Hans Simon Holtzbecker: Rosa gallica, gouache, c. 1650 (Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen).
The vivid red, semi-double Rosa gallica was "the ancestor of all the roses of medieval Europe".[1]

Various folk cultures and traditions assign symbolic meaning to the rose, though these are seldom understood in-depth. Examples of deeper meanings lie within the language of flowers, and how a rose may have a different meaning in arrangements. Examples of common meanings of different coloured roses are: true love (red), mystery (blue), innocence or purity (white), death (black), friendship (yellow), and passion (orange).

In religion

Greco-Roman religion

Venus Verticordia (1868) by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, showing the goddess Aphrodite surrounded by red roses

In ancient Greece, the rose was closely associated with the goddess Aphrodite.[2][3] In the Iliad, Aphrodite protects the body of Hector using the "immortal oil of the rose"[4][2] and the archaic Greek lyric poet Ibycus praises a beautiful youth saying that Aphrodite nursed him "among rose blossoms".[5] The second-century AD Greek travel writer Pausanias associates the rose with the story of Adonis[6] Book Eleven of the ancient Roman novel The Golden Ass by Apuleius contains a scene in which the goddess Isis, who is identified with Venus, instructs the main character, Lucius, who has been transformed into a donkey, to eat rose petals from a crown of roses worn by a priest as part of a religious procession in order to regain his humanity.[3]

Judaism

In the Song of Songs 2:1-2, the Jewish people are compared with a rose, remaining beautiful amongst thorns,[7] although some translations instead refer to a "lily among thorns."[8] The Zohar uses a "thirteen-petalled rose" as a symbol for the thirteen attributes of Divine Mercy[7] named in Exodus 34:6-7.[9] The rose and rosettes were also used to symbolize royalty and Israel,[10] and were used in wreaths for the bridegroom at weddings in Biblical times.[11]

Christianity

Following the Christianization of the Roman Empire, the rose became identified with the Virgin Mary.[12][3] The rose symbol eventually led to the creation of the rosary and other devotional prayers in Christianity.[13][3] Ever since the 1400s, the Franciscans have had a Crown Rosary of the Seven Joys of the Blessed Virgin Mary.[3] In the 1400s and 1500s, the Carthusians promoted the idea of sacred mysteries associated with the rose symbol and rose gardens.[3] Albrecht Dürer's painting The Feast of the Rosary (1506) depicts the Virgin Mary distributing garlands of roses to her worshippers.[3]

Islam

The cultivation of geometrical gardens, in which the rose has often held pride of place, has a long history in Iran and surrounding lands.[14][15] In the lyric ghazal, it is the beauty of the rose that provokes the longing song of the nightingale[16] – an image prominent, for example, in the poems of Hafez.[17]

In turn, the imagery of lover and beloved became a type of the Sufi mystic's quest for divine love, so that Ibn Arabi, for example, aligns the rose with the beloved's blushing cheek on the one hand and, on the other, with the divine names and attributes.[18]

Other well-known examples of rose symbolism in Sufism include:

In Europe

England

The Tudor rose
The rose as a heraldic symbol: the coat of arms of Ružomberok in Slovakia. The town's name in literal translation is "Hill of roses".

The rose is the national flower of England, a usage dating back to the English civil wars of the fifteenth century (later called Wars of the Roses), in which a red rose represented the House of Lancaster, and a white rose represented the House of York.[19] The Tudor dynasty created the Tudor rose, which united both the white and the red roses, a symbolism dramatized by Shakespeare in his play Richard III.[20][21] The traditional ballad "The Rose of England" (Child 166) recounts the seizure of the crown by Earl of Richmond (who became Henry VII of England, the founder of the Tudor dynasty), using the "red rose" as an allegory for Henry.[22]

The England national rugby union team and Rugby Football Union adopted the red rose as their symbol in 1871, and the rose has appeared on players' kit ever since.[23]

The red rose is the symbol for the UK Labour Party.[24]

Spain

Selling roses on St George's Day in Catalonia, Spain

Catalans in the north eastern of Spain have traditionally celebrated Saint George's Day (April 23) – which commemorates Saint George (Sant Jordi), the patron saint of the Catalonia region; as the dia dels enamorats ("lovers' day"), on which lovers exchange blood-red roses.[25]

In North America

United States

In 1986, the rose was adopted as the national floral emblem of the United States.[26][27]

It is the state flower of five U.S. states and the District of Columbia.

  • Iowa: The wild rose was adopted as the state's flower in 1896.[28]
  • North Dakota: The wild prairie rose was adopted as the official state flower of North Dakota in 1907. The colors of the rose (green and pink) had previously been adopted by the first graduating class of the University of North Dakota in 1889.[29]
  • Georgia: The Cherokee rose (R. laevigata) was adopted as the state's official floral emblem in 1916.[30]
  • New York: In 1955, the state adopted the rose as the state flower; the legislation stated: "The rose shall be the official flower of the state in any color or combination of colors common to it."[31]
  • Oklahoma: In 2004, Oklahoma adopted a new cultivar named Oklahoma rose as state flower.

Portland, Oregon has counted "City of Roses" among its nicknames (see roses in Portland, Oregon) since 1888,[32] and has held an annual Rose Festival since 1905.[33] The city is also known for its International Rose Test Garden.[32]

Pasadena, California – also nicknamed the "City of Roses" – has held the annual Tournament of Roses Parade since 1890, and 1902 the Parade has been held in conjunction with the Rose Bowl Game (which is now played at the city's Rose Bowl stadium, built in 1922).[34][35]

In April 2011, the U.S. government's space program agency, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), celebrated the Hubble Space Telescope's 21st anniversary by releasing an image of spiral galaxies Arp 273 positioned in a rose-like shape.[36]

The red rose is also part of the official logo of the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA),[37] being a symbol of socialism generally.[38]

Canada

In 1930, Rosa acicularis (the wild rose or prickly rose) was adopted as the official provincial flower of the Canadian province of Alberta. The suggestion that a provincial floral emblem be adopted by first made by an Edmonton newspaper editor; "the Women's Institutes took up the suggestion and passed it on to the Department of Education, and the province's schoolchildren made the final choice."[39][40]

The Wildrose Party, a now-defunct Albertan political party, was named after the province's official flower.[41]

Mexico

The Mexican city of Guadalajara, the capital of Jalisco, is nicknamed the "City of Roses" (Ciudad de las Rosas).[42][43]

Socialism

Emblem for "The World Order of Socialists" with a red rose, substituting the shield of arms, containing a handshake stretching a rationally devised globe under a rising sun, designed by Walter Crane, c. 1915
The original version of the fist and rose emblem drawn in 1969 in the French Socialist Party.

Since the 1880s, the red rose has been a symbol of socialism.[44][45] The origin of the rose as a symbol of socialism relates to its association with the color red. Since at least 1848, red was associated with socialism.[46] Following the French Revolution of 1848, the socialists pushed to have the revolution's red flag be designated the national flag.[47] The republicans, however, prevailed and the French tricolor flag remained the national flag. The provisional government as a compromise decreed that: "As a sign of rallying and as a remembrance of recognition for the last act of the popular revolution, members of the provisional government and other authorities will wear the red rosette, which will also be placed at the flagstaff."[48]

During the Paris Commune in 1871, the red flag solidified its link with socialism when it flew as the flag of the Communards' short-lived government.[49] Following the collapse of the Paris Commune, German Chancellor Bismarck out of fear of the growing strength of the socialists in Germany had parliament pass the Anti-Socialist laws to suppress the activities of the Social Democratic Party. As part of the Anti-Socialist laws in 1878, the display of emblems of the Social Democratic Party were banned. To circumvent the law, social democrats wore red bits of ribbons in their buttonholes. These actions, however, led to arrest and jail sentences. Subsequently, red rosebuds were substituted by social democrats. These actions also led to arrest and jail sentences. The judge ruled that in general everyone has a right to wear any flower as suits their taste, but when socialists as a group wear red rosebuds, it becomes a party emblem.[44]

Due to the Anti-Socialist laws, which banned social democratic activities, hundreds of socialists were fined, imprisoned, or exiled from Germany.[50] Subsequently, the German exiles spread the red rose symbol of socialism across Europe and to the United States. The socialist Johann Most was one of these German socialist exiles, who first went to England, and then later went to the United States and carried the red rosebud symbol with him. The red rosebud was worn in his lapel in 1887 during speeches he gave in support of the eight individuals convicted in the Haymarket Affair in a sign of socialist solidarity.[45] Similarly, the wearing of a red flower, such as a red carnation or red rose, became common during the commemoration ceremonies in France at the Communards' Wall which remembered the victims of the collapse of the Paris Commune.[51] By the 1910s, the red rose was universally identified as a symbol of the socialist movement.[52][53]

The Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives at New York University states that the rose "has always been an important symbol with anti-authoritarian associations."[54] The rose is used to show the end after the means, meaning "lay a rose on the grave". The rose symbol became popular as a political logo among socialist and social democratic political parties in post-World War II Western Europe.[54] The fist and rose, in which the rose is held by a clenched fist, is used by the Socialist International "and many of its member parties".[55] The French Socialist Party (PS) was the first party to adopt it in 1971, using imagery popular with left-wing movements of the era.[56] Centre-leaning and moderate parties tend to use a red rose alone, doing away with the revolutionary heritage of the raised fist.[57] The British Labour Party has used a red rose as its symbol since the late 1980s; the rose replaced the party's previous symbol, the red flag.[58][59]

Allegorically in literature

The rose in an allegorical sense appears many times in literature. In William Blake's poem "The Sick Rose" the rose is a symbol for love or passion, it is crimson and dark but now sick, the worm has infected it. The rose in the popular 13th-century French poem "Romance of the Rose" is a personification of the woman, the object of the lover's attentions, and his plucking of the rose represents his conquest of her. In the title of William Faulkner's short story "A Rose for Emily" the rose has a number of possible meanings: as Emily's lover now dried and preserved, or a secret as per sub rosa. In a postscript to The Name of the Rose, Umberto Eco discusses the reason behind the title to his 1983 novel: "because the rose is a symbolic figure so rich in meanings that by now it hardly has any meaning left".

Relationships

A red rose is a gift primarily given to a love interest, symbolizing a marital or romantic relationship. Wedding bouquets often include white roses, symbolizing virtue. Red is traditionally seen as a symbol of passion, while white is a symbol of purity and innocence.

Other

Monument to the "Weiße Rose".

The "White Rose" (German die Weiße Rose) was a World War II non-violent intellectual resistance group in the Third Reich led by a group of students and a professor at the University of Munich. The group conducted an anonymous leaflet and graffiti campaign that called for active opposition to the Nazi party regime. Their activities started in Munich on 27 June 1942, and ended with the arrest of the core group by the Gestapo on 18 February 1943.

Under Gestapo interrogation, Hans Scholl gave several explanations for the origin of the name "The White Rose," and suggested he may have chosen it while he was under the emotional influence of a 19th-century poem with the same name by German poet Clemens Brentano. It was also speculated that the name might have been taken from either the Cuban poet, Jose Marti's verse "Cultivo una rosa blanca" or a German novel Die Weiße Rose (The White Rose), written by B. Traven, the German author of The Treasure of the Sierra Madre. Hans Scholl and Alex Schmorell had read this novel. They also wrote that the symbol of the white rose was intended to represent purity and innocence in the face of evil.[60]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to roses as symbols.

References

  1. ↑ Teresa McLean: Medieval English Gardens. Dover Publications, Mineola, NY 1980, p. 165.
  2. 1 2 Cyrino, Monica S. (2010). Aphrodite. Gods and Heroes of the Ancient World. New York City, New York and London, England: Routledge. pp. 63, 96. ISBN 978-0-415-77523-6.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Clark, Nora (2015). Aphrodite and Venus in Myth and Mimesis. Cambridge, England: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 209–210. ISBN 978-1-4438-7127-3.
  4. ↑ Iliad 23.185–187.
  5. ↑ Ibycus, fragment 288.4.
  6. ↑ Pausanias, Description of Greece 6.24.7.
  7. 1 2 "Flowers and Judaism: 8 Facts". aish.com. 2021-05-09. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
  8. ↑ "Song of Solomon 2:2 Parallel: As the lily among thorns, so is my love among the daughters". biblehub.com. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
  9. ↑ "Slichot and the 13 Attributes". aish.com. 2016-09-25. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
  10. ↑ "Tudor Rose". hebrewnations.com. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
  11. ↑ "Flowers in Israel". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
  12. ↑ Cucciniello, Lisa (2008). Rose to Rosary: The Flower of Venus in Catholicism. Lexington Books. pp. 64–65. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Cucciniello, Rose Lore, pp. 65 ff.
  14. ↑ Shirvani, Hamid (1985). "The Philosophy of Persian Garden Design: The Sufi Tradition". Landscape Journal. 4: 23–30. doi:10.3368/lj.4.1.23. S2CID 113110165.
  15. ↑ Marinus Zwemer, Samuel (1941). "The Rose and Islam". The Muslim World. 31 (4): 360–370. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1941.tb00950.x.
  16. ↑ Diba, Layla S. (2001). "Gol o bolbol". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. Vol. 11. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 52–57. Retrieved 15 November 2013.
  17. ↑ Julian Baldick in History of Persian Literature - Google Books;
  18. ↑ Ibn Arabi, The Tarjuman al-Ashwaq, trans. R. A. Nicholson, Theosophical Publishing House 1911 and 1978, pp. 130, 145.
  19. ↑ Peter Childs, "Places and Peoples: Region and Nation", in British Cultural Identities, eds. Mike Storry & Peter Childs (4th ed., Routledge, 2013), p. 43.
  20. ↑ George Goodwin, Fatal Rivalry: Flodden, 1513: Henry VIII and James IV and the Decisive Battle for Renaissance Britain (W. W. Norton, 2013), p. 11.
  21. ↑ Jon Robinson, Court Politics, Culture and Literature in Scotland and England, 1500-1540 (Ashgate, 2008), p. 44.
  22. ↑ Natascha Würzbach & Simone M. Salz, Motif Index of the Child Corpus (Walter de Gruyter, 1995), pp. 175 f.
  23. ↑ Rugby History: Evolution of the England Kit, Rugby Football Union.
  24. ↑ "The Red Rose of Labour". British Heritage. Retrieved 2023-07-24.
  25. ↑ Matthew Tree, "St George's Day with a Catalan twist", The Guardian (April 23, 2011).
  26. ↑ 36 U.S.C. § 303 ("The flower commonly known as the rose is the national floral emblem.").
  27. ↑ Stephen Buchmann, The Reason for Flowers: Their History, Culture, Biology, and How They Change Our Lives (Simon & Schuster, 2016), p. 218.
  28. ↑ Linda Naeve, Iowa's State Flower - the Wild Rose (September 13, 1996), Horticulture & Home Pest News (Iowa State University Extension and Outreach).
  29. ↑ Wild Prairie Rose, State Historical Society of North Dakota.
  30. ↑ Georgia State Flower (Cherokee Rose), GeorgiaInfo: An Online Georgia Almanac, Digital Library of Georgia.
  31. ↑ New York State Flower - Rose, New York State Library.
  32. 1 2 Rosa Inocencio Smith, Orbital View: City of Roses, The Atlantic (May 5, 2016).
  33. ↑ "Coming Up Roses", Fodor's (2006; republished by the New York Times).
  34. ↑ Michelle Huneven, "37 Hours: Pasadena, Calif.", New York Times (September 19, 2003).
  35. ↑ "The Rose Bowl's Storied History", New York Times (December 31, 2013).
  36. ↑ NASA's Hubble Celebrates 21st Anniversary with 'Rose' of Galaxies, NASA, April 20, 2011, retrieved January 1, 2014
  37. ↑ "What Is Democratic Socialism?". Democratic Socialists of America. Retrieved December 15, 2015.
  38. ↑ n/a, n/a (2006-08-27). "The Rose and the Fist". The Fruits of Our Labour. Retrieved 2018-03-26.
  39. ↑ Alberta (AB) - Facts, Flags and Symbols, Government of Canada (accessed May 24, 2016).
  40. ↑ Wild Roses, Canadian Wildlife Federation (accessed May 24, 2016).
  41. ↑ The rise and fall of the Alberta Wildrose Party, CBC News (December 18, 2014).
  42. ↑ "The Mexican 'City Of Roses' Where Americans Feel At Home", Philadelphia Inquirer wire services (October 11, 1987).
  43. ↑ Bob Brooke, The Everything Family Guide To Mexico: From Pesos to Parasailing (Adams Media), p. 236.
  44. 1 2 "Metropolitan. v.38 1913". HathiTrust. p. 63. Retrieved 2019-03-02.
  45. 1 2 "Most's Meeting". Indianapolis Indiana State Sentinel. September 21, 1887. p. 1 Column 1.
  46. ↑ Leighton, John (1871). Paris Under the Commune. Bradbury, Evans. pp. iv.
  47. ↑ Agoult, Marie d' (1862). Histoire de la révolution de 1848 (in French). Charpentier. p. 363.
  48. ↑ Agoult, Marie d' (1862). Histoire de la révolution de 1848 (in French). Charpentier. p. 360. M. Louis Blanc, en rédigeant le décret qui déclarait que le drapeau national était le drapeau tricolore, obtint d'y ajouter la phrase suivante : «Comme signe de ralliement et comme souvenir de reconnaissance pour le dernier acte de la révolution populaire, les membres du gouvernement provisoire et les autres autorités porteront la rosette rouge, laquelle sera placée aussi à la hampe du drapeau.»
  49. ↑ Leighton, John (1871). Paris Under the Commune. Bradbury, Evans. pp. 118. red flag.
  50. ↑ Hayes, Carlton J. H. (October 1917). "The History of German Socialism Reconsidered". The American Historical Review. 23 (1): 77. doi:10.2307/1837686. JSTOR 1837686.
  51. ↑ Russell, Phillips (August 1914). "In Memory of Commune -- A Working Class Demonstration in Paris". The International Socialist Review. 15: 70.
  52. ↑ "Small Army Guarding Rockefeller Estate". Boston Sunday Post. June 14, 1914. p. 9 Column 3.
  53. ↑ The Woman Voter, Woman Suffrage Party of New York (1915). What does the red rose really mean?. Staten Island Museum. Allied Printing Trades Union Council, New York City. pp. 10.
  54. 1 2 "About Our Logo". Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives. New York University. Archived from the original on 2017-07-02. Retrieved May 25, 2016.
  55. ↑ Historical Dictionary of Socialism (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015), p. 167.
  56. ↑ Cépède, Frédéric (January–March 1996). "« Le poing et la rose », la saga d'un logo". Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire (in French). Paris. 49: 18–30. doi:10.3406/xxs.1996.3481. ISSN 0294-1759. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  57. ↑ Cépède, Frédéric (September–December 2018). "« Le poing et la rose », un symbole devenu encombrant ? Retour sur la saga d'un logo (1970-2017)". Histoire@Politique (in French). Paris. 36. ISSN 1954-3670. Retrieved 20 November 2022.
  58. ↑ The rise and fall of New Labour, BBC News (August 3, 2010).
  59. ↑ Thomas William Heyck, A History of the Peoples of the British Isles (Vol. 3: Psychology Press, 2002), p. 312.
  60. ↑ Dumbach, Annette & Newborn, Jud Sophie Scholl & The White Rose, p. 58. 2006 One world Publications. ISBN 978-1851685363
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