Rajneeshpuram
Big Muddy Ranch
Rajneeshpuram in 1983
Rajneeshpuram in 1983
Official logo of Rajneeshpuram
Decal
Etymology: From Hindi: Rajneesh's village
Rajneeshpuram is located in Oregon
Rajneeshpuram
Rajneeshpuram
Coordinates: 44°50′31″N 120°28′55″W / 44.842°N 120.482°W / 44.842; -120.482
EstablishedMay 1981 (1981-05)
DisbandedDe facto: September 1985 (1985-09)
De Jure 1988 (1988)
Government
 • TypeTheocracy
 • Religious leaderRajneesh
 • President of the Rajneesh FoundationMa Anand Sheela
 • Mayor of RajneeshpuramDavid Berry Knapp

Rajneeshpuram was a religious intentional community in the northwest United States, located in Wasco County, Oregon. Incorporated as a city between 1981 and 1988, its population consisted entirely of Rajneeshees, followers of the spiritual teacher Rajneesh,[1][2][3][4] later known as Osho.[5]

Its citizens and leaders were responsible for launching the 1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attacks, as well as the planned 1985 Rajneeshee assassination plot, in which they conspired to assassinate Charles Turner, the United States Attorney for the District of Oregon.

Settlement

Rajneesh greeted by followers on one of his daily "drive-bys" in Rajneeshpuram. Circa 1982.

Tensions with the public and threatened punitive action by Indian authorities originally motivated the founders and leaders of the Rajneeshee movement, Bhagwan Shri Rajneesh and Ma Anand Sheela, to leave India and begin a new religious settlement in the United States.[6][7][8] Discussions of this new settlement began as early as 1980, but Rajneesh did not agree to relocate until May 1981, when he travelled to the United States on a tourist visa, ostensibly for medical purposes.[9] Rajneeshpuram was planned from the beginning as a home for Rajneesh's followers in the United States, most of whom were told to sell all of their belongings before moving there. The decision to register as a town was made primarily so that Rajneesh could govern over his followers without attracting attention from authorities.

Rajneeshpuram was on the site of a 64,281-acre (100 sq mi; 260 km2) central Oregon property known as the Big Muddy Ranch, near Antelope,[10][11] which was purchased by Sheela's husband, John Shelfer, in 1981 for $5.75 million,[1] ($18.5 million in today's dollars[12]). Within a year of arriving, the commune's leaders had become embroiled in a series of legal battles with their neighbors,[13] primarily over land use.[14] They had initially stated that they were planning to create a small agricultural community, their land being zoned for agricultural use,[1][14] but it soon became apparent that they wanted to establish the kind of infrastructure and services normally associated with a town.[14]

Within three years, the neo-sannyasins (Rajneesh's followers, also termed Rajneeshees in contemporaneous press reports) developed a community,[15] turning the ranch from an empty rural property into a city of up to 7,000 people, complete with typical urban infrastructure such as a fire department, police, restaurants, malls, townhouses, a 4,200-foot (1,300 m) airstrip, a public transport system using buses, a sewage reclamation plant, a reservoir,[14] and a post office with the ZIP code 97741.[16] It is thought that the actual population during this time was potentially much higher than they claimed, and the neo-sannyasins may have gone as far as to hide beds and citizens during investigations. Various legal conflicts, primarily over land use, escalated to bitter hostility between the commune and local residents, and the commune was subject to sustained and coordinated pressures from various coalitions of Oregon residents over the length of its existence.[14][17]

Increasing tensions

The Krishnamurti Lake

The town of Antelope, Oregon, became a focal point of the conflict.[14] It was the nearest town to the ranch, and had a population of under 60.[13][14] Initially, Rajneesh's followers had purchased only a small number of lots in Antelope.[14] After the activist group 1000 Friends of Oregon became involved,[1] Antelope denied the sannyasins a business permit for their mail-order operation, and more sannyasins moved into the town.[14] In April 1982, Antelope held a vote to disincorporate itself, to prevent itself being taken over.[14] By this time, there were enough Rajneeshee residents to defeat the measure.[14] In May 1982, the residents of the Rancho Rajneesh commune voted to incorporate the separate city of Rajneeshpuram on the ranch.[14] Apart from the control of Antelope and the land-use question, there were other disputes.[14] The commune leadership took an aggressive stance on many issues and initiated litigation against various groups and individuals.[14]

Guest houses built by Rajneesh followers.

The June 1983 bombing of Hotel Rajneesh, a Rajneeshee-owned hotel in Portland, by the Islamist militant group Jamaat ul-Fuqra further heightened tensions.[14][18] The display of semi-automatic weapons acquired by the Rajneeshpuram Peace Force created an image of imminent violence.[14] Rumors arose of the National Guard being called in to arrest Rajneesh.[14] At the same time, the commune was embroiled in a range of legal disputes.[14] Oregon Attorney General David B. Frohnmayer maintained that the city was essentially an arm of a religious organization, and that its incorporation thus violated the principle of separation of church and state.[19] 1000 Friends of Oregon claimed that the city violated state land-use laws.[20] In 1983, a lawsuit was filed by the State of Oregon to invalidate the city's incorporation, and many attempts to expand the city further were legally blocked, prompting followers to attempt to build in nearby Antelope, which was briefly named Rajneesh, when sufficient numbers of Rajneeshees registered to vote there and won a referendum on the subject.

The Rajneeshpuram residents believed that the wider Oregonian community was both bigoted and suffered from religious intolerance.[21] According to Carl Latkin, Rajneesh's followers had made peaceful overtures to the local community when they first arrived in Oregon.[14] As Rajneeshpuram grew in size, heightened tensions led certain fundamentalist Christian church leaders to denounce Rajneesh, the commune, and his followers.[14] Petitions were circulated aimed at ridding the state of the perceived menace.[14] Letters to state newspapers reviled the Rajneeshees, one of them likening Rajneeshpuram to another Sodom and Gomorrah, another referring to them as a "cancer in our midst."[14] In time, circulars mixing "hunting humor" with dehumanizing characterizations of Rajneeshees began to appear at gun clubs, turkey shoots and other gatherings; one of these, circulated widely over the Northwest, declared "an open season on the central eastern Rajneesh, known locally as the Red Rats or Red Vermin."[22]

As Rajneesh himself did not speak in public during this period, and until October 1984 gave few interviews, his secretary and chief spokesperson Ma Anand Sheela (Sheela Silverman) became, for practical purposes, the leader of the commune.[14] She did little to defuse the conflict, employing a crude, caustic and defensive speaking style that exacerbated hostilities and attracted media attention.[14] On September 14, 1985, Sheela and 15 to 20 other top officials abruptly left Rajneeshpuram.[14] The following week, Rajneesh convened press conferences and publicly accused Sheela and her team of having committed crimes within and outside the commune.[14][23] The subsequent criminal investigation, the largest in Oregon history, confirmed that a secretive group had, unbeknownst to both government officials and nearly all Rajneeshpuram residents, engaged in a variety of criminal activities, including the attempted murder of Rajneesh's physician, wiretapping and bugging within the commune and within Rajneesh's home, poisonings of two public officials, and arson.[14][24]

Role in 1984 bioterror attack

In 1984, Sheela Silverman coordinated an attack alongside Rajneeshpuram citizens to infect the salad bars of at least ten restaurants in the county seat of Wasco County with salmonella, in an attempt to incapacitate the voting population of the city so that their own candidates would win the 1984 Wasco County elections.[25] While 751 people, including several Wasco County public officials, were infected, and 45 people were hospitalized, there were no fatalities. This incident is still regarded as the single largest biological warfare attack in United States history.

Local residents, suspecting Rajneeshpuram to be involved in the poisonings, turned out in droves on election day to prevent them from winning any county positions. The Rajneeshees eventually withdrew their candidate from the November 1984 ballot, rendering their plot unsuccessful.[25]

Air Rajneesh and Big Muddy Ranch Airport

In the mid-1980s members of the Rajneeshee commune constructed Big Muddy Ranch Airport to ferry supplies and passengers to Rajneeshpuram. To ferry the actual cargo and passengers the Rajneeshees created an airline called Air Rajneesh which operated large commuter aircraft out of Big Muddy Ranch Airport.

Outcome

Air Rajneesh Convair 240 and Douglas DC-3 at Big Muddy Ranch Airport in October 1985.
Convair 240 of Air Rajneesh, used to transport passengers and cargo to the enclave

Sheela was extradited from West Germany and imprisoned for attempted murder, assault, wiretapping, arson, immigration fraud,[26][27][28][4] and her role in the bioterror attack. During the next few years the movement also came under investigation for multiple other felonies:

  • Arson: On January 14, 1985, the Wasco County Planning Department office, which held the files on long-running disputes involving the Rajneeshees, was set on fire. The fire extensively damaged the office and destroyed one-third to one-half of the county's files.
  • Attempted Murder: Several commune members plotted to kill Charles H. Turner, the U.S. state attorney in Portland, and several other persons considered to be Rajneeshee enemies, in the 1985 Rajneeshee assassination plot. Others were on the “hit list” including Dave Frohnmayer, the Oregon Attorney General who first started to publicly dispute the Rajneesh activities.
  • Immigration Fraud: Despite originally travelling to the United States claiming medical reasons, Rajneesh never sought medical treatment during his residence, and later admitted to counts of immigration fraud.[29]
  • Voting Fraud: The Rajneeshpuram community attempted to sway local elections in their favor in a variety of methods, including the "Share-a-Home" program, in which they transported thousands of homeless people to Rajneeshpuram and attempted to register them to vote to inflate the constituency of voters for the group's candidates. The Wasco county clerk countered this attempt by enforcing a regulation that required all new voters to submit their qualifications when registering to vote.[30] A federal judge upheld the clerk's decision.[31]
  • Currency and Drug Smuggling[32]

These criminal activities had, according to the Office of the Attorney General, begun in the spring of 1984, three years after the establishment of the commune.[14] Rajneesh himself was accused of immigration violations, to which he entered an Alford plea. As part of his plea bargain, he agreed to leave the United States and eventually returned to Pune, India. His followers left Oregon shortly afterwards.

The increasing ability and capacity of local and state regulators to actively limit the development of Rajneeshpuram this way was one major factor that led to the sudden collapse of the commune in September and October 1985.

The legal standing of Rajneeshpuram remained ambiguous. In the church/state suit, Federal Judge Helen J. Frye ruled against Rajneeshpuram in late 1985, a decision that was not contested, since it came too late to be of practical significance.[33] The Oregon courts, however, eventually found in favor of the city, with the Court of Appeals determining in 1986 that incorporation had not violated the state planning system's agricultural land goals.[33] The Oregon Supreme Court ended litigation in 1987, leaving Rajneeshpuram empty and bankrupt, but legal within Oregon law.[33][34]

Originally listed for over $28 million in 1985, the ranch was sold at a sheriff's auction for $4.5 million in late 1988 to Connecticut General Life Insurance Company, the sole bidder.[35][36][37]

Washington Family Ranch

Dennis R. Washington's firm Washington Construction purchased The Big Muddy Ranch for $3.6 million in 1991.[38][39][2] Washington attempted to run the ranch for profit, and also unsuccessfully negotiated with the state to turn it into a state park.[40]

In 1996, Washington donated the ranch to Young Life, a Christian youth organization. Since 1999, Young Life has operated a summer camp there, first as the WildHorse Canyon Camp, later as the Washington Family Ranch.[40]

There are two camps on the property today. The primary camp, Washington Family Ranch: Canyon serves high school students, while the smaller camp, Washington Family Ranch: Creekside, primarily serves middle school students.

The Big Muddy Ranch Airport is also located there.[41]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rajneeshpuram.

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 Graham, Steve (November 22, 1981). "Guru gulch". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). p. 1B. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
  2. 1 2 Ostrom, Carol M. (December 11, 1995). "Ten years later, bitterness endures at Rancho Rajneesh". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on May 27, 2011. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
  3. ↑ "Incorporation of Rajneeshpuram opens door to development (part 9 of 20)". The Oregonian. July 8, 1985. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
  4. 1 2 "Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh FBI File". Retrieved June 1, 2018.
  5. ↑ "Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh Biography". Archived from the original on June 21, 2018. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
  6. ↑ "List of Reprinted Articles", Quantum Dots, Elsevier, 1999, pp. 147–150, doi:10.1016/b978-044450258-2/50007-9, ISBN 978-0-444-50258-2
  7. ↑ Petersen, David L. (April 1, 2005). "Genesis and Family Values". Journal of Biblical Literature. 124 (1): 5–23. doi:10.2307/30040988. ISSN 0021-9231. JSTOR 30040988.
  8. ↑ "CIA, Far East/Pacific Branch Intelligence Highlights - Week of 29 June - 5 July 1948, July 6, 1948, Secret, CREST". doi:10.1163/9789004346185.usao-01_285. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved November 23, 2021. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ↑ Turner, Paul; Volans, Glyn N. (1987), "R", Drugs Handbook 1987–8, Macmillan Education UK, pp. 93–94, doi:10.1007/978-1-349-09615-2_17, ISBN 978-1-349-09617-6
  10. ↑ Win McCormack (2010). The Rajneesh Chronicles: The True Story of the Cult that Unleashed the First Act of Bioterrorism on U.S. Soil. p. 144. ISBN 978-0982569191.
  11. ↑ "Followers of guru may start new city". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. October 9, 1981. p. 5D. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved April 19, 2022.
  12. ↑ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved May 28, 2023.
  13. 1 2 McDermott, Terry (October 23, 1983). "The world of Rancho Rajneesh". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). p. 1B. Archived from the original on September 4, 2023. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Latkin 1992, reprinted Aveling 1999, pp. 339–342
  15. ↑ Richardson 2004, pp. 481–486
  16. ↑ La rivoluzione interiore Archived September 4, 2023, at the Wayback Machine, Osho, Edizioni Mediterranee, 1983, page 219
  17. ↑ Carter 1987, reprinted in Aveling 1999, pp. 182, 189
  18. ↑ Carter 1990, p. 187
  19. ↑ Jepsen, DOn (October 7, 1983). "Attorney general declares Rajneesh city illegal". The Oregonian. p. A1.
  20. ↑ Senior, Janie (October 14, 1983). "Judge extends Rajneeshpuram restrictions". The Oregonian. p. C6.
  21. ↑ Dohnal 2003, p. 150
  22. ↑ Carter 1990, p. 203
  23. ↑ Carter 1990, p. 230
  24. ↑ Carter 1990, p. 237
  25. 1 2 Goodall, Alex (April 20, 2017). "Red Scare". University of Illinois Press. 1. doi:10.5406/illinois/9780252038037.003.0004.
  26. ↑ "U.S. pursues extradition of Ma Anand Sheela". United Press International. December 5, 1985. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
  27. ↑ "Guru's ex-secretary to be extradited to U.S." United Press International. February 1, 1986. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
  28. ↑ "Ex-Aide to Indian Guru Pleads Guilty to Charges". Los Angeles Times. July 23, 1986. Archived from the original on May 5, 2018. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
  29. ↑ "Ill-Fated Voyage". Science. 309 (5743): 1986b. September 23, 2005. doi:10.1126/science.309.5743.1986b. ISSN 0036-8075. S2CID 220085273.
  30. ↑ Bruce Shaw, Robert; Chayes, Michael M. (March 2011). "Moving Up: Ten questions for leaders in transition (Part II)". Leader to Leader. 2011 (60): 46–53. doi:10.1002/ltl.468. ISSN 1087-8149.
  31. ↑ "LIMIT ON VOTERS BY OREGON COUNTY IS UPHELD". New York Times. October 23, 1984. Archived from the original on May 26, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
  32. ↑ "India seeks guru's disciples in investigation of smuggling (part 5 of 20)". July 4, 1985. Archived from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
  33. 1 2 3 Abbott 1990
  34. ↑ 1000 Friends of Oregon v. Wasco County Court, 703 P.2d 207 (Or 1985), 723 P.2d 1039 (Or App. 1986), 752 P.2d 39 (Or 1987)
  35. ↑ "Rancho Rajneesh goes under hammer". The Bulletin. December 2, 1988. p. A-1. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
  36. ↑ "Rajneeshees' ranch bought by lone bidder". The Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. December 3, 1988. p. A8. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
  37. ↑ "Rancho Rajneesh sold for $4.5 million". Idahonian. Associated Press. December 2, 1988. p. 1. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
  38. ↑ "Montana millionaire buys guru's ranch". Spokesman-Review. Associated Press. May 29, 1991. p. A12. Archived from the original on March 9, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
  39. ↑ "Ranch Rajneesh changes due". The Bulletin. Associated Press. May 29, 1991. p. B-4. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
  40. 1 2 "City of Antelope and Muddy Ranch". oregonencyclopedia.org. Archived from the original on December 19, 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2017.
  41. ↑ "Rajneesh — The Ranch Today". The Oregonian. Oregon Live. April 1, 2011. Archived from the original on April 19, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2011.

References

  • Abbott, Carl (February 1990), "Utopia and Bureaucracy: The Fall of Rajneeshpuram, Oregon", Pacific Historical Review, University of California Press, 59 (1): 77–103, doi:10.2307/3640096, JSTOR 3640096, archived from the original on September 20, 2020, retrieved September 16, 2019
  • Aveling, Harry, ed. (1999), Osho Rajneesh and His Disciples: Some Western Perceptions, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-1599-8 Includes studies by Susan J. Palmer, Lewis F. Carter, Roy Wallis, Carl Latkin, Ronald O. Clarke and others previously published in various academic journals.)
  • Braun, Kirk (1984), Rajneeshpuram: The Unwelcome Society, West Linn, OR: Scout Creek Press, ISBN 0-930219-00-7.
  • Brecher, Max (1993), A Passage to America, Bombay, India: Book Quest Publishers, ISBN 978-0-943112-22-0.
  • Carrette, Jeremy; King, Richard (2004), Selling Spirituality: The Silent Takeover of Religion, New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-30209-9.
  • Carter, Lewis F. (1987), "The "New Renunciates" of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh: Observations and Identification of Problems of Interpreting New Religious Movements", Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Blackwell Publishing, 26 (2): 148–172, doi:10.2307/1385791, JSTOR 1385791, reprinted in Aveling 1999, pp. 175–218.
  • Carter, Lewis F. (1990), Charisma and Control in Rajneeshpuram: A Community without Shared Values, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-38554-7.
  • Carus, W. Seth (2002), Bioterrorism and Biocrimes (PDF), The Minerva Group, Inc., ISBN 1-4101-0023-5, archived (PDF) from the original on January 19, 2012, retrieved July 12, 2011.
  • Dohnal, Cheri (2003), Columbia River Gorge: National Treasure on the Old Oregon Trail (The Making of America series), Arcadia Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7385-2432-0, archived from the original on September 4, 2023, retrieved September 23, 2011.
  • FitzGerald, Frances (September 29, 1986b), "Rajneeshpuram", The New Yorker.
  • FitzGerald, Frances (1987), Cities on a Hill: A Journey Through Contemporary American Cultures, New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-671-55209-0. (Includes a 135-page section on Rajneeshpuram previously published in two parts in The New Yorker magazine, Sept. 22 and Sept. 29, 1986 editions.)
  • Fox, Judith M. (2002), Osho Rajneesh – Studies in Contemporary Religion Series, No. 4, Salt Lake City: Signature Books, ISBN 1-56085-156-2.
  • Gordon, James S. (1987), The Golden Guru, Lexington, MA: The Stephen Greene Press, ISBN 0-8289-0630-0.
  • Latkin, Carl A. (1992), "Seeing Red: A Social-Psychological Analysis", Sociological Analysis, Oxford University Press, 53 (3): 257–271, doi:10.2307/3711703, JSTOR 3711703, reprinted in Aveling 1999, pp. 337–361.
  • Latkin, Carl A.; Sundberg, Norman D.; Littman, Richard A.; Katsikis, Melissa G.; Hagan, Richard A. (1994), "Feelings after the fall: former Rajneeshpuram Commune members' perceptions of and affiliation with the Rajneeshee movement", Sociology of Religion, Oxford University Press, 55 (1): 65–74, doi:10.2307/3712176, JSTOR 3712176.
  • Lewis, James R.; Petersen, Jesper Aagaard, eds. (2005), Controversial New Religions, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-515682-X.
  • McCormack, Win (1985), Oregon Magazine: The Rajneesh Files 1981–86, Portland, OR: New Oregon Publishers, Inc.. ASIN B000DZUH6E
  • Palmer, Susan J.; Sharma, Arvind, eds. (1993), The Rajneesh Papers: Studies in a New Religious Movement, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-1080-5.
  • Quick, Donna (1995), A Place Called Antelope: The Rajneesh Story, Ryderwood, WA: August Press, ISBN 0-9643118-0-1.
  • Richardson, James T. (2004), Regulating Religion: Case Studies from Around the Globe, New York, NY: Luwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, ISBN 0-306-47887-0.
  • Shay, Theodore L. (1985), Rajneeshpuram and the Abuse of Power, West Linn, OR: Scout Creek Press. ASIN B0006YPC9O
  1. ↑ Wollaston, Simon. "Wild Wild Country review – Netflix's take on the cult that threatened American life". The Guardian Newspaper. Archived from the original on April 17, 2018. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
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