View of the oldest part of Ramot from the Begin road highway. The highway is also visible.

Ramot (Hebrew: רָמוֹת, lit. Heights), also known as Ramot Alon (Hebrew: רמות אלון), is an Israeli settlement in East Jerusalem.[1][2][3] Ramot is one of Jerusalem's so-called "Ring settlements". The land was annexed by Israel 13 years after the Six-Day War. As part of Ramot was established in East Jerusalem, the international community considers it an Israeli settlement. The international community considers Israeli settlements in East Jerusalem illegal under international law, but the Israeli government disputes this.[4]

History

View of Ramot from the Tomb of Samuel. Part of the ruins are visible in the bottom left.

Ramot is named after the biblical city of Rama(h), where the Prophet Samuel lived and was brought for burial: Now Samuel had died, and all Israel lamented him, and buried him in Ramah, and (each one lamented him) in his own city. (Samuel I, 28:3).[5] One tradition associates biblical Rama with one of the highest peaks of the Judean Hills, reaching 885 meters above sea level.[6] The Tomb of Samuel is located 1.3 kilometers north of Ramot,[7] on the lands of the Arab village Nabi Samwil, which has been moved further down the hill but whose mosque is still active in the structure above the tomb.

Between the 1949 Armistice Agreements and the Six-Day War in 1967, most of the area that is today Ramot was under Jordanian control.[8] Ramot was established in 1974.[9] After the death of Yigal Allon, Israeli military and political figure,[10] the neighborhood was officially renamed Ramot Alon,[11] "Alon Heights".

Geography

Ramot is north and west of the center of Jerusalem.[12] The neighborhood is built upon two elongated ridges about 100–200 meters above the surrounding landscape (heights of 693–850 meters above sea level). Between the ridges is the Golda Meir highway, leading to Tel Aviv. Travel time to the center of Jerusalem is about 15 minutes, and to Har Hotzvim industrial park about 7 minutes.[13] The Jerusalem light rail system will be expanded to include Ramot.[14]

Demography

In 2020, Ramot had a population of 50,400.[15] Ramot Alon exemplifies the demographic change in Jerusalem. When it was established in 1974, the population was 70% secular. Since 2000, Ramot Alef, Gimel and Daled have become partially Haredi (also spelled Chareidi), and the percentage of Orthodox Jews in all of Ramot Alon has risen to 75%.[9]

One side of Ramot Gimel is mostly Haredi, and the other side is more Modern Orthodox. Ramot Vav also contains a Haredi population. In all of Ramot there is a mix of other types of residents including Dati Leumi, Modern Orthodox, and Chardal.[16] There are a few Chabad synagogues as well.[17]

Ramot was built on land expropriated from Palestinian landowners in 1970.[18] According to ARIJ, Israel confiscated land from two nearby Palestinian villages:

Ramot is administered by Israel as part of the Jerusalem municipality. However, since part of the neighborhood has been built across the Green Line in East Jerusalem,[21] the international community considers Ramot to be an Israeli settlement. Israel unilaterally annexed East Jerusalem and maintains that developments in East Jerusalem are not settlements, but the move was condemned by the UN Security Council as "null and void" and was not recognized by the international community. The international community considers Israeli settlements to be illegal under international law, violating the Fourth Geneva Convention's prohibition on the transfer of a civilian population into territory held under military occupation, but Israel considers East Jerusalem its sovereign territory.[22] The U.S. government, as the rest of the international community, refers to Israeli neighborhoods in East Jerusalem as "settlements" and Israeli Jews living in East Jerusalem, including in Ramot, as "settlers".[23]

The United States Department of State, European Union and the Palestinians described the plans to build 800 new homes in West Bank settlements and 600 in East Jerusalem, including 294 in Ramot, as harmful to the peace process.[24] Spokesperson for the U.S. State Department, Jen Psaki, said "We consider now and have always considered the settlements to be illegitimate".[24] Catherine Ashton, the EU foreign policy chief, said "the settlements are illegal under international law, constitute an obstacle to peace and threaten to make the two-state solution impossible".[24] Saeb Erekat, chief negotiator for the PLO, said the announcement "shows Israel’s clear commitment to the destruction of peace efforts" and that international community should "sever all ties with the Israeli occupation ... [to] ... protect and help to realize the two-state solution".[24]

In the context of the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, the Clinton Parameters[25] and Geneva accords[26] proposed keeping Ramot (and other Jewish neighborhoods in Jerusalem beyond the green line) under Israeli sovereignty, possibly in exchange for other land.

Architecture

The once modernist 'Ramot Polin Apartments', designed by Zvi Hecker, which has generated much controversy among Israeli architects.[27]

Buildings clustered around courtyards was a predominant architectural style in Ramot in the 1980s. Large, well-kept private homes were constructed in the 1970s and 1980s under the Build Your Own Home project, reflecting the rising standards of living in Israel and a change in consumer habits.[28] Ramot Polin Apartments, designed by Zvi Hecker, have been named as one of the "World's Strangest Buildings" and has been described as a "housing project for honeybees".[29] The entire neighborhood is organized upon a hill in central Ramot in a shape resembling a five-fingered hand or three-branched leaf.

Education

Nighttime facade of Lakewood East.
  • Lakewood East, officially Beth Medrash Govoha of America in Eretz Yisroel is located in Ramot.
  • Ateret Yerushalayim, An English speaking post-high school Yeshiva.[30]
  • Ohr Torah Stone - Jacob Sapirstein Junior High and High School for Boys.[31]
  • Yeshiva Ohr HaTzafon, An English speaking post-high school Yeshiva.[32]
  • Ahavat Yisrael - Rappaport for boys, a Chardal primary and Jr. High School.[33]
  • Noam Ramot (boys and girls), a primary School.[34]

Parks and nature trails

  • Ramot Forest is located in Ramot. At the edge of the forest is the Gan Kipod children's park featuring a porcupine-shaped slide.[35][36]
  • Ramot Forest Gazelle Trail, a natural Gazelle habitat is located there as well.[37]
  • Ramot has a community swimming pool, called Ramot Community Pool.[38]
  • Arazim Valley Park, a section of Jerusalem Metropolitan Park, has an entrance in Ramot.[39]

Landmarks

In November 2009, 30-foot high bronze sculpture depicting a waving American flag turning into a flame was unveiled in Ramot, part of a five-acre memorial plaza for the September 11 terrorist attacks. The sculpture, located in Arazim Valley, was the first memorial outside New York to list the names of the 2,974 people killed in the attack. Part of the gray granite base, taken from the original Twin Towers, was donated by the New York municipality. Israeli sculptor Eliezer Weishoff said the memorial had to be moved 200 yards from the planned site to accommodate gazelle migration pathways. U.S. Ambassador James B. Cunningham and a number of congressmen attended the event.[40]

Ramot Mall, which is Jerusalem's 2nd largest mall, opened in September 2011.[41]

The Palestinian village of Nabi Samwil is located close to Ramot.[42]

Archaeology

First Temple period

A man walking his dog fell into a pit while running in the Ramot Forest. This led to the discovery of a grape-pressing area from the First Temple period.[43]

Second Temple period

Khirbet Tililiya is the site of an ancient ruined fortress on a high hill in the center of Ramot Alon. The ruins are dated to the Second Temple period (namely the Hasmonean and Herodian eras).[44]

In May 2005, a salvage excavation conducted in the Ramot neighborhood on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) found a rock-hewn burial cave surmounted by a massive rectangular building and a columbarium cave. Potsherds dating to the Ottoman period were discovered on the floor of the building. Fragments of jars and cooking pots dating to the Early Roman period were discovered in the columbarium, which is characteristic of the Hellenistic and Early Roman periods.[45]

Crusader period

There are Crusader-period remains in Ramot 2 and Ramot 6.[44]

Neighborhoods

Ramot has seven neighborhoods; Aleph (A), Bet (B), Gimmel (G), Daled (D), and Vav (V) (also known as Ramot 06) and Ramot Polin.[46]

There is a "County" area of Ramot being built with 294 apartments.[47]

In November 2015 plans for the Ramot Slopes neighborhood was approved. A total of 1,638 housing units will be built, of which 203 will be designated for assisted living, and about 400 of which will be small apartments.[48]

References

  1. ↑ "Ramot". GoJerusalem.
  2. ↑ "Israel court jails Palestinian activist Bassem Tamimi". BBC News. 6 November 2012.
  3. ↑ Cohen, Shaul Ephraim (1993). The Politics of Planting: Israeli-Palestinian Competition for Control of Land in the Jerusalem Periphery. University of Chicago Press. p. 82. ISBN 9780226112763. Retrieved 13 December 2012.
  4. ↑ "The Geneva Convention". BBC News. 10 December 2009. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
  5. ↑ "Shmuel I (Samuel 1): Chapter 28".
  6. ↑ "האתר הרשמי של עיריית ירושלים".
  7. ↑ "Google Maps". Google Maps.
  8. ↑ "Google Maps".
  9. 1 2 "Is Jerusalem Really Becoming ultra-Orthodox? The Figures May Surprise You". Haaretz.com.
  10. ↑ "The English Update » The Evolution of Ramot". teu.co.il. Archived from the original on 2013-12-17. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  11. ↑ "Ramot Alon neighborhood".
  12. ↑ "Google Maps". Google Maps.
  13. ↑ "Nefesh B'Nefesh - Aliyah Live the Dream". Nbn.org.il. 2006-03-27. Retrieved 2011-03-28.
  14. ↑ "Light Rail - Future Lines". jet.gov.il. Archived from the original on 2014-03-06. Retrieved 2014-03-06.
  15. ↑ "Jerusalem Institute - 2022" (PDF).
  16. ↑ "Ramot". Nefesh B'Nefesh.
  17. ↑ "Chabad of Ramot - Jerusalem - Jerusalem, Israel". Archived from the original on 2008-06-27.
  18. ↑ Amir Cheshin, Bill Hutman and Avi Melamed (1999). Separate and Unequal. Harvard University Press. p. 56. ISBN 9780674801363. The largest expropriation was for the Ramot and Shuafat Ridge neighborhoods, which totalled 4,840 dunams.
  19. ↑ Beit Iksa Village Profile, ARIJ, 2012 p. 16
  20. ↑ Beit Hanina al Balad Village Profile, ARIJ, 2012, p. 17
  21. ↑ "Israel plan for 238 settler homes draws Palestinian ire". BBC News. 15 October 2010.
    "Obama raps Israeli plans for 1,300 Jewish settler homes". BBC News. 9 November 2010.
    Kershner, Isabel (8 November 2010). "Israel Plans 1,000 Housing Units in East Jerusalem". The New York Times.
  22. ↑ McCarthy, Rory (11 March 2010). "Israel plans more East Jerusalem homes as talks collapse". The Guardian.
  23. ↑ "West Bank", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2022-12-21, retrieved 2023-01-02
  24. 1 2 3 4 "US, EU, Palestinians: Tenders for homes harmful to peace". The Jerusalem Post. 11 January 2014.
  25. ↑ "The Clinton Parameters". peacelobby.org. Archived from the original on 2015-01-17.
  26. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-07. Retrieved 2011-05-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  27. ↑ Back to the Future / A giant beehive abuzz with controversy Haaretz, By Noam Dvir, 29.12.11
  28. ↑ "Fifty Years of Israeli Architecture as Reflected in Jerusalem's Buildings". GxMSDev.
  29. ↑ Karrie Jacobs. World's Strangest Buildings Archived 2011-02-18 at the Wayback Machine, Yahoo! Travel
  30. ↑ "Home - Yeshivat Ateret Yerushalayim - AJ". AJ.
  31. ↑ "Ohr Torah Stone". Archived from the original on 2000-09-03.
  32. ↑ "Priority-1:Yeshiva Ohr HaTzafon". Archived from the original on 2009-07-18.
  33. ↑ "Cost of Education in Israel: Gan, Middle School, High School - Nefesh B'Nefesh". Nefesh B'Nefesh. 26 July 2021.
  34. ↑ "Nefesh B'Nefesh | Aliyah: It's your move!".
  35. ↑ "Kipod in Ramot".
  36. ↑ "The English Update » Gan HaKipod and Ramot". teu.co.il. Archived from the original on 2014-03-07. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  37. ↑ "Ramot Forest Gazelle Trail". Archived from the original on 2010-07-02.
  38. ↑ "Pool Archives - Fun In Jerusalem".
  39. ↑ "Jerusalem Park - Forests, Parks and Sites - KKL JNF – Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael – Jewish National Fund". www.kkl.org.il. Archived from the original on 2012-08-07.
  40. ↑ "Jerusalem to Dedicate First 9/11 Memorial With Names Outside U.S." Haaretz.com.
  41. ↑ Petersburg, Ofer (17 September 2010). "Jerusalem's 2nd biggest mall to open in 2011". ynet.
  42. ↑ "The tomb of Samuel the prophet". Archived from the original on 2008-01-31.
  43. ↑ Abebe, Danny Adeno (14 November 2012). "Dog uncovers major archeological site". ynet.
  44. 1 2 Amos Kloner; Agudah le-seḳer arkheʼologi shel Yiśraʼel (2003). Survey of Jerusalem: the northwestern sector, introduction and indices. רשות העתיקות ,האגודה לסקר ארכיאולוגי של ישראל. p. 255. ISBN 978-965-406-080-6. Retrieved 7 May 2011.
  45. ↑ "Israel Antiquities Authority". hadashot-esi.org.il.
  46. ↑ "Maps- Newcomers Guide Israel". Archived from the original on 2009-09-30.
  47. ↑ "294 New Apartments Announced in Jerusalem's Ramot Neighborhood". theyeshivaworld.com. 7 February 2014.
  48. ↑ "Jerusalem mayor, green groups slam plan for Ramot Slopes neighborhood". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com.

31°48′43″N 35°12′0″E / 31.81194°N 35.20000°E / 31.81194; 35.20000

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