Rehavam Ze'evi
Ministerial roles
1991–1992Minister without Portfolio
2001Minister of Tourism
Faction represented in the Knesset
1988–1999Moledet
1999–2001National Union
Personal details
Born20 June 1926
Jerusalem, Mandatory Palestine
Died17 October 2001 (aged 75)
Jerusalem

Rehavam Ze'evi (Hebrew: רחבעם זאבי listenⓘ; 20 June 1926 – 17 October 2001) was an Israeli general and politician who founded the right-wing nationalist Moledet party, mainly advocating population transfer.[1]

He was assassinated by Hamdi Quran of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) Abu Ali Mustafa Brigades in retaliation for Israel's assassination of Abu Ali Mustafa, the Secretary General of the PFLP.

Biography

Ze'evi was born on 20 June 1926 in Jerusalem to a religious Jewish family from the Yemin Moshe neighborhood that had lived in Jerusalem for six generations, and raised on a collective farm.[2][3] He joined the Palmach in 1942, and served in the Israel Defense Forces after the creation of the State of Israel.

During his youth, Ze'evi went to school in Givat HaShlosha. One night he shaved his head, wrapped a towel round his waist and entered the food hall. The shaved head and towel around his waist gave an appearance reminiscent of Mohandas Gandhi and earned him Gandhi as his nickname, which stuck with him for the rest of his life. The nickname is also attributed to a long Arab dress he wore during his underground days in Palmach.[4][5] Ze'evi had five children, Palmach, Sayar, Masada, Tze'ela and Arava.[6] Palmach is also a member of Moledet and competed with Binyamin Elon for the party's leadership.

Military career

Major Rehavam Ze'evi with Sergeant Shaul Mofaz (on his right) at the end of a chase in the Jordan Rift Valley

In 1948, Rehavam Ze'evi was a platoon commander in the IDF. In 1964–1968, he served as Chief of the Department of Staff in the Israeli General Staff. In the late 1960s, Ze'evi formed the elite Sayeret Kharuv, an anti-terror battalion, at the time when IDF Chief of Staff Haim Bar-Lev had begun to focus manpower and budget on armoured tank units, resulting in huge cutbacks in infantry forces. Over the next five years he served as the Commander of the Central Military District (Hebrew: אלוף פיקוד המרכז). He retired in September 1973, but rejoined the army when the Yom Kippur War broke out on 6 October 1973. A close friend of IDF Chief of Staff David Elazar, he was appointed Special Assistant to the Chief of Staff. He retired with the rank of major-general (אלוף) in 1974.

Ze'evi, known for his concern for Israel's captured or missing soldiers, wore a military identity disc with their names around his neck.[7]

It was revealed in 2004 that Ze'evi had been chosen to be responsible for the building of the Singapore Armed Forces at a time when he was deputy head of the Operations Branch in IDF.[8] After a secret visit in 1965, he appointed then Colonel Yaakov (Jack) Elazari to be head of the team of secret military delegation, along with then Lieutenant Colonel Yehuda Golan and other IDF officers to train and build up Singapore Armed Forces. They were nicknamed "Mexicans" during their stay in Singapore.

Political career

In 1974, Ze'evi became consultant on combating terrorism, in the government of Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin.[9] The following year he became the prime minister's adviser on matters of intelligence. Ze'evi resigned from this position in 1977, when Likud's Menachem Begin became prime minister. In 1988, Ze'evi established the Moledet (Homeland) party advocating the population transfer of Arabs from the West Bank and the Gaza Strip to the neighboring Arab countries.[9] In the election of that year, he won a seat in the Knesset which he held until his death.[10]

After the Madrid Conference of 1991, Ze'evi withdrew from the Likud government of Yitzhak Shamir, remaining in the opposition for a decade. He disagreed strongly with the Labour governments of 1992–1996 (led by Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres) and 1999–2001 (Ehud Barak), however, he looked favourably on the Netanyahu government of 1996–1999 and supported it from the outside.

In 1999, Moledet united with Herut – The National Movement and Tkuma into a single faction – the National Union. Following the election of Ariel Sharon in February 2001, Ze'evi joined the coalition and was appointed Tourism Minister of Israel.[9] Just two days before his killing he tendered his resignation from the post of tourism minister.[9]

Eretz Yisrael Museum

In 1981, Ze'evi was appointed director of what was then the Israel Museum in Tel Aviv and got its name changed to the Eretz Israel Museum – the change having political connotations, given the associations with Eretz Israel. In 1987, he co-edited a series of books describing various aspects of the Land of Israel, based on artifacts from the museum. Ze'evi was famous for having one of the largest collection of books about Israel and its history.

Assassination

Hyatt Hotel, Mount Scopus

Ze'evi was shot in the Dan Jerusalem Hotel, formerly called at the time, the Jerusalem Hyatt Hotel, in Mount Scopus on 17 October 2001 by four Palestinian gunmen. He was taken to the Hadassah Medical Center hospital where he died before 10 am. He was buried in the military cemetery in Mount Herzl in Jerusalem. The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine took credit for the killing and stated that it was in revenge for the assassination of their secretary-general Abu Ali Mustafa, killed by Israel in August that year.[11] Israel alleges that Ahmed Saadat ordered Ze'evi's assassination. Thousands took part in his funeral.[12] The four gunmen, Hamdi Quran, Basel al-Asmar, Majdi Rahima Rimawi, and Ahad Olma, fled to the Palestinian National Authority. Israel placed Yasser Arafat under siege in the Ramallah compound to force the handing over of the suspects. In April 2002 the US brokered a plan where the suspects were to be jailed in Jericho instead.[13] The four killers were arrested together with the head of Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), Ahmad Sa'adat.[14] They were imprisoned in a jail in Jericho and guarded by American and British forces.[15] On 14 March 2006, the American and British guards left the jail, charging that the Palestinian Authority was not adhering to the agreement reached with Israel. Israel then launched Operation Bringing Home the Goods, in which it raided the Jericho prison and seized the five.[16][15][17]

In December 2007, Hamdi Quran confessed in an Israeli court to assassinating Ze'evi together with Basel al-Asmar after being instructed by PFLP member Majdi Rahima Rimawi.[14] He was sentenced to life imprisonment.[18][19]

In August 2007, Basel al-Asmar was convicted of murder by an Israeli court. In May 2008, he was sentenced to 45 years in prison.[20]

In July 2008, Majdi Rahima Rimawi was convicted of murder by an Israeli court for his part in planning the assassination. According to the verdict, Rehima was the one who supplied the gunmen with a photo of Ze'evi, details of the hotel in which he would be staying and information on the hotel layout.[21] He was sentenced to life in prison and an additional 80 years.[22]

In December 2008, Ahad Olma, head of the PLFP's military wing at the time of the assassination, was sentenced to 30 years in prison for his role in instigating and planning the assassination.[15]

In December 2008, an Israeli military court sentenced Ahmad Sa'adat, leader of the Palestinian Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), to 30 years in prison for heading an "illegal terrorist organization" and for his responsibility for all actions carried out by his organization.[17]

Political views

A few days after the Six Day War, Ze'evi submitted a plan for the creation of a Palestinian state called the State of Ishmael, with Nablus as its capital.[23] He urged Israel's leaders to establish this state as soon as possible, claiming that: "Protracted Israeli military rule will expand the hate and the abyss between the residents of the West Bank and Israel, due to the objective steps that will have to be taken in order to ensure order and security."[23]

Ze'evi later advocated the population transfer by agreement of 3.3 million residents of the West Bank and Gaza to Arab nations.[2][4] He believed this could be accomplished by making life difficult, so they would relocate on their own, through use of military force during wartime, or by agreement with Arab nations.[24] In July 1987, Ze'evi presented his ideas at a forum in Tel Aviv, describing the plan as a voluntary transfer and the only way to make peace with the Arabs.[25] After the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990, Ze'evi proposed transferring Palestinians to the east side of the Jordan River to serve as a buffer zone against any Iraqi attempt to attack Israel.[25]

In a radio interview in July 2001, Ze'evi stated that 180,000 Palestinians worked and lived illegally in Israel. He described them as a "cancer," and said Israel should rid itself of those who were not Israeli citizens "the same way you get rid of lice."[26] He called for denying the vote to Arab citizens who did not serve in the army. He believed that Jordan historically belonged to the Tribes of Israel – Gad, Reuven, and Menashe.[27] Zeevi urged Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon to "lay waste to the Palestinian Authority" and assassinate PLO leader Yasser Arafat.[1]

Reporting his assassination, the BBC described Ze'evi as "one of the most controversial politicians in Israel" who "repeatedly called for Arabs to be transferred out of the state and is notorious for using the line: 'Let the Arabs go back to Mecca'".[28] Binyamin Elon, leader of the Moledet party after Ze'evi's murder, maintains that Ze'evi did not hate Arabs.[29] Despite being accused of racism, one of Ze'evi's closest friends was the Muslim Israeli-Arab officer and war hero Amos Yarkoni. Ze'evi and Yarkoni had worked together in the IDF, and after Yarkoni's death Ze'evi loudly criticised the decision not to bury him in a military cemetery for halakhic reasons.[30]

Controversy

Highway 90 renamed Derekh Gandi

In 1975, Ehud Olmert, later Prime Minister of Israel, accused Ze'evi of protecting organized crime figures. Ze'evi sued Olmert for libel but lost the case.[31] In September 1991, while serving as Minister without Portfolio, he called then US President George H. W. Bush an "anti-Semite."[25][32]

In 1997, he called then US Ambassador to Israel, Martin Indyk a "yehudon" (Hebrew for "Jewboy") and challenged him to a fistfight. Indyk responded by calling him a "son of a bitch".[25] The insult was apparently because the ambassador was urging Israel to make concessions in talks with the Palestinians.[33]

A report in 2016 by a television news magazine aired allegations that Ze'evi killed unarmed Bedouins, conspired in an attempted murder of a reporter, and raped a soldier under his command.[34][35] The publication drew calls for an end to government funding for programs that honor the late minister.[36]

Legacy and commemoration

In July 2005, the Knesset passed a law to commemorate Ze'evi's memory.[37] Route 90 was renamed Gandi's Road in his honor. Eilat's promenade was named for him and there is a life-size statue of him there as well. The community settlement of Merhav Am and the West Bank settlement Ma'ale Rehav'am also bear his name.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Zeevi profile". the Guardian. 18 October 2001.
  2. 1 2 Joffe, Lawrence (18 October 2001). "Rehavam Zeevi". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  3. ↑ "Obituary Rehavam Ze'evi, 75, Known as Staunch Zionist and Ultra-hawk". 18 October 2001.
  4. 1 2 Rehavam Ze'evi: A controversial figure Archived 5 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine, CNN (28 April 2002)
  5. ↑ Rechavam (Gandhi) Ze'evi (1926–2001) Knesset biography (retrieved 8 August 2006)
  6. ↑ Rehavan (Gandhi) Ze'evi Archived 28 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine MSN News (in Hebrew)
  7. ↑ Israel separated from Rehavam Ze'evi Yedioth Ahronoth, 18 October 2001 (in Hebrew)
  8. ↑ A deep, dark, secret love affair Amnon Barzilai, 16 July 2004
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Obituary: Rehavam Zeevi". BBC. 17 October 2001. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  10. ↑ "Rehavam Ze'evi". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  11. ↑ "Abu Ali Mustafa: 'Right to struggle'". BBC News. 27 August 2001. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
  12. ↑ "A politician's peril". Archived from the original on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
  13. ↑ CBS Archived 23 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine Arafat Siege Could End Soon 29 April 2002
  14. 1 2 Zino, Aviram (27 July 2008). "Rehavam Ze'evi's killer pleads guilty". Ynetnews. YNET.
  15. 1 2 3 "Last of Ze'evi killers gets life in prison". The Jerusalem Post. 1 December 2008.
  16. ↑ McGreal, Chris (15 March 2006). "A sudden exit, a jail is stormed – and Israel's long wait is over". The Guardian.
  17. 1 2 Weiss, Efrat (26 December 2008). "Israel sentences PFLP leader to 30 years in prison". Ynetnews. YNET.
  18. ↑ Mandel, Roi (3 December 2007). "Arabs look at Israel as weak". Ynetnews. YNET.
  19. ↑ "Israeli minister's killer jailed". BBC. 4 December 2007.
  20. ↑ Zino, Aviram (2 May 2007). "Rehavam Ze'evi's killer sentenced to 45 years in jail". Ynetnews. YNET.
  21. ↑ Glickman, Aviad (29 July 2008). "Mastermind behind Ze'evi assassination convicted of murder". Ynetnews. YNET.
  22. ↑ "Mastermind of Ze'evi assassination gets life". The Jerusalem Post. 22 September 2008.
  23. 1 2 The 2-state solution, Haaretz
  24. ↑ Israel mints ultranationalist hero, Christian Science Monitor (10 October 2002)
  25. 1 2 3 4 "A man who loved his country", Obituary, The Jerusalem Post, (18 October 2001)
  26. ↑ "Israel's tourism minister calls Palestinians 'lice'", Associated Press (2 July 2001)
  27. ↑ Sharon's "guard dog" bares his teeth The Guardian (7 March 2001)
  28. ↑ "Israeli minister shot dead". BBC. 17 October 2001.
  29. ↑ Benny Elon: Ze'evi didn't hate Arabs Archived 28 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine MSN News, 2 November 2005 (in Hebrew)
  30. ↑ Morello, Carol (6 January 2014). "A Poignant Controversy Over Israeli Burial Site A Muslim War Hero's Jewish Peers Speak Out". The Philadelphia Inquirer. Archived from the original on 6 January 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2021.
  31. ↑ Avneri, Ariel.The Route. Tel Aviv, 1992
  32. ↑ "Israeli Loan Dispute Turns Ugly; Rightist Calls Bush 'Anti-Semite'", New York Times (16 September 1991)
  33. ↑ "Rehavam Ze'evi". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Limited. 18 October 2001. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  34. ↑ "After rape charge, Israeli lawmakers vow to nix state honors for slain general". 15 April 2016.
  35. ↑ "הסודות של גנדי | עובדה". mako. 14 April 2016.
  36. ↑ "N12 – "נפעל לביטול מפעל ההנצחה"". 14 April 2016.
  37. ↑ Law to commemorate Rehavam Ze'evi, 2005 Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine The Knesset (in Hebrew)
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