Purple Line
Purple Line construction in Silver Spring, June 2020
Overview
StatusUnder construction
OwnerMaryland Transit Administration
LocaleMontgomery County, MD
Prince George's County, MD
Termini
Stations21 (planned)[1]
Websitepurplelinemd.com
Service
TypeLight rail
SystemMaryland Transit Administration
Rolling stock28 CAF LRVs[2]
Daily ridership64,800 (2030 projection)[1]
History
Planned opening2027
Technical
Track length16.2[3] mi (26.1 km)
CharacterAt-grade, elevated, and underground
Track gauge4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge[4]
ElectrificationOverhead line, 1,500 V DC[5]
Operating speed55[6] mph (89 km/h)
Route map
 Bethesda
Connecticut Avenue
Rock Creek
 Lyttonsville
 16th Street–Woodside
 Silver Spring
Bonifant Street
 Silver Spring Library
Wayne Avenue
 Dale Drive
Sligo Creek
 Manchester Place
 Long Branch
MD Route 193.svg
MD 193
University Boulevard
 Piney Branch Road
 Takoma–Langley
Montgomery Co.
Prince George's Co.
 Riggs Road
Northwest Branch Anacostia River
 Adelphi Road–UMGC–UMD
Campus Drive–UMD
Campus Drive
 Baltimore Avenue–UMD
College Park–University of Maryland
Riverdale Park North–UMD
MD Route 201.svg
MD 201
Kenilworth Avenue
Riverdale Park–Kenilworth
 Beacon Heights–East Pines
Glenridge Maintenance Facility
 Glenridge
Ellin Road
 New Carrollton
Amtrak

The Purple Line is a 16.2-mile (26.1 km) light rail line[3] being built to link several Maryland suburbs of Washington, D.C.: Bethesda, Silver Spring, College Park, and New Carrollton.[7] Currently slated to open in 2027, the line will also enable riders to move between the Maryland branches of the Red, Green, and Orange lines of the Washington Metro without riding into central Washington, and between all three lines of the MARC commuter rail system. The project is administered by the Maryland Transit Administration (MTA), an agency of the Maryland Department of Transportation (MDOT), and not the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA), which operates Metro.

Throughout its decades-long planning process, the project was dogged by resistance, particularly from residents of the upscale community of Chevy Chase and members of the Columbia Country Club. From 2003 to 2006, Maryland Governor Robert Ehrlich changed the proposed mode of transportation from light rail to bus rapid transit. Legal attempts to thwart the line continued even after construction had begun;[8] but in December 2017, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ruled that Purple Line construction could continue despite these objections.[9][10]

In 2016, a consortium headed by Fluor Enterprises won the contract to design and build the Purple Line, then to operate and maintain it for 36 years.[11][3] Construction began in August 2017.[12] Work halted in September 2020, when the consortium withdrew from the contract, citing mounting delays and disputes with the state government.[13] The project had already consumed $1.1 billion of the anticipated $2 billion construction cost.[14]

A new general contractor was selected in November 2021,[15] and a new contract was signed in April 2022. This new agreement added $3.7 billion to the total cost of building, running, and maintaining the Purple Line for 30 years, bringing it to $9.3 billion. Construction costs alone rose $1.46 billion, bringing the total to $3.4 billion.[16] In July 2023, estimated construction costs rose another $148 million.[17]

Full-scale construction activity resumed in summer 2022.[18] As of July 2023, train service was expected to begin in spring 2027.[17]

History

Early studies, public debate, design

Topological map of the Washington Metro system depicting integration of the Purple Line

The "Purple Line" has been the name of two different transit proposals. In 1994, John J. Corley Jr., an architect with Harry Weese Associates (which designed the Washington Metro system) proposed a multibillion-dollar Metro line around the 64-mile (103 km) Capital Beltway. This would have served as a "ring" line, connecting suburb to suburb and complementing the existing Metro lines, which radiate from Washington.[19] (See Rapid transit#Network topologies.) In 1998, the Beltway Purple Line received considerable political support from Montgomery County Executive Douglas M. Duncan and Governor Parris Glendening, which was a $10 billion, 30-mile (48 km) line from National Harbor to Montgomery Mall.[20]

In 1987, after CSX expressed a desire to abandon the Georgetown Branch rail line, Maryland leaders immediately started planning to repurpose it for transit and a hiking trail.[21] The idea of adapting the railroad for a transit line dated back at least as far as 1970, when such a use was included in the October 1970 Master Plan for the Bethesda-Chevy Chase Planning Area.[22] Montgomery County purchased its portion of the railroad right-of-way from CSX in 1988 and in 1989 budgeted $107 million to build a trolley between Bethesda and Silver Spring and a pair of trails between Silver Spring and the District.[23][24]

Eventually, this proposal came known as the "Inner Purple Line" to distinguish it from the "Beltway Purple Line". By 2001, the "Beltway Purple Line" proposal had been abandoned as too costly and the name was attached to the Bethesda to New Carrollton line.[25]

Robert Flanagan, the Maryland State Secretary of Transportation under Governor Robert Ehrlich, merged the Purple Line proposal with the Georgetown Branch Light Rail Transit (GBLRT) line. The GBLRT was proposed as a light rail transit line from Silver Spring westward, following the former Georgetown Branch of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (now a short CSX siding and the Capital Crescent Trail) to Bethesda.[26]

Groundbreaking ceremony of the Purple Line on August 28, 2017.[27]

In March 2003, the Ehrlich administration renamed the project the "Bi-County Transitway", reflecting a proposal by Ehrlich and Flanagan to use bus rapid transit instead of light rail, and because the name "Purple Line" seemed to suggest a new heavy-rail system like the color-named lines of the Washington Metro system. The new name did not catch on; several media outlets and most citizens continued to refer to the "Purple Line". In 2007, Governor Martin O'Malley and Secretary of Transportation John Porcari reverted to "Purple Line".[28]

In January 2008, the O'Malley administration allocated $100 million within a six-year capital budget to complete design documents for state approval and funding of the Purple Line.[29] In May 2008, it was projected that the Purple Line would have about 68,000 daily trips.[30] A draft environmental impact study was issued on October 20, 2008.[31] On December 22, 2008, Montgomery County planners endorsed building a light rail line rather than a bus line. On January 15, 2009, the county planning board also endorsed the light rail option,[32] and County Executive Isiah Leggett has also expressed support.[33] On October 21, 2009, members of the National Capital Region Transportation Planning Board voted unanimously to approve the Purple Line light rail project for inclusion into the region's Constrained Long-Range Transportation Plan.[34]

Planners proposed to use existing Washington Metro stations and to accept the WMATA's SmarTrip farecard.[35] Metro's 2008 annual report envisioned that the Purple Line would be fully integrated with the existing Washington Metro transit system by 2030.[36][37]

The proposed project drew support and opposition in the community:

Support for Purple Line
  • Purple Line Now is a non-profit organization that advocated for a Purple Line light rail line from Bethesda to New Carrollton to be integrated with a hiker/biker trail from Bethesda to Silver Spring.[38]
  • The Action Committee for Transit is a community group that supports the Purple Line.[39]
  • The Washington Post editorial board endorsed the Purple Line light rail option in 2008.[40]
  • The Montgomery County Council and Prince George's County Council voted unanimously in favor of the light rail option for the Purple Line in January 2009.[41]
  • Maryland state officials (including former Governor Martin O'Malley) are also strong Purple Line advocates. State officials say that a Purple Line, which is to run primarily above ground, "would provide better east–west transit service, particularly for lower-income workers who cannot afford cars."[42]
  • The development firm Chevy Chase Land Co. is a strong proponent of the construction of the Purple Line. The website for the pro-Purple umbrella group Purple Line NOW! lists Edward Asher as a member of its board of directors. The Washington Post stated that the development firm would "no doubt profit from property it owns near at least one of the proposed stations."[42]
  • The Sierra Club advocates a larger-scale rail system to parallel the Capital Beltway and link all existing Metro lines at their peripheries. This environmental group advocates rail transit over car use because carbon emissions are a major cause of climate change.[43]
  • Some student leaders (the Student Government Association and Graduate Student Government) at the University of Maryland support transit alternatives to campus.[44][45]
  • On January 27, 2009, the Montgomery County Council voted to support the light rail option.[46] Governor O'Malley announced his own approval on August 4, 2009.[1]
  • The vice president of trail development for the Rails-to-Trails Conservancy has said that with proper design, the trail-Purple Line combination can be "among the best in the nation."[47]
  • Members of the Facebook group New Urbanist Memes for Transit-Oriented Teens were "irrationally excited for the forthcoming Maryland purple line."[48]
Support for bus
  • A 2008 study by Sam Schwartz Engineering for the Town of Chevy Chase supported bus rapid transit using an alternate Jones Bridge Road alignment. The Chevy Chase study expressed concerns about the expected ridership numbers, carbon footprint, interruptions in recreation pathways, and the cost of bus and light rail proposals by the MTA involving a Capital Crescent Trail alignment. Although a Jones Bridge Road alignment was also proposed by the MTA, the study noted that features typical of bus rapid transit that were missing from the MTA proposal.[49]
Opposition to rail
Opponents argued that the Purple Line would hurt the Capital Crescent Trail (pictured).
Construction of the Purple Line and Capital Crescent Trail crossings of Rock Creek during the construction pause in 2021
  • A not-for-profit local organization, Friends of the Capital Crescent Trail, began collecting signatures on a petition opposing the MTA's Purple Line proposals in 2003; in 2014, it filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court in the District of Columbia asserting that the Federal Transit Administration had not complied with federal environmental laws when it approved a grant to help build the Purple Line. In 2008, the organization's website asserted that the MTA's light rail and bus rapid transit proposals would undermine the environment and safety on the Capital Crescent Trail,[50] and endorsed running bus rapid transit on Jones Bridge Road, as recommended by the Chevy Chase study.[49] But the petition called for yet a different option because the Jones Bridge Road route would affect the trail.[51]
  • A leading opponent of the Purple Line was the Columbia Country Club, a private club whose golf course occupies both sides of the planned route between Bethesda and Silver Spring.[52] The club, "long viewed as one of the most well-financed and politically connected Purple Line foes", spent thousands of dollars over a decade lobbying state and federal officials, hosting fundraisers for sympathetic politicians,[53] and organizing "grassroots" opposition.[54] In 2013, newly elected leaders of the Club signed an agreement not to oppose the Purple Line if its route were adjusted by 12 feet (3.66 m) and other concessions were granted.[55]
  • Opponents in the Town of Chevy Chase cited the town's study of bus rapid transit alternatives. The study estimated a cost of less than $1 billion for a bus rapid transit system, compared with an estimated cost of $1.8 billion for light rail.[56] A 2011 news report placed the cost of the rail line at US$1.93 billion.[57]
  • In 2010, residents around the Dale Wayne stop worried that doubling the size of the road, along with the county's "smart growth" policy around transit stops, would encourage commercial development in a residential neighborhood. They wondered about the accuracy of the MTA's prediction that the Dale station would see 1,427 daily boardings.[58][59]

Procurement

The Purple Line was procured as a full design-build-finance-operate-maintain public–private partnership. On December 7, 2015, four teams composed of major American and international firms submitted their bids to realize the project:[60][61]

Approval

Hogan backed the Purple Line while blocking construction of the Baltimore Red Line in 2015.
Purple Line construction at the Paul S. Sarbanes Transit Center in Silver Spring, May 2020
The Northeast Branch Anacostia River crossing during the construction pause in 2021

Governor Larry Hogan opposed the Purple Line project while campaigning in 2014 but approved it in June 2015. At the same time, Hogan cancelled its sister project, the Baltimore Red Line, citing excessive costs. Hogan reduced the state's contribution to the project from $700 million to $168 million, putting the difference toward highway construction. The budget shortfall is expected to be covered by increased funds from Prince George's and Montgomery counties, as well as lower operational costs due to longer headways.[62]

On March 2, 2016, Hogan announced that the state had chosen a team of private companies to build, operate, and maintain the Purple Line for $3.3 billion over 36 years. The contract was won by the Purple Line Transit Partners, led by construction giant Fluor Corporation. MTA officials forecasted that service would begin by late 2022.[63]

On April 6, 2016, the Maryland Board of Public Works (composed of Hogan, State Treasurer Nancy K. Kopp, and State Comptroller Peter Franchot) unanimously approved the contract, as expected.[64] The $5.6 billion contract is 876 pages long and, according to The Washington Post is "believed to be the most expensive government contract ever in Maryland" and "one of the largest public-private partnerships on a U.S. transportation project" ever.[64] The contract approval allowed the MTA to finalize $900 million in federal construction grants.[63][64]

In August 2016, U.S. District Court Judge Richard J. Leon found that the MTA and the Federal Transit Administration did not study whether Metro's maintenance issues and ridership decline would affect the Purple Line.[65] Judge Leon decided to vacate the Purple Line's federal approval.[65] Governor Larry Hogan noted a conflict of interest in Leon's rulings based on his close relationship with the Columbia Country Club which is affected by the transit project's route and is a leading opponent.[66] A federal funding agreement cannot be signed without the reinstatement of the environmental approval, and Maryland had said it could not afford to build the Purple Line without sufficient federal funding.[65][67] On August 21, 2017, despite the ongoing court case over the environmental analysis, $900 million of federal funding was granted for the light rail project.[68] On December 19, 2017, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ruled in favor of the Purple Line, specifically stating that declining ridership on the Washington Metro system does not require Maryland to complete a new environmental study for the Purple Line.[10] This federal appeals court ruling allowed for construction to continue and effectively ended the three-year legal battle surrounding the light-rail line project.[9]

In 2019, the Purple Line Transit Partners said the opening date would slip to 2023 or 2024.[69]

On April 13, 2020, U.S. District Judge James Bredar dismissed the third and final lawsuit brought by opponents of the Purple Line.[70]

Builder consortium quits

By 2020, the project had accrued over $800 million in change orders from Purple Line Transit Partners and the opening date had slipped 32 months.[71][72][73] On May 1, the consortium declared their intent to cease work on the line and withdraw from their contract.[71] A temporary restraining order halted the company from quitting work, but it was lifted in September,[74] and PLTP began packing up construction sites the following week.[75] In November, MDOT announced that MTA had assumed many of the Purple Line's contracts, including the manufacturing of light-rail cars, operations, and maintenance, as well as design and construction contracts.[76] On November 24, MDOT agreed to pay $250 million to settle the costs of overruns that caused the contractor to quit and to resume construction of the Purple Line.[77][78] In mid-December, Maryland's Board of Public Works (BPW) unanimously approved the $250 million legal settlement to PLTP to resolve the contract disputes. Officials aimed to restart construction within nine months.[79]

New contractor selected

On November 5, 2021, Purple Line officials announced that Maryland Transit Solutions would receive the contract to finish construction and operate the line. The BPW approved the $3.4 billion contract on January 26, 2022.

In June 2022, MTA said that 77% of the necessary utility relocations had been completed, and that the Glenridge Operations and Maintenance Facility was complete and in operation.[80] Extensive construction activity resumed in summer 2022.[18]

In 2022, state officials said the line would open in fall 2026.[81]

Route and station locations

The Silver Spring Library, with the space under the overhang set aside for the future Purple Line station
Roughly geographical map of the proposed Purple Line routes including alternative alignments

The planned rail line will connect the existing Metro, MARC commuter rail, and Amtrak stations at:[7]

The following stations are part of the "Locally Preferred Alternative" route approved by Governor Martin O'Malley on August 9, 2009:[82]

Station NameLocationConnections
Bethesda7450 Wisconsin Avenue
Bethesda, Maryland		 Metrorail: Red Line
Bus transport Metrobus: J2, J4, L2
Bus transport Ride On: 29, 30, 32, 34, 36, 47, 70
Bus transport Bethesda Circulator
Bike transport Capital Crescent Trail
Connecticut AvenueCapital Crescent Trail & Connecticut Avenue
Chevy Chase, MD 20815		Bus transport Metrobus: L8
LyttonsvilleLyttonsville Place, Lyttonsville
Silver Spring, MD 20910		 Bus transport Ride On: 2
16th Street–Woodside16th Street, Woodside
Silver Spring, MD 20910		 Bus transport Metrobus: J1, J2, J4
Bus transport Ride On: 1, 2, 11, 18
Silver Spring8400 Colesville Road
Silver Spring, MD 20910		 Metrorail: Red Line
MARC Train:   Brunswick Line
Bus transport Metrobus: 70, 79, F4, J1, J2, J4, Q1, Q2, Q4, S2, S9, Y2, Y7, Y8, Z2, Z6, Z7, Z8, Z11
Bus transport Ride On: 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 28, Flash BRT (Blue, Orange)
Bus transport MTA Maryland Bus: 915, 929
Bus transport Shuttle-UM: 111
Bus transport Peter Pan Bus
Silver Spring Library900 Wayne Avenue
Silver Spring, MD 20910		 Bus transport Metrobus: F4, J4
Bus transport Ride On: 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 28
Bus transport Shuttle-UM: 111
Dale DriveDale Drive & Wayne Avenue
Silver Spring, MD 20910		 Bus transport Ride On: 12, 15, 19
Manchester PlaceWayne Avenue & Plymouth Street
Silver Spring, MD 20910		 Bus transport Metrobus: J4
Bus transport Ride On: 12, 13, 19
Long Branch 8736 Arliss Street
Silver Spring, MD 20901		 Bus transport Ride On: 14, 15, 16, 20, 24
Piney Branch RoadPiney Branch Road & University Boulevard
Silver Spring, MD 20903		 Bus transport Metrobus: C2, C4, J4
Bus transport Ride On: 14, 15, 16, 20, 24
Takoma–Langley 7900 New Hampshire Ave
Langley Park, MD		 Bus transport Metrobus: C2, C4, F8, J4, K6, K9
Bus transport Ride On: 15, 16, 17, 18, 25
Bus transport TheBus: 18
Bus transport Shuttle-UM: 111
Riggs RoadRiggs Road & University Boulevard
Langley Park/Hyattsville, MD 20903		 Bus transport Metrobus: C2, C4, J4, F8, R1, R2
Bus transport TheBus: 18
Adelphi Road–UMGC–UMDAdelphi Road & Campus Drive
Adelphi/Hyattsville, MD 20903		 Bus transport Metrobus: C2, C8, F6, F8, J4
Bus transport TheBus: 18
Bus transport Shuttle-UM
Campus Drive–UMDCampus Drive & Library Lane
College Park, MD 20742		 Bus transport Metrobus: C2, C8, F6, J4
Bus transport Shuttle-UM
Baltimore Avenue–UMDBaltimore Avenue & Rossborough Lane
College Park, MD 20742		 Bus transport Metrobus: 83, 83X, 86, C8, F6, J4
Bus transport TheBus: 17
Bus transport Shuttle-UM
College Park–UMD4931 Calvert Road & 7202 Bowdoin Avenue
College Park, Maryland		 Metrorail: Green Line
MARC Train:   Camden Line
Bus transport Metrobus: 83, 86, C8, F6, J4, R12
Bus transport RTA: 302/G
Bus transport TheBus: 14, 17
Bus transport Shuttle-UM: 104, 109
Bus transport MTA Maryland: 204
Riverdale Park North–UMDRiver Road & Haig Drive
Riverdale Park, MD 20737		 Bus transport Metrobus: F6, R12
Bus transport TheBus: 14
Riverdale Park–KenilworthEast West Highway & Kenilworth Avenue
Riverdale Park, MD 20737		 Bus transport Metrobus: F4, R12, T14
Bus transport TheBus: 14
Beacon Heights–East PinesRiverdale Road & 67th Avenue
Riverdale Park, MD 20737		 Bus transport Metrobus: F4, T14
Bus transport TheBus: 14
GlenridgeVeterans Parkway & Annapolis Road
Hyattsville, MD 20784		 Bus transport Metrobus: F13, T18
New Carrollton4300–4700 Garden City Drive
New Carrollton, MD		 Metrorail: Orange Line
MARC Train:   Penn Line
Amtrak Amtrak
Bus transport Metrobus: 87, B21, B22, B24, B27, B29, C28, F4, F6, F12, F13, F14, G12, G14, T14, T18
Bus transport MTA Maryland Commuter Bus
Bus transport TheBus: 15X, 16, 21, 21X
Bus transport Greyhound

Potential expansion

Although the Purple Line is usually described as a 16-mile (28.8-km) east–west line between Bethesda and New Carrollton,[7] there have been several proposals to expand the line further into Maryland or to mirror the Capital Beltway as a loop around the Washington, D.C., metropolitan area. The Sierra Club has argued for a Purple Line that would "encircle Washington, D.C." and "connect existing suburban metro lines."[43] Maryland Lieutenant Governor Anthony Brown, while campaigning in 2006, similarly stated that he would "like to see the Purple Line go from Bethesda to across the Woodrow Wilson Bridge," adding, "Let's swing that boy all the way around" (a reference to having the Purple Line circle through Virginia and back to the line's point of origin in Bethesda).[83]

An advocacy group known as "The Inner Purple Line Campaign" proposed that the Purple Line be extended westward to Tysons Corner and eastward to Largo, and that it could eventually cross the new Wilson Bridge from Suitland through Oxon Hill to Alexandria, eventually forming a rail line that encircles the city.[39] The new Woodrow Wilson Bridge (I-495's southern crossing over the Potomac River) is built to carry a heavy or light rail line.[84] Suggested stops along this proposed Purple Line expansion include:[85]

Rolling stock

The light rail vehicles designed to run on the Purple Line are being built by CAF at their Elmira, New York, facility. Each train is 140 feet (43 m) long, consists of 5 modules, and can carry up to 431 passengers (seated plus standing).[87] CAF began testing the cars in 2020.[88] Fabrication of all 130 modular car shells at the CAF facility in Spain was completed in June 2021.[89] 26 of the 28 trains have been assembled as of February 2023.[2]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Governor O'Malley Announces Purple Line Locally Preferred Alternative" (Press release). New Carrollton, MD: Maryland Department of Transportation (MDOT). August 4, 2009. Archived from the original on September 14, 2015. Retrieved October 18, 2014.
  2. 1 2 "Community Advisory Team Meeting #10 (Lyttonsville)". Maryland Transit Administration (MTA). February 28, 2023. p. 13.
  3. 1 2 3 Freed, Benjamin (March 2, 2016). "Purple Line Construction to Start Later This Year". Washingtonian.
  4. ↑ Request For Proposals Technical Provisions Part 2B, Design Build Requirements (Report). MDOT/Maryland Transit Administration (MTA). pp. 2–203. Retrieved September 27, 2020.
  5. ↑ Shah, Dhaval R. Presale: Purple Line Transit Partners LLC. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: S&P Global Ratings. p. 14. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
  6. ↑ "MARYLAND LRV". CAF. Retrieved July 9, 2023.
  7. 1 2 3 "Project Overview". Purple Line. Baltimore, MD: MTA. Archived from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
  8. ↑ Metcalf, Andrew (December 19, 2016). "Transit Agencies Say Metro's Woes Won't Impact Purple Line". Bethesda Magazine.
  9. 1 2 Shaver, Katherine (December 19, 2017). "Federal appeals court ruling allows Purple Line construction to continue". The Washington Post.
  10. 1 2 Cloherty, Megan (December 19, 2017). "US appeals court clears a legal hurdle for Purple Line". WTOP Radio. Chevy Chase, MD.
  11. ↑ "Purple Line Contract Receives Green Light From Governor Larry Hogan". Rockville, MD: Montgomery Community Media. March 2, 2016.
  12. ↑ Shaver, Katherine (September 27, 2018). "Purple Line set to open in fall of 2022, despite year-long delay in construction start, Maryland official says". The Washington Post.
  13. ↑ Shaver, Katherine (October 9, 2020). "Maryland takes over contracts on Purple Line construction after contractor quits". The Washington Post.
  14. ↑ Shaver, Katherine (January 12, 2022). "Purple Line will open 4½ years late and cost $1.4 billion more to complete, state says". The Washington Post.
  15. ↑ Shaver, Katherine (November 5, 2021). "New Purple Line contractors selected to resume full construction this spring". The Washington Post.
  16. ↑ "New construction contract for Maryland's Purple Line signed". The Washington Post. April 14, 2022.
  17. 1 2 Cox, Erin (July 14, 2023). "Purple Line further delayed, another $148M over budget". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 14, 2023.
  18. 1 2 Shaver, Katherine (September 30, 2022). "As Purple Line construction resumes, the fight against gentrification is on". The Washington Post.
  19. ↑ Fehr, Stephen (December 18, 1994). "A Palette of Proposals for Metro". The Washington Post.
  20. ↑ "A Governor's Purple Vision". The Washington Post. October 18, 1998. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017.
  21. ↑ Mariano, Ann (June 13, 1987). "Study Favorable to CSX Rail Plans". The Washington Post.
  22. ↑ Bethesda : Central Business District Sector Plan. July 1975.
  23. ↑ Armao, Jo-Ann (December 9, 1988). "Rail Spur Purchase 'Priceless'; Montgomery Weighs Hiking, Trolley Line". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 6, 2017.
  24. ↑ Armao, Jo Ann (December 4, 1989). "Trolley Blazes A Trail for Hikers, Bikers". The Washington Post.
  25. ↑ Layton, Lindsey (March 31, 2001). "Glendening Gives Pro-Metro Pep Talk". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017.
  26. ↑ "What is the Purple Line". Purple Line. MTA. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
  27. ↑ Metcalf, Andrew (August 28, 2017). "Officials Break Ground on Long-Awaited Purple Line Project; Construction Immediately Starts". Bethesda Magazine.
  28. ↑ "Project History". Purple Line. MTA. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
  29. ↑ Davis, Janel (January 18, 2008). "O'Malley allocates $100M for Purple Line planning". The Gazette. Maryland. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
  30. ↑ Shaver, Katherine (May 30, 2008). "Trips on Purple Line Rail Projected at 68,000 Daily". The Washington Post.
  31. ↑ "Studies & Reports Maryland Purple Line". MTA. Retrieved July 25, 2015.
  32. ↑ Spivak, Miranda S. (January 16, 2009). "Montgomery Planners Back Rail". The Washington Post.
  33. ↑ Shaver, Katherine (January 23, 2009). "Leggett Endorses Light-Rail Plan". The Washington Post.
  34. ↑ "TPB Gives Final Approval to Purple Line Project" (PDF). TPB News. Vol. XVII, no. 4. Washington, DC: National Capital Region Transportation Planning Board; Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments. November 2009. p. 1.
  35. ↑ "Public Meeting on the Purple Line" (PDF). Town of Chevy Chase, Maryland. June 6, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 6, 2013. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
  36. ↑ "2008 Annual Report" (PDF). Washington, DC: Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA). Retrieved January 21, 2009.
  37. ↑ "Metro preparing for more people to shift to transit if gasoline prices continue to skyrocket". WMATA. May 22, 2008. News Release. Archived from the original on May 30, 2016.
  38. ↑ "Purple Line Now: Who We Are". Purple Line Now. Retrieved October 8, 2011.
  39. 1 2 What is the Purple Line?, The Inner Purple Line Campaign, a project of the Action Committee for Transit (ACT), retrieved December 4, 2009.
  40. ↑ "Full Speed Ahead". Editorial. The Washington Post. November 16, 2008.
  41. ↑ "News & Events". Purple Line Now. Archived from the original on May 17, 2015. Retrieved January 6, 2010.
  42. 1 2 Shaver, Katherine (July 13, 2008). "Purple Line Foes Offer No Ideas, And No Names". The Washington Post.
  43. 1 2 "Transportation (and how it relates to Smart Growth)". Sierra Club. October 21, 2015. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  44. ↑ Shaver, Katherine (May 13, 2007). "Students Urge Stronger Backing of Purple Line". The Washington Post. p. C04.
  45. ↑ "Letter from student leaders to UMD President" (PDF). Retrieved June 4, 2007.
  46. ↑ Shaver, Katherine (January 23, 2009). "Leggett Endorses Light-Rail Plan". The Washington Post. p. B03.
  47. ↑ Maynard, Patrick (June 8, 2011). "Rails to Trails VP on Purple Line". The Baltimore Sun.
  48. ↑ Hunt, Elle (July 5, 2018). "Meet the Numtots: the millennials who find fixing public transit sexy". The Guardian.
  49. 1 2 "Analysis of MTA Purple Line". Sam Schwartz Engineering. April 23, 2008. Retrieved December 1, 2009.
  50. ↑ Save the Trail
  51. ↑ Save the Trail Petition: Alternatives Studies of alternatives to a Capital Crescent Trail alignment, retrieved December 2, 2009
  52. ↑ Shaver, Katherine (January 16, 2005). "Fortunes Shift for East-West Rail Plan". The Washington Post. p. C01.
  53. ↑ "Plan to extend Washington's Metro tees off golfers and users of trail (Baltimore Sun, Dec. 3, 2002)". The Baltimore Sun. December 3, 2002. pp. A1. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
  54. ↑ McNamara, J. Paul (March 24, 2008). "Letter: "Dear Fellow Columbia Members"" (PDF). Act for Transit. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 1, 2014. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
  55. ↑ Shaver, Katherine (September 25, 2013). "Purple Line route changed to spare part of country club golf course". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
  56. ↑ Shaver, Katherine (July 7, 2008). "Chevy Chase Says Buses Beat Trains on Purple Line". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 15, 2014.
  57. ↑ Lazo, Luz (September 30, 2011). "In Langley Park, Purple Line brings promise, and fears, of change". The Washington Post.
  58. ↑ Jason Tomassini (May 12, 2010). "MTA pushing for additional Purple Line stop in Silver Spring". The Gazette. Archived from the original on May 15, 2010.
  59. ↑ Purple Line study report (August 2009). "An evaluation of the merits of an LRT station at Dale Drive and Wayne Avenue" (PDF). MTA. Retrieved July 13, 2010.
  60. ↑ Shaver, Katherine (December 8, 2015). "Four teams of private companies submit bids to build, operate Purple Line". The Washington Post.
  61. ↑ "Shortlisted Proposers Purple Line P3 Revised Third Party Contact Points" (PDF). Retrieved January 18, 2016.
  62. ↑ McCartney, Robert; Hicks, Joshua; Turque, Bill (June 25, 2015). "Maryland Gov. Larry Hogan says Purple Line will move forward". The Washington Post.
  63. 1 2 Shaver, Katherine (March 2, 2016). "Maryland chooses private team to build, operate light-rail Purple Line". The Washington Post.
  64. 1 2 3 Shaver, Katherine (April 6, 2016). "Maryland board approves $5.6 billion Purple Line contract". The Washington Post.
  65. 1 2 3 Metcalf, Andrew (November 29, 2016). "Purple Line Groundbreaking on Hold Until Transit Agencies Can Find Lawsuit Solution". Bethesda Magazine.
  66. ↑ Alpert, David (April 19, 2017). "Governor Hogan says Purple Line-blocking judge Richard Leon has a conflict of interest". Greater Greater Washington. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
  67. ↑ Shaver, Katherine (March 16, 2017). "Federal money to build Purple Line in question under Trump budget plan". The Washington Post.
  68. ↑ McCartney, Robert; Siddiqui, Faiz (August 21, 2017). "Maryland to get $900-million federal full funding agreement for Purple Line". The Washington Post.
  69. ↑ Neibauer, Michael (January 10, 2019). "Report: Purple Line construction delays adding $215M to price tag". Washington Business Journal.
  70. ↑ Shaver, Katherine (April 14, 2020). "Judge dismisses third — and final — lawsuit against Purple Line project". The Washington Post.
  71. 1 2 Strupp & Barthel (June 24, 2020). "Purple Line Group Threatens To Quit If There's No Deal With Maryland On Delays, Cost Overruns". WAMU Radio. Retrieved July 26, 2020. The state says the eastern section, from New Carrollton to College Park, is now expected to open in late 2022 and the rest of the line, from College Park to Bethesda, will likely open in June 2023. However, PLTP has said the various delays will set the opening dates back at least another two and a half years.
  72. ↑ Phillips, Zachary (September 24, 2020). "Joint venture walks away from Maryland's Purple Line project". Washington, DC: Construction Dive. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  73. ↑ Shaver, Katherine (July 18, 2020). "Purple Line project delays, cost overruns reveal long-brewing problems". The Washington Post.
  74. ↑ Parsons, Jim; Rubin, Debra K. (September 11, 2020). "Court Ruling Clears P3 Team to Leave Disputed $2B Md. Purple Line Rail Project". Engineering News-Record.
  75. ↑ Shaver, Katherine (September 24, 2020). "Purple Line construction workers will be packed up and ready to leave by mid-October, contractor says". The Washington Post.
  76. ↑ "Pessoa Construction Performing Purple Line Utility Relocations Along Wayne Avenue". Silver Spring, MD: Source of the Spring. November 5, 2020.
  77. ↑ Shaver, Katherine (November 24, 2020). "Maryland, Purple Line firms reach $250 million deal to keep project moving". The Washington Post.
  78. ↑ Campbell, Colin (November 24, 2020). "Maryland to pay $250 million to settle Purple Line disputes, replace construction contractor". The Baltimore Sun.
  79. ↑ Shaver, Katherine (December 16, 2020). "Maryland board approves $250 million legal deal to complete Purple Line construction". The Washington Post.
  80. ↑ Community Advisory Team Meeting #9 (Bethesda/Chevy Chase) (Report). MTA. June 7, 2022.
  81. ↑ Shaver, Katherine (January 26, 2022). "Md. board approves $3.4 billion contract to complete Purple Line". The Washington Post.
  82. ↑ "Stations". Purple Line. MTA. Retrieved August 23, 2015.
  83. ↑ Thomas Dennison and Douglas Tallman (October 4, 2006). "Brown's 'lofty' Purple Line plans draw fire from transportation officials". The Gazette. Archived from the original on July 20, 2008. Retrieved May 2, 2009.
  84. ↑ Scott M. Kozel (February 25, 2009). "Woodrow Wilson Bridge (I-495 and I-95)". Roads to the Future. Retrieved January 5, 2010.
  85. ↑ "Sierra Club Purple Line Map". Archived from the original on May 12, 2010.
  86. ↑ Scott M. Kozel (January 23, 2001). "Metrorail Branch Avenue Route Completion". Roads to the Future. Retrieved January 5, 2010.
  87. ↑ "Operations". Purple Line. MTA. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
  88. ↑ "Silver Spring Community Advisory Team Meeting #6". Purple Line Transit Partners. April 28, 2020. p. 5.
  89. ↑ "College Park Community Advisory Team Meeting #8". MTA. June 22, 2021. p. 8.
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