Ravenala
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Zingiberales
Family: Strelitziaceae
Genus: Ravenala
Adans.
Species:
R. madagascariensis
Binomial name
Ravenala madagascariensis
Ravenalas growing between two buildings in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. The plane (here perpendicular to the north–south axis) of these plants is orientated to maximize daylight absorption.

Ravenala is a genus of monocotyledonous flowering plants. Classically, the genus was considered to include a single species, Ravenala madagascariensis, commonly known as the traveller's tree, traveller's palm or East-West palm, from Madagascar. It is not a true palm (family Arecaceae) but a member of the family Strelitziaceae. The genus is closely related to the southern African genus Strelitzia and the South American genus Phenakospermum. Some older classifications include these genera in the banana family (Musaceae). Although it is usually considered to be a single species, four different forms have been distinguished.[2][3] Five other species were described in 2021, all from Madagascar: Ravenala agatheae Have. & Razanats., R. blancii Have., V.Jeannoda & A.Hladik, R. grandis Have., Razanats, A.Hladik & P.Blanc, R. hladikorum Have., Razanats., V. Jeannoda & P.Blanc, R. madagascariensis Sonn., et R. menahirana Have. & Razanats.[4]

Name

It has been given the name "traveller's palm" because the sheaths of the stems hold rainwater, which supposedly could be used as an emergency drinking supply for needy travellers.[5] Another plausible reason for its name is that the fan tends to grow on an east–west line, providing a crude compass.

The scientific name Ravenala comes from Malagasy ravinala or ravina ala meaning "forest leaves".[6][7]

Description

The enormous paddle-shaped leaves are borne on long petioles, in a distinctive fan shape aligned in a single plane (distichous). The large white flowers are structurally similar to those of its relatives, the bird-of-paradise flowers Strelitzia reginae and Strelitzia nicolai, but are generally considered less attractive, with a green bract.[8] These flowers, upon being pollinated, produce brilliant blue seeds. In tropical and subtropical regions, the plant is widely cultivated for its distinctive habit and foliage. As the plant grows older, it progressively loses the lowest or oldest leaves and reveals a sturdy grey trunk. Of the four forms, varieties or subspecies, the largest is the "Bemavo", from the hills of eastern Madagascar, which can be 100 feet (30 metres) in height with a trunk 2 feet (60 cm) thick.[9] The foliar fan consists of 30 to 45 leaves for mature specimens, each as much as 36 feet (11  metres) in length.[10]

The chromosome number is 2n = 22.[11]

Range and habitat

Ravenala madagascariensis is widespread in Madagascar, including humid lowland forests, montane forests, grassland, and rocky areas, from sea level to 1,500 meters elevation.[1]

Ecology

Ruffed lemurs are a known pollinator of this plant, and given the size and structure of the inflorescences, as well as the lemur's selectivity, method of feeding, and long muzzle, this relationship is thought to have coevolved.[12]

Cultivation

The plant requires a sunny spot (not full sun until it is larger). It responds well to fertiliser, especially if it is high in nitrogen during the growing season. This produces better growth and foliage. The plant grows to an average height of 7 m (23 ft) and requires moderate water.

References

  1. 1 2 Andriamanohera, A.M. (2021). "Ravenala madagascariensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T137831330A137904098. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T137831330A137904098.en. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
  2. ↑ Patrick Blanc; Nelson Rabenandrianina; Annette Hladik & Claude Marcel Hladik (1999). "Les formes sympatriques et allopatriques du genre Ravenala dans les forêts et les milieux ouverts de l'est de Madagascar". Revue d'Écologie, Terre et Vie. 54 (3): 201–223. doi:10.3406/revec.1999.2292. S2CID 163071446.
  3. ↑ P. Blanc; A. Hladik; N. Rabenandrianina; J.S. Robert; C.M. Hladik (2003). "Strelitziaceae: The variants of Ravenala in natural and anthropogenic habitats". In Goodman, S.M.; Benstead, J. (eds.). The Natural History of Madagascar (PDF). The University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London. pp. 472–476.
  4. ↑ Haevermans, Thomas; Hladik, Annette; Hladik, Claude-Marcel; Razanatsoa, Jacqueline; Haevermans, Agathe; Jeannoda, Vololoniaina; Blanc, Patrick (2021-11-09). "Description of five new species of the Madagascan flagship plant genus Ravenala (Strelitziaceae)". Scientific Reports. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. 11 (1): 21965. Bibcode:2021NatSR..1121965H. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-01161-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 8578647. PMID 34753985. Open access icon
  5. ↑ McLendon, Chuck (May 16, 2000). "Ravenala madagascariensis". Floridata.com. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
  6. ↑ Boiteau, Pierre (1997). "reniala". Dictionnaire des noms malgaches de végétaux (in French). Vol. III. Editions Alzieu – via Malagasy Dictionary and Encyclopedia of Madagascar. de ravina : feuille, et ala : forêt...
  7. ↑ Sargent, Charles Sprague (1893). "Garden and Forest: A Journal of Horticulture, Landscape Art and Forestry". 6 (282). Garden and Forest Publishing Company. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ↑ Calley, M.; Braithwaite, R. W.; Ladd, P. G. (1993). "Reproductive Biology of Ravenala madagascariensis Gmel. as an Alien Species". Biotropica. 25 (1): 61–72. doi:10.2307/2388979. JSTOR 2388979.
  9. ↑ Das Pflanzenreich Volume 4 Issue 45 (1900) page 29
  10. ↑ "Protabase Published species". Archived from the original on 2010-05-04. Retrieved 2010-04-21. Then click "Ravenala madagascariensis"
  11. ↑ "Full text of "Chromosome Atlas Of Flowering Plants Ed. 2nd"". Internet Archive (in Latin). 2016-10-23. Retrieved 2019-07-09.
  12. ↑ Garbutt, Nick (2007). Mammals of Madagascar, A Complete Guide. A&C Black Publishers. pp. 170–175. ISBN 978-0-300-12550-4.
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