Minuteman-III MIRV launch sequence:
  • 1. The missile launches out of its silo by firing its 1st-stage boost motor (A).
  • 2. About 60 seconds after launch, the 1st-stage drops off and the 2nd-stage motor (B) ignites. The missile shroud (E) is ejected.
  • 3. About 120 seconds after launch, the 3rd-stage motor (C) ignites and separates from the 2nd stage.
  • 4. About 180 seconds after launch, 3rd-stage thrust terminates and the post-boost vehicle (D) separates from the rocket.
  • 5. The post-boost vehicle maneuvers itself and prepares for re-entry vehicle (RV) deployment.
  • 6. The RVs, as well as decoys and chaff, are deployed.
  • 7. The RVs (now armed) and chaff re-enter the atmosphere at high speeds.
  • 8. The nuclear warheads detonate.

A ballistic missile ( CBM / ICBM) is a type of missile that uses projectile motion to deliver warheads on a target. These weapons are powered only during relatively brief periods—most of the flight is unpowered. Short-range ballistic missiles stay within the Earth's atmosphere, while intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) are launched on a sub-orbital flight.

These weapons are in a distinct category from cruise missiles, which are aerodynamically guided in powered flight. Unlike cruise missiles, which are restricted to the atmosphere, it is advantageous for ballistic missiles to avoid the denser parts of the atmosphere and they may travel above the atmosphere into outer space.

History

Replica V-2

The earliest form of ballistic missile dates from the 13th century with its use derived from the history of rockets. In the 14th century, the Ming Chinese navy used an early form of a ballistic missile weapon called the Huolongchushui in naval battles against enemy ships.[1]

One modern pioneer ballistic missile was the A-4,[2] commonly known as the V-2 developed by Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s under the direction of Wernher von Braun. The first successful launch of a V-2 was on October 3, 1942, and it began operation on September 6, 1944, against Paris, followed by an attack on London two days later. By the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945, more than 3,000 V-2s had been launched.[3]

The R-7 Semyorka was the first intercontinental ballistic missile.[4]

Side view of Minuteman-III ICBM

Flight

An intercontinental ballistic missile trajectory consists of three parts: the powered flight portion; the free-flight portion, which constitutes most of the flight time; and the re-entry phase, where the missile re-enters the Earth's atmosphere. The flight phases for shorter-range ballistic missiles are essentially the first two phases of the ICBM, as some ballistic categories do not leave the atmosphere.[5]

Ballistic missiles can be launched from fixed sites or mobile launchers, including vehicles (e.g., transporter erector launchers), aircraft, ships, and submarines. The powered flight portion can last from a few tenths of seconds to several minutes and can consist of multiple rocket stages.[5]

When the fuel is exhausted, no more thrust is provided and the missile enters free flight. In order to cover large distances, ballistic missiles are usually launched into a high sub-orbital spaceflight; for intercontinental missiles, the highest altitude (apogee) reached during free-flight is about 4,500 kilometers (2,800 mi).[6]

The re-entry stage begins at an altitude where atmospheric drag plays a significant part in missile trajectory, and lasts until missile impact.[5] Re-entry vehicles re-enter the Earth's atmosphere at very high velocities, on the order of 6–8 kilometers per second (22,000–29,000 km/h; 13,000–18,000 mph) at ICBM ranges.[7]

Types

Trident II SLBM launched by ballistic missile submarine

Ballistic missiles vary widely in range and use, and are often divided into categories based on range. Various schemes are used by different countries to categorize the ranges of ballistic missiles:

Most current designs have intercontinental range with a notable exception of Indian operational SLBM Sagarika and K-4 as well as North Korea's currently operationally deployed KN-11[8] which might not have intercontinental range. A comparable missile would be the decommissioned China's JL-1 SLBM with a range of less than 2,500 km.

Tactical short- and medium-range missiles are often collectively referred to as tactical and theatre ballistic missiles, respectively. Long- and medium-range ballistic missiles are generally designed to deliver nuclear weapons because their payload is too limited for conventional explosives to be cost-effective in comparison to conventional bomber aircraft (though the U.S. is evaluating the idea of a conventionally armed ICBM for near-instant global air strike capability, despite the high costs).

Quasi-ballistic missiles

A quasi-ballistic missile (also called a semi-ballistic missile) is a category of missile that has a low trajectory and/or is largely ballistic but can perform maneuvers in flight or make unexpected changes in direction and range.[9] They include anti-ship ballistic missiles. At a lower trajectory than a ballistic missile, a quasi-ballistic missile can maintain higher speed, thus allowing its target less time to react to the attack, at the cost of reduced range.

The Russian Iskander is a quasi-ballistic missile.[10] The Russian Iskander-M cruises at hypersonic speed of 2,100–2,600 m/s (Mach 6–7) at a height of 50 km. The Iskander-M weighs 4,615 kg, carries a warhead of 710–800 kg, has a range of 480 km and achieves a CEP of 5–7 meters. During flight it can maneuver at different altitudes and trajectories to evade anti-ballistic missiles.[11][12]

List of quasi-ballistic missiles

 India
 Soviet Union /  Russia
 United States

Hypersonic ballistic missile

Many ballistic missiles reach hypersonic speeds (i.e. Mach 5 and above) when they re-enter the atmosphere from space. However, in common military terminology, the term "hypersonic ballistic missile" is generally only given to those that can be maneuvered before hitting their target and don't follow a simple ballistic trajectory.[17][18]

Throw-weight

Throw-weight is a measure of the effective weight of ballistic missile payloads. It is measured in kilograms or tonnes. Throw-weight equals the total weight of a missile's warheads, reentry vehicles, self-contained dispensing mechanisms, penetration aids, and missile guidance systems: generally all components except for the launch rocket booster and launch fuel. Throw-weight may refer to any type of warhead, but in normal modern usage, it refers almost exclusively to nuclear or thermonuclear payloads. It was once also a consideration in the design of naval ships and the number and size of their guns.

Throw-weight was used as a criterion in classifying different types of missiles during Strategic Arms Limitation Talks between the Soviet Union and the United States.[19] The term became politically controversial during debates over the arms control accord, as critics of the treaty alleged that Soviet missiles were able to carry larger payloads and so enabled the Soviets to maintain higher throw-weight than an American force with a roughly comparable number of lower-payload missiles.[20]

The missiles with the world's heaviest payloads are the Russian SS-18 and Chinese CSS-4 and as of 2017, Russia was developing a new heavy-lift, liquid-propellant ICBM called the Sarmat.[7]

Depressed trajectory

Throw-weight is normally calculated using an optimal ballistic trajectory from one point on the surface of the Earth to another. An optimal trajectory maximizes the total payload (throw-weight) using the available impulse of the missile. By reducing the payload weight, different trajectories can be selected, which can either increase the nominal range or decrease the total time in flight.

A depressed trajectory is non-optimal, as a lower and flatter trajectory takes less time between launch and impact but has a lower throw-weight. The primary reasons to choose a depressed trajectory are to evade anti-ballistic missile systems by reducing the time available to shoot down the attacking vehicle (especially during the vulnerable burn-phase against space-based ABM systems) or a nuclear first-strike scenario.[21] An alternate, non-military purpose for a depressed trajectory is in conjunction with the spaceplane concept with use of air-breathing engines, which requires the ballistic missile to remain low enough inside the atmosphere for air-breathing engines to function.

Combat use

The following ballistic missiles have been used in combat:

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 508-510.
  2. ↑ Zaloga, Steven (2003). V-2 Ballistic Missile 1942–52. Reading: Osprey Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-84176-541-9.
  3. ↑ Clayton K. S. Chun (2006). Thunder Over the Horizon: From V-2 Rockets to Ballistic Missiles. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 54.
  4. ↑ "Launching The Space Age". airandspace.si.edu. Retrieved 2023-03-01.
  5. 1 2 3 McFadden, Christopher (4 December 2017). "What is an intercontinental ballistic missile and how does it work?".
  6. ↑ "North Korea launches 'highest ever' ballistic missile". BBC. 28 November 2017.
  7. 1 2 "Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat". Defense Intelligence Ballistic Missile Analysis Committee. June 2017.
  8. ↑ (2nd LD) N.K. leader calls SLBM launch success, boasts of nuke attack capacity Archived 2017-10-11 at the Wayback Machine—Yonhap, 25 Aug 2016 08:17am
  9. ↑ "Why Pralay quasi-ballistic missile, tested by DRDO today, will be a 'game-changer' for Army". ThePrint. 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2022-06-21.
  10. ↑ "Latest News". Business Standard India – via Business Standard.
  11. ↑ "MilitaryRussia.Ru — отечественная военная техника (после 1945г.) | Статьи". military.tomsk.ru. Archived from the original on 2017-10-06. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
  12. ↑ "SS-26 Stone Iskander 9M72 9P78EBallistic missile system". Archived from the original on 2010-07-25.
  13. ↑ "Missile marvels: India makes a mark with its growing capabilities". Financialexpress. 27 December 2022. Retrieved 2022-12-28.
  14. ↑ "Precision Strike Missile (PrSM) - U.S. Army's partner of choice for the next-generation of long-range precision strike capability". 2021. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  15. ↑ "MGM-140 ATACMS Short-Range Ballistic Missile | MilitaryToday.com". www.militarytoday.com. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  16. ↑ "Precision Strike Missile (PrSM)". Lockheed Martin. Retrieved 2023-10-26.
  17. ↑ "'National pride is at stake.' Russia, China, United States race to build hypersonic weapons". www.science.org. Retrieved 2022-11-21.
  18. ↑ Gale, Alastair. "What Are Hypersonic Missiles and Who's Developing Them?". WSJ. Retrieved 2022-11-20.
  19. ↑ James John Tritten, Throw-Weight and Arms Control Archived 2007-11-23 at the Wayback Machine, Air University Review, Nov-Dec 1982.
  20. ↑ What Is Throw-Weight? Archived 2022-11-26 at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, July 15, 1991.
  21. ↑ Science & Global Security, 1992, Volume 3, pp.101-159 Depressed Trajectory SLBMs: A Technical Evaluation and Arms Control Possibilities Archived 2013-03-18 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ↑ "The National Interest: Blog".
  23. ↑ "Two missiles target Ethiopian airports as Tigray conflict widens". 14 November 2020.
  24. ↑ "Little and large missile surprises in Sanaa and Tehran".
  25. ↑ "Video Points to Azerbaijan's First Use of Israeli-Made Ballistic Missile Against Armenia". 2 October 2020.
  26. ↑ "In a first, Israel shoots down a ballistic missile in space". 5 November 2023.
  27. ↑ "A peek inside Houthi Rebel's recent missile strikes in Saudi Arabia | FDD's Long War Journal". 28 March 2018.
  28. ↑ "Interview: Inside the Houthi arsenal that can reach Israel". Amwaj.media. Retrieved 2 November 2023.

References

  • Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic. Taipei: Caves Books.

Further reading

  • Futter, Andrew (2013). Ballistic Missile Defence and US National Security Policy: Normalisation and Acceptance after the Cold War. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-81732-5.
  • Neufeld, Jacob (1990). The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945–1960. Office of Air Force History, U.S. Air Force. ISBN 0-912799-62-5.
  • Swaine, Michael D.; Swanger, Rachel M.; Kawakami, Takashi (2001). Japan and Ballistic Missile Defense. Rand. ISBN 0-8330-3020-5.
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