Puijila
Temporal range: Late Oligocene - Early Miocene,
Restored skeleton
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: †Semantoridae
Genus: †Puijila
Rybczynski et al., 2009
Species:
†P. darwini
Binomial name
†Puijila darwini
Rybczynski et al., 2009

Puijila darwini is an extinct species of stem-pinniped which lived during the Miocene epoch about 21 to 24 million years ago. Approximately a metre (three feet) in length, the animal possessed only minimal physical adaptations for swimming. Unlike modern pinnipeds, it did not have flippers and its overall form was otter-like, albeit more specialized; its skull and teeth are the features that most clearly indicate that it is a seal.[1]

It is considered to be the most primitive pinnipedimorph yet found. The genus name is an Inuktitut word for a young seal; the species name honours the English naturalist Charles Darwin.[2] The holotype and only known specimen is a nearly complete fossilised skeleton. It is being housed at the Canadian Museum of Nature in Ottawa, Ontario.

Background

Restoration

Puijila darwini was a semi-aquatic carnivore which represents a morphological link in early pinniped evolution. Its fossil remains demonstrate the presence of enlarged, probably webbed[3] feet, robust forelimbs and an unspecialized tail. This suggests that Puijila swam quadrupedally using its webbed fore and hind feet for propulsion. Phylogenetic studies including molecular evidence suggest a sister relationship between pinnipeds (seals) and ursoids (bears) as well as musteloids (weasels and otters). It had been popularly assumed that land-dwelling mammals had at some point transitioned to a more marine existence, in essence "returning to the sea" in order to gain some sort of survival advantage. However, fossil evidence of this transition had been weak or contentious. The discovery of Puijila is important as it represents a morphological link in early pinniped evolution, and one that appears to morphologically precede the more familiarly structured genus Enaliarctos, despite apparently being a younger genus. In other words, Puijila is a transitional fossil that provides information about how the seal family returned to the seas, similar to the way that Archaeopteryx illuminates the origin of modern birds.

Discovery

Life restoration of Puijila darwini

This novel species was discovered in 2007 by Natalia Rybczynski and her team using surface collection and screening at an early Miocene lake deposit of the Haughton Formation of Devon Island in Nunavut, Canada.[4] The palaeobotanical record suggests that the palaeoenvironment around the lake comprised a forest community transitional between a boreal and a conifer–hardwood forest, in a cool temperate, coastal climate with moderate winters. Puijila darwini is the first mammalian carnivore found in the Haughton lake deposits. This also gives an indication that the entire pinniped family may have originated in the Arctic.[1]

The initial find is credited to field assistant Elizabeth Ross, and was partly a matter of luck. Ross had been unexpectedly stranded with the team's ATV which had run out of fuel several kilometers away from base camp. The brain case was discovered a year later on the first day of the 2008 field expedition by Martin Lipman, the team's photographer. [5]

References

  1. 1 2 Ed Yong (2009-04-22). "Puijila, the walking seal – a beautiful transitional fossil". Not Exactly Rocket Science. Discover Magazine. Archived from the original on 3 November 2012. Retrieved 2014-10-07.
  2. ↑ "Puijila: A prehistoric walking seal". Puijila: A prehistoric walking seal. Canadian Museum of Nature. Archived from the original on 2015-06-21. Retrieved 2014-10-07.
  3. ↑ "'Missing link' fossil seal walked" (Press release). BBC News. 2009-04-22. Archived from the original on 2 August 2014. Retrieved 2014-10-07.
  4. ↑ Rybczynski, N., Dawson, M.R., Tedford, R.H. (2009). "A semi-aquatic Arctic mammalian carnivore from the Miocene epoch and origin of Pinnipedia". Nature. 458 (7241): 1021–24. Bibcode:2009Natur.458.1021R. doi:10.1038/nature07985. PMID 19396145. S2CID 4371413.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ↑ Yong, Ed (22 April 2009). "Puijila, the walking seal – a beautiful transitional fossil". National Geographic. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
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