A review bomb is an Internet phenomenon in which a large number of people or a few people with multiple accounts[1] post negative user reviews online in an attempt to harm the sales or popularity of a product, a service, or a business.[2] While a large number of negative reviews may simply be the result of a large number of customers independently criticizing something for poor quality, a review bomb may also be driven by a desire to draw attention to perceived political or cultural issues,[3] perhaps especially if the vendor seems unresponsive or inaccessible to direct feedback.[4][5] Review bombing also typically takes place over a short period of time and meant to disrupt established ratings that a product already has at review sites, sometimes backed by campaigns organized through online message boards.[4] It may be used as a mass-movement-driven coercion tactic, as a form of protest, or may simply be a form of trolling.[2] Review bombing is a similar practice to vote brigading.

The practice is most commonly aimed at online media review aggregators, such as Steam, Metacritic, Rotten Tomatoes, or app stores. It may be motivated by unpopular changes to an established franchise, political or cultural controversies related to the product or service, or to the actions of its developers, vendors, or owners.[2] Some owners of aggregate systems have devised means to detect or prevent review bombing.

Origin

One of the first appearances of the term "review bomb" was in a 2008 Ars Technica article by Ben Kuchera describing the effect in regards to Spore, in which users left negative reviews on Amazon citing the game's perceived lackluster gameplay and digital rights management system. Kuchera wrote "Review-bombing Amazon is a particularly nasty way of getting the point across as well; casual gamers who aren't aware of this campaign may not bother to read the content of the reviews and only assume the game isn't very good."[6]

History

Video games

The increasing prevalence of review bombing was precipitated by the increase in influence of online user reviews in the main storefronts where games are sold, combined with little to no oversight of the content of these reviews. This is particularly true in the case of Steam, the predominant seller of PC games, where user reviews are often the only way for indie games to gain traction on the service.[2] According to Steam Spy, review bombing generally has little effect on a game's sales, and may in fact even increase them due to the resulting wave of publicity.[7] However, it may be a symptom of decreased customer goodwill, which can have a more long-lasting effect on the publisher, developers or game series being criticized.[7] Depending on how such situations are resolved, the effects of a review bomb may be reversed by the removal of negative reviews as in the case of Titan Souls[8] and Death Stranding.[9][10]

Film

Theatrical films have also been subject to review bombing, typically due to perceived social issues related to the cast and crew and not due to any aspect of the film itself. This extends not only to user review scores on sites like Rotten Tomatoes but to the film's promotional trailers on YouTube.

YouTube

YouTube's voting system has also been used for review bombing, where dissatisfaction over a creator or a video's content may attract campaigns to "dislike" a video en masse, with a goal to be among the most-disliked videos on the service. In December 2018, YouTube Rewind 2018 overtook Justin Bieber's "Baby" music video as the most disliked video; it was universally panned and faced criticism for its exclusion of various top personalities on the service, as well as other factors relating to controversies affecting video authors and criticism of YouTube itself.[11]

Businesses

Websites offering user reviews of businesses and other establishments, such as TripAdvisor and Yelp, can also be subject to review bombing in relation to controversies surrounding their proprietors. A notable example included an Elizabeth, New Jersey restaurant owned by the family of the 2016 New York and New Jersey bombings suspect (with many reviews jokingly referring to its chicken as being "the bomb"). Yelp intervened by removing reviews not based on first-hand experience with the restaurant.[12][13][14][15]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, some restaurants have faced review bombs from the anti-vaccination community for enforcing vaccine passport rules.[16][17]

Effects

In some cases, storefronts and aggregates have intervened to stop review bombs and delete the negative reviews.[2] In February 2019, Rotten Tomatoes announced that it would no longer accept user reviews for a film until after its official release.[18]

In 2017, Valve added review histograms to Steam user review scores to show how these change over time; according to Valve's Alden Kroll, this can help a potential purchaser of a game recognize a short term review bomb that is not indicative of the game itself, compared to a game that has a long tail of bad reviews. Kroll said they did not want to silence the ability of users to leave reviews but recognized they needed to highlight phenomena like review bombs to aid customers.[19] In March 2019, Valve stated that it would employ a new system to detect spikes of negative "off-topic" reviews on games: if it is determined that they were the result of a review bomb campaign, the time period will be flagged, and all reviews made during that period (whether negative or positive) will be excluded from the user rating displayed for a game.[20] This system was first publicly triggered upon the Borderlands 3 review bombing in April 2019.[21] Similarly, Valve stepped in to stop negative reviews of Rocket League, following the May 2019 announcement that its developer Psyonix had been acquired by Epic Games (leading to uncertainty over whether it would eventually become exclusive to the Epic Games Store).[22] Valve said that they had to intervene 44 times in 2019 to stop review bombing on Steam.[3]

In 2018, Rotten Tomatoes attempted to broaden and diversify its list of approved critics, who were largely white and male, in an attempt to improve its rating experience. By March 2019, the site no longer accepted audience reviews of a film until after its premiere, as part of an effort to counter pre-release review bombing.[18] Further, it would only accept reviews from persons that have been confirmed to have seen the movie, as verified through theater chains like Regal Cinemas, Cinemark, and AMC Theatres, or through online ticket sales though Fandango.[23][24][25]

In February 2020, Kunai by TurtleBlaze was review bombed on Metacritic, decreasing its user rating from 8.1 to 1.7 within a day. The studio, having no idea what they had done to trigger this, found that the review bomb was initiated by a single user, using numerous freshly created email addresses to register accounts at Metacritic as to bring down the user rating, all to demonstrate that a single person could have this effect. As Metacritic had no policy to handle or identify review bombing, this scoring impacted the game.[26] Following the review bombing of The Last of Us II in July 2020, Metacritic added a 36-hour delay for user reviews to be added for a newly released game, with users given the message "Please spend some time playing the game" during this period. This was intended to prevent users from adding reviews without having completed a game and minimize the number of reviews that may be added as a result of a review bomb.[27]

Reverse review bomb

Infrequently, a review bomb may be used to praise the game, developers or publishers for other actions that players see as beneficial. One such case was for Assassin's Creed Unity, in the week following the Notre-Dame de Paris fire in April 2019. Ubisoft had made Unity free via its storefront UPlay, as the game included a recreation of the Notre Dame Cathedral.[28] Steam users left numerous positive reviews for the game in the days that followed, with many thanking the developers for the free game and others expressing appreciation for the cathedral's recreation.[29] Unity, which was released in 2014, had received mixed reviews prior to this event due to bugs and technical problems with the game's launch.[30] While such an event had triggered Valve's safeguards against review bombs, they opted to not enforce it since the effect was meant to be positive.[31][32]

A reverse review bomb may also be initiated by users to try to counter generally negative reviews from critics. Balan Wonderworld was panned upon its launch with a sub-50% Metacritic aggregate score as well as negative user reviews early after its release, but after a few days, a suspect reverse review bomb began with users submitting perfect reviews with similar commentary to reverse the user trend's scores towards a more positive value.[33]

Like negative forms of review bombs, positive review bombs have also occurred as form of protest, such as in the case of anime series Interspecies Reviewers, where it was subject of a positive review bomb campaign targeting the series' MyAnimeList page. The campaign was initiated by anime YouTuber Nux Taku in response to Funimation removing the series from its online streaming platform.[34][35]

The effects of a review bomb may also backfire on its intended purpose, as the added attention may lead to positive actions by other users to counter it. For example, AI: The Somnium Files had been reviewed bombed at Metacritic in February 2020, but it was later revealed this was through the actions of one person who purportedly wanted to show the flaws in Metacritic that allowed them to single-handedly affect the rating, though this same person later revealed they performed this review bomb as they were upset at how a character in the game was handled. Before the cause of the review bomb was known, the game directors reached out to fans on social media asking for help, who collectively provided numerous positive reviews. When the person's actions had been discovered by Metacritic, the negative reviews they had left were removed from the site, and as a result of all the additional positive reviews, left the game temporarily as the top-rated Nintendo Switch title while further drawing attention to the game as a result of the failed review bomb attempt.[36]

Fallout 76 had been originally released to negative reviews by both critics and players on its initial release, but its developers Bethesda Softworks put effort into improving the game over the following year. By the time the game released to Steam in April 2020, many considered the game to have been reinvented for the better in a manner similar to Final Fantasy XIV: A Realm Reborn and No Man's Sky. However, players still upset over several faults with the game's launch attempted to review bomb the game on Steam at this point. The game's community worked to counter this review bomb by posting positive experiences and reviews of the game at Steam and at other community sites to prove the game had been much improved upon the initial release.[37][38]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Random: AI: The Somnium Files Got Review-Bombed By Someone Obsessed With One Of Its Characters". Nintendo Life. February 12, 2020.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Grayson, Nathan (19 April 2015). "Steam 'Review Bombing' Is A Problem". Steamed. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  3. 1 2 Hall, Charlie (February 6, 2020). "Valve intervened in 44 'review bomb' incidents on Steam last year". Polygon. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  4. 1 2 Kuchera, Ben (October 4, 2017). "The anatomy of a review bombing campaign". Polygon. Archived from the original on October 5, 2017. Retrieved October 4, 2017.
  5. ↑ Klepek, Patrick (September 19, 2017). "Valve's "Solution" to Review Bombing Ignores Steam's Longstanding Problems". Vice. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  6. ↑ Kuchera, Ben (September 8, 2008). "Gamers fight back against lackluster Spore gameplay, bad DRM". Ars Technica. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
  7. 1 2 "Steam review bombing is working, and Chinese players are a powerful new voice". pcgamer. 28 June 2017. Archived from the original on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  8. ↑ McKeand, Kirk (October 12, 2017). "A brief history of how Steam review bombing damages developers". PCGamesN. Archived from the original on October 12, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  9. ↑ Ramsey, Robert (December 7, 2019). "Death Stranding User Score Spikes as Metacritic Removes Over 6000 Negative Ratings". Push Square. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
  10. ↑ Adams, Robert (December 6, 2019). "Over 6000 negative Death Stranding reviews removed by Metacritic". Game Revolution. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
  11. ↑ Alexander, Julia (December 13, 2018). "YouTube Rewind 2018 is officially the most disliked video on YouTube". The Verge. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  12. ↑ Danovich, Tove (September 22, 2016). "What Happens When Yelp Restaurant Reviews Turn Political?". NPR. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  13. ↑ "Yelp reviewers drag chicken restaurant owned by NYC bombing suspect's family". mic.com. September 20, 2016. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  14. ↑ Kinstler, Linda (August 17, 2018). "How TripAdvisor changed travel". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  15. ↑ "Yelp vs Google: How they deal with fake reviews". Search Engine Land. November 1, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
  16. ↑ Kadvany, Elena (August 5, 2021). "Amid spike in 'review bombing,' Yelp gives restaurants the option to show vaccine policies". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  17. ↑ "Restaurant reviews: The newest victim of vaccine animosity". thestar.com. August 8, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  18. 1 2 Polo, Susana (February 26, 2019). "Rotten Tomatoes will no longer allow audiences to review movies before release". Polygon. Archived from the original on February 26, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
  19. ↑ Sinclair, Brendan (September 19, 2017). "Steam adds histograms to address review bombing". GamesIndustry.biz. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  20. ↑ Liptak, Andrew (March 15, 2019). "Valve says it will investigate Steam review bombing campaigns and hide bad-faith scores". The Verge. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
  21. ↑ Orland, Kyle (April 5, 2019). "Borderlands review bomb triggers Steam's "off topic" fix". Ars Technica. Retrieved April 6, 2019.
  22. ↑ Watts, Steve (May 3, 2019). "Rocket League Review Bombed After Epic Acquisition Announced; Steam Steps In". GameSpot. Retrieved May 3, 2019.
  23. ↑ Sims, David (March 4, 2019). "A Change for Rotten Tomatoes Ahead of 'Captain Marvel'". The Atlantic.
  24. ↑ Alexander, Julia (May 23, 2019). "Rotten Tomatoes is changing audience review capabilities to tackle review bombing". The Verge. Retrieved May 23, 2019.
  25. ↑ "We're introducing Verified Ratings and Reviews to Help You Make Your Viewing Decisions". Retrieved November 13, 2019.
  26. ↑ de Jager, Benjamin (February 19, 2020). "Our indie game KUNAI got review bombed to a 1.7". Gamasutra. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  27. ↑ Fisher, Christine (July 17, 2020). "Metacritic changes its user review policy to combat score bombing". Engadget. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
  28. ↑ Horti, Samual (April 20, 2019). "Assassin's Creed Unity gets reverse-review bombed following Ubisoft's Notre Dame support". PC Gamer. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
  29. ↑ Orland, Kyle (April 19, 2019). "Reverse review bomb? AC: Unity draws praise for Notre Dame preservation". Ars Technica. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
  30. ↑ Khan, Imran. "Assassin's Creed Unity Is Getting Reverse-Review Bombed With Positivity". Game Informer. Retrieved November 18, 2019.
  31. ↑ Good, Owen (May 22, 2019). "'Positive review bomb' of Assassin's Creed Unity posed a quandary to Steam". Polygon. Retrieved May 22, 2019.
  32. ↑ "Steam :: Steam Blog :: Positive "Review Bombs"". steamcommunity.com. May 21, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
  33. ↑ Grey, Kate (March 30, 2021). "Balan Wonderworld Is Getting A Suspicious Amount Of 10/10 Metacritic User Reviews". Nintendo Life. Retrieved April 11, 2021.
  34. ↑ Hodgkins, Crystalyn (January 31, 2020). "Funimation Removes Interspecies Reviewers Anime as it 'Falls Outside' Company's Standards". Anime News Network. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
  35. ↑ Luquin, Eduardo (February 22, 2020). "Interspecies Reviewers: 10 Things You Need To Know About This Controversial Anime". CBR.com. Retrieved February 23, 2020.
  36. ↑ Denzer, TJ (February 13, 2020). "AI: Somnium Files review bomb backfires, becomes top user-reviewed Switch game". Shacknews. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
  37. ↑ Marshall, Cass (April 16, 2020). "Fallout 76 fans are ignoring review bombs, laying out the welcome mat". Polygon. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  38. ↑ Beckhelling, Imogen (April 16, 2020). "Steam users tried to review bomb Fallout 76, but some of its fans are having none of it". Rock Paper Shotgun. Retrieved April 17, 2020.

Further reading

  • Tomaselli, Venera; Cantone, Giulio G.; Mazzeo, Valeria (2022), Review Bomb: On the Gamification of the Ideological Conflict (Chapter 16 of Handbook of Research on Cross-Disciplinary Uses of Gamification in Organizations), IGI Global, ISBN 9781799892236
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