Rhodesian Front | |
---|---|
Abbreviation | RF |
Leader | Ian Smith |
Founded | 1 March 1962 |
Dissolved | 6 June 1981 |
Preceded by | Dominion Party[1] Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party |
Succeeded by | Republican Front |
Headquarters | Salisbury, Rhodesia |
Ideology | White minority interests[2] White supremacy[3][4][5] Rhodesian nationalism[6][7] National conservatism[8] Social conservatism[9][10] Anti-communism[3] |
Political position | Far-right[11] |
Colours | Purple White |
Party flag | |
The Rhodesian Front (RF) was a far-right, conservative political party in Southern Rhodesia,[12][13][14] subsequently known as Rhodesia. It was the last ruling party of Southern Rhodesia prior to the country's Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI), and the ruling party of Rhodesia from 1965 until 1979. Led first by Winston Field, and, from 1964, by Ian Smith, the Rhodesian Front was the successor to the Dominion Party, which was the main opposition party in Southern Rhodesia when the territory was a part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. The RF was formed in March 1962 by conservative white Rhodesians who opposed decolonisation and majority rule. It carried the general election in Southern Rhodesia that December, and remained in power until 1979.
History and ideology
The RF had fifteen founding principles, which included the preservation of each racial group's right to maintain its own identity, the preservation of "proper standards" through a policy of advancement through merit, the maintenance of the Land Apportionment Act, which formalised the racial imbalance in the ownership and distribution of land, opposition to compulsory racial integration, job protection for white workers, and the practice of Christianity. Historians have generally defined the party as conservative and wanting to maintain white Rhodesian interests by staunchly opposing majority rule, which the RF argued (citing other post-colonial African nations as examples) would lead to a collapse in economic development, law and order, and the emergence of a communist regime in Rhodesia. The party also encouraged the emigration of whites from other African former colonies to Rhodesia.[15] In contrast to the South African National Party, the RF allowed for democratic opposition and did not advocate social apartheid (under the RF, marriage, relationships and intermingling between whites and non-white persons was possible and legal, albeit uncommon). However, under the country's electoral system following the UDI, the black electorate voted on smaller and separate electoral rolls, meaning that the white electorate still held outsized influence. The RF wanted to continue the maintenance of the government's right to provide separate amenities for different races, such as education and public sector resources, and maintained an all-white membership, which resulted in it facing accusations of racism from both within Rhodesia and abroad.[16]
Ian Smith and the RF claimed that they based their policies, ideas, and democratic principles on merit and "not on colour or nationalism." The party also claimed that a system of merit and separate economic advancement would ultimately result in an "equal partnership between black and white" as an alternative to majority rule.[17] In 1977, the party had a schism in which the more hardline wing broke off to form the Rhodesian Action Party (RAP), which opposed Smith's proposals to negotiate a settlement with black nationalist leaders.
In the elections leading to the country's independence in 1980, as the Republic of Zimbabwe, the RF won all 20 parliamentary seats reserved for whites in the power-sharing agreement that it had forged. On 6 June 1981, the party changed its name to the Republican Front, and on 21 July 1984, it became the Conservative Alliance of Zimbabwe (CAZ). Eleven of its 20 parliamentarians defected over the following four years, but the party again won 15 of the 20 parliamentary seats reserved for whites in the 1985 election. In 1986, the CAZ opened its membership to Zimbabweans of all colours and all ethnic groups.[18] In October 1987, the ruling government of Robert Mugabe officially abolished all reserved seats for whites.[19] When these were abolished many white MPs became independents or joined the ruling ZANU–PF party.
Electoral history
Legislative Assembly elections
Year | Popular Vote | Percentage | Seats | Government |
---|---|---|---|---|
1962 | 38,282 | 54.9% | 35 / 65 |
RF |
1965 | 28,175 | 78.4% | 50 / 65 |
RF |
House of Assembly elections
Year | Popular Vote | Percentage | Seats | Government |
---|---|---|---|---|
1970 | 39,066 | 76.8% | 50 / 66 |
RF |
1974 | 55,597 | 77.0% | 50 / 66 |
RF |
1977 | 57,348 | 85.4% | 50 / 66 |
RF |
1979 | 11,613 (White Roll) | 82.0% | 28 / 100 |
UANC |
1980 | 13,621 (White Roll) | 83.0% | 20 / 100 |
ZANU |
See also
Further reading
- Rhodesians Never Die, Godwin, P. & Hancock, I., 1995. Baobab Books, Harare, Zimbabwe.
- Pollard, William C. A Career of Defiance: The Life of Ian Smith, Agusan River Publishing Co., 1992. Topeka, KS.
- McLaughlin, John . "Ian Smith and the Future of Zimbabwe," The National Review, October 30, 1981, pp. 2168–70.
- Facts on File, 1984 ed., p. 574.
References
- ↑ Lipschutz, Mark R.; Rasmussen, R. Kent (1989). University of California Press (ed.). Dictionary of African Historical Biography. p. 265.
- ↑ Leaver, John David (2006). "Multiracialism and nationalisms: A political retrospective on 1950s Southern Rhodesia ('Colonial Zimbabwe')". Journal of Third World Studies. 23 (2): 167–188. JSTOR 45194313.
- 1 2 Donal Lowry (2009). "The impact of anti-communism on white Rhodesian political culture, c.1920s-1980". In Onslow, Sue (ed.). Cold War in Southern Africa: White Power, Black Liberation. New York: Routledge. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-415-47420-7. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
- ↑ Cilliers, Jakkie (17 April 2015). Counter-Insurgency in Rhodesia (e-Book 1st ed.). London: Routledge. p. 18. ISBN 9781315713854. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ↑ Good, Kenneth (1974). "Settler Colonialism in Rhodesia". African Affairs. 73 (290): 10–36. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a096439. JSTOR 720978.
- ↑ Preston, Matthew (2004). I.B.Tauris (ed.). Ending Civil War: Rhodesia and Lebanon in Perspective. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 107. ISBN 9781850435792.
- ↑ West, Michael O. (2002). Indiana University Press (ed.). The Rise of an African Middle Class: Colonial Zimbabwe, 1898-1965. Indiana University Press. p. 229. ISBN 0253215242.
- ↑ Rhodesian Front
- ↑ Hume, Ian (2018). Outskirts Press (ed.). From the Edge of Empire: A Memoir. Outskirts Press. p. 149. ISBN 9781478794554.
- ↑ Roscoe, Adrian (2007). Columbia University Press (ed.). The Columbia Guide to Central African Literature in English Since 1945. Columbia University Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780231503792.
- ↑ Evans, Michael (2007). "The Wretched of the Empire: Politics, Ideology and Counterinsurgency in Rhodesia, 1965–80". Small Wars & Insurgencies. 18 (2): 175–195. doi:10.1080/09574040701400601. S2CID 144153887.
- ↑ Hsu, Chia Yin; Luckett, Thomas M.; Vause, Erika (2015). The Cultural History of Money and Credit: A Global Perspective. Lexington Books. p. 142. ISBN 9781498505932.
- ↑ Onslow, Sue (2009). Cold War in Southern Africa: White Power, Black Liberation. Routledge. p. 92. ISBN 9781135219338.
- ↑ Butler, L. J. (2002). Britain and Empire: Adjusting to a Post-Imperial World. I.B.Tauris. p. 164. ISBN 9781860644481. Retrieved 19 February 2017.
- ↑ Selby thesis:p58 Archived 15 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ RRT Research Response Refugee Review Tribunal. Retrieved 20 December 2022
- ↑
- Hall, Lee (27 May 1966). "Rhodesia's Face of Defiance". Life. p. 22. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
- ↑ Ian Smith Invites Blacks to Join His Party, The New York Times, July 23, 1984, p. A5.
- ↑ Zimbabwe whites lose special political status. End of reserved seats in Parliament brings one-party state closer, Christian Science Monitor, August 25, 1987