Rail network in Ukraine
An EKr1 between Boyarka and Vasylkiv in Kyiv Oblast
Operation
National railwayUkrzaliznytsia (Ukrainian Railways)
Statistics
Ridership53.7 million (2014, Ukrzaliznytsia only)[1]
Freight443.222 megatonnes (436,222,000 long tons; 488,569,000 short tons) (2013, Ukrzaliznytsia only)[1]
System length
Total21,640.4 kilometres (13,446.7 mi)[1]
Electrified9,878 kilometres (6,138 mi)[1]
Track gauge
Main1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)[1]
Features
No. stations1,447[1]
Map

Rail transport in Ukraine is a major mode of transport in Ukraine. Most railway infrastructure in Ukraine is owned by the government of Ukraine through Ukrzaliznytsia (Ukrainian Railways), which has a country-wide monopoly on passenger and freight transport by rail. Most lines were built under the Russian Empire or as part of the Rail transport in the Soviet Union. Part of the rail network in eastern Ukraine was privatized in the late 1990s, creating the biggest private railway company in the country, Lemtrans, which focuses on freight transport.

History

The history of railway development in present-day Ukraine

Before Ukrainian independence

Prince Leon Sapieha in 1878
Lviv Railways headquarters building

The railways in Ukraine were first built under the imperial rule of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (in the western territories, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, Duchy of Bukovina and the Hungarian comitatus in Carpathian region), and later in the Russian Empire-controlled territories that held bigger portion of modern Ukraine, having seen major development and reformation since then.

On the territory of modern Ukraine, trains that were headed by self-propelled locomotives (as opposed to horse drawn railways) appeared in the 1860s on the efforts of Prince Leon Sapieha. He initiated the extension of the Galician Railway of Archduke Charles Louis from Przemyśl (Premissel) to Lviv (Lemberg). The first train arrived in Lemberg on 4 November 1861.

During the Crimean War in 1855 British troops built a 23 km (14 mi) long military railway line on territory occupied by the Allied military forces between Sevastopol and Balaklava to improve their military logistics in their fight against the Russian Empire. After the war, in 1856 the Russian authorities dismantled the line.

Later in 1860s the line from Lviv was extended towards Chernivtsi (at that time Czernowitz was a capital of a crown land Duchy of Bukovina) and Iași (at that time Jassy was in the Kingdom of Romania). Also in 1865 in the Russian Ukraine railroad began construction from Odesa towards Balta.

In 1869–70 in Russian Ukrainian gubernias saw the start of a major construction of the railway network from Kursk in the west to Kyiv and south towards Lozova (between Kharkiv and Dnipro) passing Kharkiv. Between Darnytsia and Kyiv the Struve Railroad Bridge was built. The Lozova railroad expanded eastwards towards the Donbas area through Sloviansk and reaching Horlivka. At about the same time the line between Odesa and Balta via Kremenchuk–Kriukiv was extended towards Poltava providing for a line on both banks of the River Dnieper.

In Kriukiv (now Kremenchuk) the Kryukiv Railway Car Building Works was built. In 1869 the Rostov-on-Don to Taganrog line was extended to Horlivka. Also in Austria, the railroad was extended from Lviv towards the Austria-Russia border near Brody and in 1870 it was extended to Ternopil (Tarnopol). In 1870 Kyiv, Vinnytsia and Zhmerynka were connected with the Odesa–Balta railway.

In 1871 the first Austria-Russia border rail crossing was built when Ternopil was connected with Zhmerynka over the Zbruch River near Volochysk and Pidvolochysk located on opposite banks of the river. In 1871 Poltava was connected with Kharkiv providing with an alternative to reach the city of Odesa and its port with the Russian central provinces through Kharkiv.

In 1872-73 a major expansion of the railway network started in Russian Volhynia branching out from the Kyiv-Odesa line near Koziatyn west pass Brest-Litovsk and connecting cities such as Kovel, Rivne, Zdolbuniv, Shepetivka and Berdychiv. In 1873 a branch line from Zdolbuniv was extended to Brody becoming another railway border crossing. Some railway network expansion took place in the Donbas area as well.

In 1873 from Znamianka in Central Ukraine located on the Poltava-Balta road another branch was stretched south towards the port of Mykolaiv on the Black Sea making it the second seaport in Ukraine connected to the railway network. At about that time the railway system expanded further towards the Drohobych-Boryslav oil fields and greater Sambor areas in the Ukrainian Carpathians and another branch line was extended along the Tisza River in Hungary.

In 1873-75 the line from Lozova was expanded towards the Crimean peninsula connecting Sevastopol with Kharkiv via the Chonhar peninsula.

For more information, see:

List of populated places established with railroads

Independent Ukraine

1991-2021

On 24 September 1991, following the resolution of the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament) on separation from the Soviet Union, all railroad administration was temporarily passed to the South-Western Railways. According to the resolution, all assets located within the borders of the former Ukrainian SSR became property of Ukraine. To improve efficiency a special centralized administration was created. On 14 December 1991 the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine issued declaration No. 356 "In creation of the State Administration of Railroad Transportation in Ukraine" which proclaimed Ukrzaliznytsia a government body in administration railroad transportation uniting the six state railroad companies.[3]

Russo-Ukrainian War (2014-present)

At the outbreak of the Russo-Ukrainian War in 2014, the Russian Federation annexed Crimea and Sevastopol, while large parts of Donetsk and Luhansk Oblasts were seized by Russia-backed separatists, severely disrupting rail transport throughout southern and eastern Ukraine.

As of 2015 the Ukrainian government transformed the railways into a public joint-stock company named Ukrainian Railways (Ukrainian: Ukrainska Zaliznytsia).[4]

Russian full-scale invasion (early 2022 phase)

The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine showed the crucial role of railways in both civilian and military logistics in the area. Given the lack of roads passable during Rasputitsa and the Russian lack of vehicles capable of off-road operation, logistics relied heavily on rail transport. Railway nodes became an important target of Russian attacks to maintain their own supply lines and disrupt those of Ukraine.[5] At the same time, Ukraine's exports and imports were shifted even more to rail than in peacetime as Russia captured or cut off many important Black Sea Ports which usually handle a large share of Ukraine's external trade.[6] Railways were crucial in transporting refugees and European governments, and state railways organized special trains for humanitarian aid to and from Ukraine.[7] As airports were targets of Russian attacks and/or Ukrainian counter-attacks, trains were also used for diplomatic visits by foreign heads of state and government.[8]

2022 rail freight crisis

Due to the Russian invasion, many of the country's Black Sea ports were blocked, prompting a crisis in the export of agricultural products that were normally shipped. Railway freight has become the most viable alternative, but the Ukrainian railway network has not been able to cope with the demand, mainly because of the railway break-of-gauge between Ukraine's Soviet-era 1520 mm gauge railways and the standard-gauge railway (1435 mm) of states west of its borders has created bottlenecks at transloading stations.[9][10] On 7 April 2022, Ukrzaliznytsia reported that 10,320 wagons (about half of the total) were waiting at the Ustyluh (Izov)–Hrubieszów border crossing on the Linia Hutnicza Szerokotorowa line, the main railway connection between Ukraine and Poland and the longest 1,520 mm gauge railway of Poland.[9]

Efforts to quickly increase rail freight capacity have been launched, including construction of new large transloading stations near Mostyska and elsewhere, mainly in Poland.[10] As of 12 April 2022, the Mostyka station was planned to be completed by June 2022, with a transloading capacity of 50,000 metric tonnes of grain per month by July, and 100,000 tonnes by September.[10] Additional challenges included the need to increase the number of wagons, appropriate permits to let Ukrainian wagons ride in EU territory, and to increase the capacity of EU ports (such as Gdańsk, Hamburg and Rotterdam) that would have to take over the shipping role of the blocked Black Sea ports.[10] There are also proposed to build more 1,520 mm gauge railway lines in Poland and Germany, eventually as far to the Netherlands.

Some railway stations have also been damaged due to the present war.[11]

Restoration and modernisation (2022-present)

By October 2022, large-scale operations were underway to repair all damaged railway infrastructure with great precision, while mines were cleared and unexploded ordnance were defused or safely detonated and removed.[12] The railways had proven to serve an essential role for Ukrainian military, cilivian and humanitarian logistics, and the recapture of Russian-occupied train tracks seriously disrupted the logistics of invading forces.[12] Ukrainian Railways was also in the process of planning the replacement of its 1,520 mm gauge with the 1,435 mm standard-gauge railway for future integration with the European Union's rail network.[12]

In early February 2022 (just before the Russian invasion began), upon returning from a visit to Poland, Infrastructure Minister Oleksandr Kubrakov, his deputy Mustafa Nayyem and Ukrzaliznytsia CEO Oleksandr Kamyshin announced that Ukraine and Poland had agreed that a high-speed rail link would be built between Kyiv and Warsaw through Yahodyn railway station,[13] reducing travel times by four hours. Ukrzaliznytsia also decided to remove all restrictions on rail transit to Poland beginning on 10 February 2022.[14][15] After the Russian invasion caused a lot of damage to Ukrainian railway and airport infrastructure, the Polish government in October 2022 offered to help Ukraine's post-war reconstruction, as well as adding an extra high-speed rail link between Lublin and Lviv through Zamość and Bełżec.[13]

In October 2022 the border crossing from Rakhiv south to Valea Vișeului railway station in Romania (closed in 2011[16]) was reopened.[17]

In 2023 at Teresva a fourth rail connection between Ukraine and Romania opened.[18]

The first freight train in 25 years travelled on the Basarabeasca-Berezino line from Moldova in April 2023, the line having been recently renovated by a joint Moldova/Ukrainian team in just over a month. This line reopens an historic connection between Ukraine and Romania and bypasses Transnistria.[19] In October 2023, the Warsaw – Rava-Ruska connection was extended to Briukhovychi (just northwest of Lviv), and in November 2023 the new connection Chop – Prague was opened, thus adding two more standard-gauge rails from Ukraine to Poland and Czechia, respectively.[20] There were long-term plans to turn Lviv into a European standard rail hub, but that major project would have to be performed in several smaller stages.[20]

Infrastructure

Electrification systems in Europe:[lower-alpha 1]
  non-electrified

Railways in Ukraine use various gauge types. The broad gauge (1,520 mm), a legacy of Imperial Russian and Soviet times, dominates the landscape, and narrow-gauge railways (750 mm) also exist, but plans are being made to construct, restore or switch to more standard-gauge railways (1,435 mm) for better train connections with the rest of Europe.[21] About half of railways in Ukraine are electrified (some of which have been damaged during the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War and temporarily switched to diesel trains).[22]

The total length of Ukrainian rails of all gauges was 28,000 kilometres at the end of 1997.[23] Around January 2022, the length of railways in Ukraine was 19,790 km in broad-gauge 1520 mm (excluding those located in temporarily occupied territory), about 350 km in standard-gauge 1435 mm, and about 400 km in narrow gauge 750 mm. [23]

Railways by gauge

Broad gauge (1,520 mm)

As of 2020, the total length of the main broad-gauge (1,520 mm) railroad network was 19,787 kilometres (12,295 mi).[22] The total length of electrified broad-gauge lines (with the use of the overhead wire) was 9,319 kilometres (5,791 mi).[22] The infrastructure also contains 5,422 railway crossings (level crossing), 4,168 of which employ an automatic signaling system. At the same time 1,497 crossings are staffed 1,468 out of those equipped with automatic signaling system (grade crossing signals).

Standard gauge (1,435 mm)

As of May 2022, Ukraine had many stretches of standard gauge rail, although several had not seen use for decades.[21] The c. 80-kilometre-long railroad from Kovel railway station to Yahodyn railway station near the Ukrainian–Polish border was the longest standard-gauge track in Ukraine at the time;[21] in May 2021, Ukrainian Railways started electrifying and modernising this route.[24] Specialised freight fleets at Kovel station compatible with the European network had not been in use for almost 30 years, however.[21] From Chop to Mukachevo and to the railway station at Nevetlenfolu (Diakovo) in Zakarpattia, large sections of rail track are of European width as well.[21]

Bogie-exchange station in Chop, Ukraine

Since the 2010s, and especially since the February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, much urge has been given to plans to build new standard-gauge connections between the largest cities and EU countries, and switch over parts of the Ukrainian network from 1,520 mm to standard gauge.[21] Although switching the entire network over quickly would not be realistic, the construction or renewal of standard-gauge border crossings were deemed viable options to be prioritised.[21] In February 2021, plans were drafted by the Ministry of Infrastructure for building four sections with a total length of 2,000 km, with a top train speed of over 250 km/h.[21] The first and longest of these would be a 896 km-long track between Kyiv and Lviv, onwards to the Ukrainian-Polish border.[21] The plans also included standard-gauge rail between Chernivtsi and Siret, Romania, as well as restoring the European gauge between Chop and Uzhhorod.[21] Restoration of the Mostyska-1 to Rodatychi standard-gauge track is also under discussion.[21]

In June 2023 it was agreed, following the October 2022 European Union decision to extend the EU TEN-T system, for passenger transport, to bring a European Standard gauge line from Poland to Kyiv via Lviv.[25]

Other TEN-T European standard lines planned include:

  • International connections to Lviv from Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania.
  • International connection to Odesa from Moldova.
  • Lviv to Odesa line.
  • Kyiv to Mariupol line.[26]

Narrow gauges (750 mm)

Various 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) gauge railways operate in Ukraine as common carrier, industrial railway or children's railways.

Most commonly used rail gauges in the countries of Eurasia.
  Broad gauge (1,520 mm)
  Standard gauge (1,435 mm)
  • Moldova Moldova: same gauge, 1520mm broad.
    • Link requiring transit through Transnistria, closed due to rail bridge damaged by Ukraine in early 2022.[28]
    • A previously abandoned link between Basarabeasca (Moldova) and Berezyne (Ukraine) that was rebuilt and reopened in August 2022.[29][30]

Stations

In 2020, there were 1,402 stations,[22] that had 118 various station buildings. There were 2,268 smaller halts. The network is fully interconnected, central-dispatched and consists of 1,648 stations of all sizes spread throughout the country. The largest stations are Nyzhnodniprovsk-Vuzol (in the city of Dnipro) and Darnytsia (in the capital Kyiv) – both freight.

  • Intermediate
  • Sorting
  • Freight
  • Sectional
  • Passenger

Railway stations also have five classes depending on their general performance. Some stations may be named as railway stop, platform number, passing loop (Ukrainian: роз'їзд) or simply kilometer post.

Prior to the intensified Ukrainian derussification after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine there were still renaming railway stops whose names indicate the distance to Moscow.[37]

Infrastructure projects

  • Electrification of the Volodymyr – Kovel track.[32]

Beskydy Tunnel

The Beskydy Tunnel was inaugurated in May 2018, serving as the most important rail link between Ukraine and the pan-European railway network, handling 60% of Ukraine-EU freight traffic. The project was supported by the European Union, the European Investment Bank (EIB), and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD).[38] The new tunnel more than doubles the output on the line, to 100 trains from the previous 45, and allows a speed increase from 40 km/h to 70 km/h.[39]

Kyiv – Vasylkiv electrification project

In 2021 the electrification of the track section Vasylkiv 1 – Vasylkiv 2 is planned, which will enable the launch of electric suburban rail between Kyiv and Vasylkiv. The project involves the reconstruction of the Boyarka electrical substation, track works and a new passenger platform.[40]

Zhytomyr – Zviahel line upgrade

In 2021, the line between Zhytomyr and Zviahel is planned to be modernized and electrified.[40][41]

Kyiv – Cherkasy electrification

The project envisages the electrification of the 30 km section between Taras Shevchenko (Smila) and Cherkasy stations, which is the only non-electrified section between Cherkasy and Kyiv. The project will enable the launch of INTERCITY+ services between Kyiv and Cherkasy, reducing travel time from 3 hours 41 minutes to 2 hours and 45 minutes.[42] Ukrainian Railways plans to carry out service using Skoda City Elephant EJ675 double decker electric multiple units.[43]

Rolling stock

Because of the difference in gauges, most of Ukraine's rolling stock cannot move across standard gauge rail into neighbouring countries to its west, namely Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania.[21] Although replacing the bogies would make wagons compatible with most Romanian and Bulgarian railways, '[Ukrainian] grain wagons have a width of 3,224 mm, while the maximum allowable one in many European countries is 3,150 mm, and the axle load of [Ukrainian] wagons is up to 23.5 tons with the maximum allowable 18–20 tons in many neighboring countries. Therefore, in Hungary, Slovakia, and Poland, basically only European wagons can be used.'[21] Specialised freight fleets at Kovel railway station compatible with the European network can move across Ukraine's longest standard-gauge track into Poland, but as of 2022 had not been in use for almost 30 years.[21]

Rail and train companies

Operators

  • Ukrainian Railways (Ukrzaliznytsia), the state-owned joint-stock company that has a de facto monopoly on rail transport operations in Ukraine. It was recognised in 2011 that there is a need for competition in rail services.[44]

Manufacturers

Locomotives

  • Luhanskteplovoz, former producer of locomotives (in 2007-2016 belonged to Russian Transmashholding)
  • Malyshev Factory, former producer of locomotives as Kharkiv Steam-locomotive Factory
  • Dnipro Electrical Locomotive Works, producer of electrical locomotives
  • Ukrzaliznychpostach
  • Vinnytsiatransprylad
  • Ukrainian state center of railroad refrigerated transportation
  • Ukrainian state center in exploitation of specialized rolling stock "Ukrspecrailcar"

Railcars

Supporting

  • Kryvyi Rih Diesel Engines, diesel engines
  • LuhCentroKuz, rail axles

Trams

Repair factories

  • Darnytsia Railcar Repair
  • Dnipro Railcar Repair
  • Dnipro Diesel Locomotive Repair
  • Haivoron Diesel Locomotive Repair
  • Hnivan factory of special reinforced concrete
  • Izyum Diesel Locomotive Repair
  • Ivano-Frankivsk Locomotive Repair
  • Lviv Locomotive Repair
  • Kharkiv Railcar Repair
  • Konotop Railcar Repair
  • Korosten factory of reinforced concrete railroad ties
  • Kremenchuk factory of reinforced concrete railroad ties
  • Kyiv Electric Railcar Repair
  • Poltava Diesel Locomotive Repair
  • Popasna railcar maintenance shop
  • Starokostyantyniv factory of reinforced concrete railroad ties
  • Stryi railcar maintenance shop
  • Zaporizhia Electric Locomotive Repair
  • Zhmerynka Railcar Repair

Rail stock research

Others

  • Central station of communication
  • Donbasshlyakhpostach
  • Main information-calculation center
  • Ukrainian state accounting center of international transportations
  • State company "Ukrainian center of track works mechanization"
  • Lisky
  • Ukrainian center of passenger service (UTsOP)
  • Ukrtransfarmatsia
  • E-kvytok (translate Electronic ticket)

Other rail transport in Ukraine

Rail transport used for mass transit is usually administered by local government, typically city authorities; this includes trams, subway (metro), funicular and others. There are rapid transit systems in Kyiv, Kharkiv and Dnipro as well as tram systems among which the Kryvyi Rih Metrotram contains underground sections.

In mountainous regions various narrow gauge railways are owned and operated privately, sometimes in the form of heritage railways.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ High-speed lines in France, Spain, Italy, United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium and Turkey operate under 25 kV, as high power lines in the former Soviet Union as well.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Statistical data on Ukrainian Railways (Статистичні дані про Українські залізниці)". Archived from the original on 2017-02-04. Retrieved 2017-02-04.
  2. 1 2 Ukraine profile, BBC News
  3. ↑ "КАБІНЕТ МІНІСТРІВ УКРАЇНИ П О С Т А Н О В А від 14 грудня 1991 р. N 356". Законодавство України. 30 July 1993.
  4. ↑ Ukrzaliznytsia officially becomes joint-stock company, UNIAN (21 October 2015)
    http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/economic/299132.html
  5. ↑ "Die Bedeutung der Eisenbahn im Krieg in der Ukraine macht sie teils zur Zielscheibe".
  6. ↑ "Wie wichtig der Eisenbahnchef plötzlich für die Ukraine ist – und warum Putin ihn töten will".
  7. ↑ "Riesiger Güterzug ist nach Kiew unterwegs".
  8. ↑ ""Starkes Zeichen der Unterstützung": Selenskyj begrüßt Regierungschefs von drei EU-Ländern in Kiew". 15 March 2022.
  9. 1 2 Silvia Aloisi; Pavel Polityuk (7 April 2022). "Thousands of goods railcars stuck at Ukraine's border as war hits exports". Reuters. Retrieved 16 April 2022.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Sander van Hoorn (12 April 2022). "Oekraïne bouwt aan grote graanoverslag voor treinen aan Poolse grens" [Ukraine is building large grain transhipment for trains at Polish border]. NOS (in Dutch). Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  11. ↑ "Kharkiv catalogues war's toll on its architectural gems". TheGuardian.com. 5 May 2022.
  12. 1 2 3 Sander van Hoorn & Chiem Balduk (4 October 2022). "Met militaire precisie wordt het cruciale spoor in Oekraïne hersteld" [Crucial railways in Ukraine are restored with military precision]. NOS.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  13. 1 2 "Poland wants to help Ukraine restore airports, expand railway links". Ukrinform. 27 October 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  14. ↑ "Ukraine, Poland plan a high-speed railway communication between capitals". Ukraine open for business. 7 February 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  15. ↑ "High-speed rail link between Kyiv and Warsaw". Odessa Journal. 8 February 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
  16. 1 2 "Romania, freight trains and Ukraine - Complicated borders, exaggerations, slow speeds, big problems". HotNews (in Romanian). Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  17. 1 2 3 "Valea Vișeului-Berlibas railway line, transit line at the border with Ukraine, reopened". Mediafax (in Romanian). Retrieved 14 November 2022.
  18. ↑ "EXCITING: In Ukraine, two new railway sections on the border with Romania were repaired in 2 months". 30 August 2022.
  19. ↑ "Ukraine Begins Exporting Via Reopened Moldovan Rail Link". 12 April 2023.
  20. 1 2 Esther Geerts (2 October 2023). "Two connections from Poland and Czech Republic to Ukraine launch this autumn". RailTech. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Valery Moiseev (26 May 2022). "Shmyhal reports complete switch of Ukraine to European railway gauge: Why this is impossible". The Page. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
  22. 1 2 3 4 "Статистичні дані про Українські залізниці". Міністерство інфраструктури України (in Ukrainian). Archived from the original on 3 November 2022. Retrieved 2020-10-29.
  23. 1 2 EC 2023, p. 18.
  24. ↑ "Ukrainian Railways starts major electrification project this summer". RailTech.com. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  25. ↑ "Deal for standard gauge to Ukraine to be signed this month". June 2023.
  26. ↑ "Railways in Ukraine". Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  27. ↑ "How to get from Hungary to Ukraine: convenient routes". 22 April 2023.
  28. ↑ "Ukraine blows up bridge to Transnistria after Tiraspol reasserts its independence". 7 March 2022.
  29. ↑ "Basarabeasca-Berezino railway section put into operation". Moldpres. 22 August 2022. Archived from the original on 30 August 2022.
  30. ↑ "Ukrainian railways set up cargo flows via new rail crossing with Moldova". RailFreight.com. 14 April 2023. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023.
  31. 1 2 EC 2023, p. 34–35.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 EC 2023, p. 34.
  33. 1 2 EC 2023, p. 35.
  34. ↑ "PKP LHS: Ukraina odblokowała tranzyt pociągów z Azji do Polski przez swoje terytorium". 10 February 2022.
  35. ↑ "Slovakia launches new train to Ukraine". 10 June 2019.
  36. ↑ "RegioJet to operate into Ukraine from January 2024". 1 December 2023.
  37. ↑ "Pervomaisky failed to rename on the third attempt" (in Ukrainian). SQ. 29 September 2023. Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  38. ↑ "Opening of Beskyd tunnel moves Ukraine closer to the EU". www.ebrd.com. Retrieved 2020-10-29.
  39. ↑ 2018-05-25T10:32:42+01:00. "Beskyd tunnel completed". Railway Gazette International. Retrieved 2020-10-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  40. 1 2 "В проект Бюджета-2021 заложена электрификация ж/д линии для запуска электричек Киев-Васильков". cfts.org.ua (in Russian). Retrieved 2020-10-28.
  41. ↑ "Главные цифры госбюджета — как будут финансировать транспорт в 2021 году". Mintrans. Retrieved 2020-10-28.
  42. ↑ "Железнодорожная инфраструктура в проекте бюджета-2021: хорошие новости для Черкасс, Житомира и Василькова". nv.ua (in Russian). Retrieved 2020-10-28.
  43. ↑ "Двухэтажные поезда Skoda хотят пустить на маршрут Киев-Черкассы". cfts.org.ua (in Russian). Retrieved 2020-10-28.
  44. ↑ "General information about railway transport". Retrieved 8 August 2023.
  45. ↑ Official website. Ukrainian Research Institute of Railcar Construction.

Bibliography

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