carbide "whiskers" can be manufactured. The SiC whiskers are then used to reinforce ceramic cutting tools, increasing their strength tenfold.[6]

Toothpaste

In Tamilnadu & Kerala, India, charcoal from Rice husks (Umikari in Tamil & Malayalam) were majorly used for over centuries in cleaning teeth, before toothpaste replaced it.

Rice bran oil

Rice bran oil is the oil extracted from the hard outer brown layer of rice called chaff (rice husk). It is popular as a cooking oil in the Indian subcontinent and East Asian countries, including India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Japan, Southern China and Malaysia.

Brewing

Rice hulls can be used in brewing beer to increase the lautering ability of a mash. Rice husk is also used in one step of traditional preparation processes of Kaoliang (Sorghum) liquid. After fermentation, rice husk can be added into the wine tank to increase the void, which is advantageous for distillation.

Fertilizer and substrate

Rice hulls can be composted, but their high lignin content can make this a slow process. Sometimes earthworms are used to accelerate the process. Using vermicomposting techniques, hulls can be converted to fertilizer in about four months.

Rice hulls that are parboiled (PBH) are used as a substrate or medium for gardening, including certain hydrocultures. The hulls decay over time. Rice hulls allow drainage,[7] and retain less water than growstones.[8] It has been shown that rice hulls do not affect plant growth regulation.[7]

Fireworks

Rice hulls are coated with fine-grained gunpowder and used as the main bursting charge in aerial fireworks shells.

Fuel

Rice hulls can be pressed into logs for use in cooking fires instead of wood

With proper techniques, rice hulls can be burned and used to power steam engines. Some rice mills originally disposed of hulls in this way. Unfortunately the direct combustion of rice hulls produces large quantities of smoke. An alternative is gasification. Rice hulls are easily gasified in top-lit updraft gasifiers. The combustion of this rice hull gas produces a blue flame, and rice hull biochar makes a good soil amendment.[9]

Traditional brickmaking kilns in Mekong Delta are using rice hulls as fuel.

Juice extraction

Rice hulls are used as a "press aid" to improve extraction efficiency of apple pressing.[10]

Pet food fiber

Rice hulls are an inexpensive byproduct of human food processing, serving as a source of fiber that is considered a filler ingredient in pet foods.[11]

Pillow stuffing

Rice hulls are used as pillow stuffing. The pillows are loosely stuffed and considered therapeutic as they retain the shape of the head.

Insulating material

Rice hulls themselves are a class A thermal insulating material because they are difficult to burn and less likely to allow moisture to propagate mold or fungi.[12] It is also used as roofing after mixing it with mud and water.

Particle boards and cardboard

Rice hulls are also used to make particle boards and cardboard. The silica in rice husk make the particle boards less attractive to termites.[13]

Geopolymers

Due to high amorphous silica content, the RHA (rice husk ash) can be used as a precursor material for geopolymer concrete.[14]

Rice concrete

To achieve the best pozzolanic properties the combustion of the husks has to be carefully controlled by keeping the temperature below 700 °C and to create conditions to minimize carbon formation by feeding sufficient air.[15][16] At a given water-cement ratio, the addition of small amounts of rice hull ash (2 to 3% of cement mass) may be useful to improve the workability of concrete mixtures by reducing the cement milk separation and segregation and increasing the strength and durability of concrete.[17] However, the introduction of large quantities of this additive may result in poor workability of the concrete mixture if strong water reducing additives are not used.[18]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Otto W. Flörke, et al. "Silica" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2008, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, . doi:10.1002/14356007.a23_583.pub3.
  2. ↑ Tichane, Robert (1998). Ash Glazes. Krause Publications. ISBN 0873416600.
  3. ↑ J. Chumee et al. "Characterization of platinum–iron catalysts supported on MCM-41 synthesized with rice husk silica and their performance for phenol hydroxylation" Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 9 (2008) 015006 free download
  4. ↑ "Goodyear Converts Waste from Rice Harvest to Fuel-Efficient Tire Treads". Archived from the original on January 24, 2015. Retrieved February 9, 2015.
  5. ↑ Goodyear Reaches Supply Agreements for Rice Husk Ash Silica (Online video) (YouTube). Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company. 2015-06-09. Retrieved 2016-05-26.
  6. ↑ "SiC Whisker-Reinforced Ceramic Composites". Materials Science and Technology Division - Physical Sciences Directorate. Oak Ridge, TN, USA: Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Archived from the original on 2009-08-16. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
  7. 1 2 Wallheimer, Brian (October 25, 2010). "Rice hulls a sustainable drainage option for greenhouse growers". Purdue University. Retrieved August 30, 2012.
  8. ↑ "Growstones ideal alternative to perlite, parboiled rice hulls". (e) Science News. 2011-12-04. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
  9. ↑ Olivier, Paul; Hyman, Todd (2012-03-27). "Biomass Gasification and the Benefits of Biochar" (PDF). Engineering, Separation and Recycling LLC. Retrieved 2013-06-06.
  10. ↑ "Press aids". Vincent Corp. Archived from the original on 2010-01-09.
  11. ↑ "Ingredients to avoid". The Dog Food Project. Archived from the original on 2018-04-04. Retrieved 2013-06-04.
  12. ↑ "Rice hulls in construction - Appropedia: The sustainability wiki". Appropedia. 2013-02-23. Retrieved 2014-02-23.
  13. ↑ Coxworth, Ben (28 May 2015). "Rice husks may find use in cheaper, greener, longer-lasting particleboard". New Atlas. GIZMAG PTY LTD 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  14. ↑ Das, Shaswat Kumar; Mishra, Jyotirmoy; Singh, Saurabh Kumar; et al. (29 March 2020). "Characterization and utilization of rice husk ash (RHA) in fly ash – Blast furnace slag based geopolymer concrete for sustainable future". Materials Today: Proceedings. 33: 5162–5167. doi:10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.870. S2CID 216202502.
  15. ↑ "Effects of exposure to elevated temperatures on properties of concrete containing rice husk ash". researchgate.net. Retrieved 2022-10-10.
  16. ↑ Umasabor, R. I.; Okovido, J. O. (2018). "Fire resistance evaluation of rice husk ash concrete". Heliyon. 4 (12): e01035. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e01035. PMC 6299146. PMID 30582051.
  17. ↑ "Rice concrete: characteristics and composition". concretersmelbourne.net. 5 March 2022. Retrieved 2022-10-10.
  18. ↑ Al-Gburi, Majid; Yusuf, Salim A. (2022). "Investigation of the effect of mineral additives on concrete strength using ANN". Asian Journal of Civil Engineering. 23 (3): 405–414. doi:10.1007/s42107-022-00431-1. S2CID 247428142.

Bibliography

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