Rani Pokhari
रानी पोखरी (Nepali)
Rani Pokhari in 2020 after restoration
Rani Pokhari is located in Nepal
Rani Pokhari
Rani Pokhari
Location of Rani Pokhari in Nepal
LocationKathmandu, Nepal
Coordinates27°42′28″N 85°18′56″E / 27.707847°N 85.315447°E / 27.707847; 85.315447
TypePond
Built1670; 354 years ago
Surface area7.7 acres (3.1 ha)
Water volume30,000,000 litres (6,600,000 imp gal; 7,900,000 US gal)

Rani Pokhari (Nepali: रानी पोखरी; lit. queen's pond), originally known as Nhu Pukhu (Newar: न्हू पुखू; lit. new pond), is a historic artificial pond located in the heart of Kathmandu, Nepal.[1] The square-shaped tank dates from the 17th century, and was built on the eastern side of the then city limits. It lies just outside a former city gate. The pond is one of Kathmandu's most famous landmarks and is known for its religious and aesthetic significance. Its dimensions are 180m by 140m.[2]

Construction

Rani Pokhari was built in 1670 AD by King Pratap Malla, one of the most illustrious monarchs of the Malla dynasty that ruled Nepal for more than 600 years. Pratap Malla had the tank constructed to console his queen who was distraught with grief after their son was trampled to death by an elephant. He had water collected from various holy places and river confluences in Nepal and India like Gosaikunda, Muktinath, Badrinath, Kedarnath and poured into the pond to sanctify it.[3][4]

Inscription

King Pratat Malla with his sons on an elephant at Rani Pokhari.

King Pratap Malla installed a stone slab at Rani Pokhari with writings in three languages: Sanskrit, Nepali and Nepal Bhasa. It is dated Nepal Sambat 790 (1670 AD) and describes the construction of Rani Pokhari and its religious significance. It also mentions five Brahmins, five Pradhans (Chief-ministers) and five Khas Magars as being witnesses.[1]

Sources of the water

The pond is recharged by water flowing in through an underground channel, but there are also seven wells inside the pond.[1]

Temples and elephant statue

A temple dedicated to Matrikeshwor Mahadev, a form of the Hindu deity Shiva, stands at the center of the pond. There is an idol of Harishankari, which is said to be the only one idol of both Saraswoti and Laxmi. It is reached from the street by a causeway. A large stone statue of an elephant bearing the images of Pratap Malla and his two sons Chakravartendra Malla and Mahipatendra Malla is situated on the tank's southern embankment.[1]

There are four smaller temples situated at the four corners of the pond: Bhairava temples in the northwest and northeast, Mahalaxmi Temple in the southeast and Ganesh Temple in the southwest. The temples on the eastern side now lie within the compounds of Tri Chandra College and a police station which has undermined their cultural importance.[1][5]

Dhunge dharas

During recent excavations, four dhunge dharas were found, one at each of the four corners of the pond.[6]

During the construction of the Ratnapark Subway, starting in 1984, Nhera hiti was discovered. Some of the stone spouts are now in the National Museum of Nepal. An unnamed dhunge dhara is known to be buried on the premises of the Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA). Then there is Swora hiti or Tin Dhara at Durbar Marg. The fourth dhunge dhara is named Jhanga hiti. It is located in Jamal, on the north-western corner of Rani Pokhari. Of these four dhunge dharas, only Swora hiti is in working order.[7]

Chhath

Chhath celebration at Rani Pokhari

Rani Pokhari is fenced with iron bars and opened once a year during Bhai Tika, the fifth and final day of the Tihar, and Chhath festival. The world's largest Chhath festival takes place every year in RaniPokhari. Rani is also dedicated to (Nepalese Maithil) Women who go into the cold water and pray to the Sun God. [8]

Western references

Among the earliest references to Rani Pokhari is an account by Italian Jesuit Ippolito Desideri who visited Kathmandu in 1721 when Nepal was ruled by the Malla kings. He was travelling from Tibet to India, and has mentioned in his travelogue seeing a large pond outside the main city gate with flights of steps and banks sloping down to the water. The father has also written that there was a tall column at the center resting on a magnificent pedestal.[9]

The British Indian Army officer William Kirkpatrick, who visited Kathmandu in 1793, wrote about a quadrangular reservoir of water situated near the northeastern part of the city. He also noted the existence of many temples on the sides of Rani Pokhari, some of which were of considerable height and size.[10]

Controversial upgrade

Ranipokhari being restored with bricks instead of concrete

Restoration work on Ranipokhari after the 2015 earthquake began in January 2016 and has been fraught with controversy. The original plans used concrete for the restoration, instead of the traditional brick and clay, and included fountains and a new lakeside café. After a series of local protests it was decided to restore the pond to the way it was in 1670.[11][12][13] The reconstruction was completed in October 2020.[14]

Famous structures

Rani Pokhari is surrounded by historical buildings and famous structures. The clock tower Ghanta Ghar is situated across the road on the eastern side of the pond. The original clock tower, which had a more elaborate architecture, was destroyed during the Great earthquake of 1934. The present clock tower was built after the earthquake. It stands on the premises of Tri Chandra College, the first college in the country which was established in 1918 AD.

On the western side of Rani Pokhari stands another historical building, Durbar High School, built in 1854 AD. It is the first school in Nepal providing education along modern lines. In the beginning, Durbar High School admitted only the children of the ruling classes. It was opened to the general public in 1902 AD.

Tundikhel, a parade ground and ceremonial grass field and a Kathmandu landmark, formerly extended from the southern side of Rani Pokhari. A section next to the pond was fenced off and converted into a public park and flower garden in the mid-1960s.

Re-Construction & Modern Look

The damaged Rani Pokhari by the 2015 earthquake was reconstructed by preserving its style. The reconstruction was completed in 2020. The Pokhari can be seen filled with water and rebuild colored temple.

rani pokhari reconstructed image
Rani Pokhari after reconstruction in 2020.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Tribhuvan University Teachers' Association (June 2012). "Historical and Environmental Study of Rani Pokhari". Government of Nepal, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology. pp. 4–5. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2014.
  2. ↑ Amatya, Saphalya (2003). Water & Culture (PDF). p. 25. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  3. ↑ Chitrakar, Anil (30 July 2010). "Infant Mortality". ECS NEPAL. Kathmandu. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  4. ↑ "Majestic Rani Pokhari". Republica. Kathmandu. 1 November 2013. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  5. ↑ Regmi, DR (1966). Medieval Nepal: A history of the three kingdoms, 1520 AD to 1768 AD. Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay. p. 110.
  6. ↑ Spouts all around, but only few have running water by Binu Shrestha, The Rising Nepal, 10 February 2020, retrieved 29 September 2021
  7. ↑ Can Kathmandu reinstate 4 hitis around Ranipokhari back to its glory? Here’re plans and problems by Nasana Bajracharya, Onlinekhabar.com, 24 July 2022, retrieved 24 March 2023
  8. ↑ "Chhath Puja in Ranipokhari, world's largest : ICIMOD". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-10-01.
  9. ↑ Desideri, Ippolito (1995). "The Kingdom of Nepal". In De Filippi, Filippo (ed.). An Account of Tibet: The Travels of Ippolito Desideri 1712-1727 AES reprint. Asian Educational Services. p. 317. ISBN 9788120610194. Retrieved 7 February 2014.
  10. ↑ Kirkpatrick, William (1811). An Account of the Kingdom of Nepaul, Being the Substance of Observations Made During a Mission to that Country, in the Year 1793. W. Miller. p. 159. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  11. ↑ Rani Pokhari blunder, The Kathmandu Post, September 28, 2018, retrieved 14 September 2019
  12. ↑ Reconstruction work of Rani Pokhari resumes by Anup Ojha, The Kathmandu Post, March 6, 2019, retrieved 14 September 2019
  13. ↑ Bhaktapur sets an example for local-led heritage reconstruction, while Kathmandu and Patan fall short by Timothy Aryal, The Kathmandu Post, April 25, 2019, retrieved 14 September 2019
  14. ↑ Nepal completes reconstruction of historical 'Rani Pokhari', The Times of India, 22 October 2020, retrieved 12 August 2021
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