Pudong
浦东新区
District & State-level new area
Pudong New Area
Lujiazui from the Bund
Lujiazui from the Bund
Location within Shanghai
Location within Shanghai
Coordinates: 31°14′05″N 121°30′23″E / 31.23472°N 121.50639°E / 31.23472; 121.50639
CountryPeople's Republic of China
MunicipalityShanghai
District Gov't Established1993
Government
 • CPC Pudong District SecretaryZhu Zhisong
 • District GovernorHang Yingwei (杭迎偉)
Area
 • Total1,210.4 km2 (467.3 sq mi)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total5,681,512
 • Density4,700/km2 (12,000/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+08:00 (China Standard Time)
Postal code
200120
Area code021
GDP2022[1]
 - Total¥1.601 trillion
$237.779 billion (nominal)
$390.869 billion (PPP)
 - Per capita¥281,180
$41,755 (nominal)
$68,647 (PPP)
WebsitePudong.gov.cn
Pudong, Shanghai
"Pudong" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Simplified Chinese浦东
Traditional Chinese浦東
PostalPootung
Literal meaning"East of the Pu [River]"

Pudong is a district of Shanghai located east of the Huangpu, the river which flows through central Shanghai. The name Pudong was originally applied to the Huangpu's east bank, directly across from the west bank or Puxi, the historic city center. It now refers to the broader Pudong New Area, a state-level new area which extends all the way to the East China Sea.

The traditional area of Pudong is now home to the Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone and the Shanghai Stock Exchange and many of Shanghai's best-known buildings, such as the Oriental Pearl Tower, the Jin Mao Tower, the Shanghai World Financial Center, and the Shanghai Tower. These modern skyscrapers directly face Puxi's historic Bund, a remnant of former foreign concessions in China. The rest of the new area includes the Port of Shanghai, the Shanghai Expo and Century Park, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai Pudong International Airport, the Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve, Nanhui New City, and the Shanghai Disney Resort.

History

Pudong—literally "The East Bank of the Huangpu River"—originally referred only to the less-developed land across from Shanghai's Old City and foreign concessions. The area was mainly farmland and only slowly developed, with warehouses and wharfs near the shore administered by the districts of Puxi on the west bank: Huangpu, Yangpu, and Nanshi. Pudong was originally established as a county in 1958 until 1961 which the county was split among Huangpu, Yangpu, Nanshi, Wusong and Chuansha County. On October 1, 1992, the original area of Pudong County and Chuansha County merged and established Pudong New Area.

In 1993, the Chinese government set up a Special Economic Zone in Chuansha, creating the Pudong New Area. Deng Xiaoping had initiated its development three years earlier to build further confidence in Reform and Opening Up.[2]: 158  Pudong's description as a New Area served to distinguish it from existing SEZs.[2]: 158  It had even more open policies than existing SEZs, in terms of attracting foreign direct investment and developing the local economy.[2]: 158 

The western tip of the Pudong district was designated as the Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone and has become a financial hub of modern China. Several landmark buildings were constructed, including the Oriental Pearl Tower, and the supertall Jin Mao Building (420.5 m or 1,380 ft), Shanghai World Financial Center (494 m or 1,621 ft) and Shanghai Tower (632 m or 2,073 ft), the world's first trio of adjacent supertall skyscrapers. These buildings—all along Century Avenue and visible from the historic Bund—now form the most common skyline of Shanghai.

In official discourses on urbanization in China, Pudong is considered the paradigmatic example of the 1990s approach to urbanization.[2]: 157 

On May 6, 2009, it was disclosed that the State Council had approved the proposal to merge Nanhui District with Pudong and comprise the majority of eastern Shanghai. In 2010, Pudong was host to the main venues of the Shanghai Expo, whose grounds now form a public park.

Pudong New Area consist of the original Pudong County (northeastern portion of Shanghai County), Chuansha County, and Nanhui County.

Government

Districts of the Direct-Controlled Municipality of Shanghai are administratively on the same level as prefecture-level cities. However, the government of Pudong has a status equivalent to that of a sub-provincial city, which is a half-level above a prefecture-level city. This is due to Pudong's size and importance as the financial hub of China. The Pudong Communist Party Secretary is the top office of the district, followed by the district governor of Pudong. The Pudong party chief is customarily also a member of the Shanghai Party Standing Committee.

On April 27, 2015, the People's Government of Pudong New Area is working with China (Shanghai) Pilot Free-Trade Zone Administrative Committee.[3]

Demographics

Pudong is bounded by the Huangpu River in the west and the East China Sea in the east. Pudong is distinguished from Puxi ("West Bank"), the older part of Shanghai. It has an area of 1,210.4 square kilometres (467.3 sq mi) and, according to the 2020 census, a population of 5,681,512 inhabitants, accounting for around 22.8 percent of Shanghai and 1.85 million more than in 2010. Pudong's resident population growth is well above national average because it is a popular immigration destination. The 2020 census shows a 8% increase in the last decade, or an annual pace of 0.8%.[4]

Excluding immigrants, the birth rate in 2010 was 0.806% while the death rate is 0.729, resulting a net growth of 0.077%. The total fertility rate is 1.03, well below the replacement level.[5] The district actually has a negative registered household population growth if immigrants are excluded, thus the growth is purely driven by immigration.

The 2020 census shows a population density of 3,006/km2.[4] About 3/4 of the population live in the northern part and part of city center called "Northern Territory". 1/4 live in the "Southern Territory" that was the Nanhui District. The Northern Territory has a 6,667 population density, while the Southern Territory has 1,732/km2. Suburbs saw a greater increase in population during 2000–2010 with the help of the city's suburb expansion policy. Some counties in the traditional city center saw a population decrease.

Subdistricts and towns

NameChinese (S)Hanyu PinyinShanghainese RomanizationPopulation (2010)[6]Area (km2)
Weifang Xincun Subdistrict潍坊新村街道Wéifāng Xīncūn Jiēdàovij vaon sin tsen ka do100,5483.89
Lujiazui Subdistrict陆家嘴街道Lùjiāzuǐ Jiēdàoloq ka tzyu ka do112,5076.89
Zhoujiadu Subdistrict周家渡街道Zhōujiādù Jiēdàotzoe ka du ka do144,6685.52
Tangqiao Subdistrict塘桥街道Tángqiáo Jiēdàodaon djio ka do76,9163.86
Shanggang Xincun Subdistrict上钢新村街道Shànggāng Xīncūn Jiēdàozaon kaon sin tsen ka do104,9327.54
Nanmatou Road Subdistrict南码头路街道Nánmǎtóulù Jiēdàoneu mau doe lu ka do107,1304.22
Hudong Xincun Subdistrict沪东新村街道Hùdōng Xīncūn Jiēdàowu ton sin tsen ka do112,0315.51
Jinyang Xincun Subdistrict金杨新村街道Jīnyáng Xīncūn Jiēdàocin yan sin tsen ka do206,0178.02
Yangjing Subdistrict洋泾街道Yángjīng Jiēdàoyan cin ka do146,2377.38
Puxing Road Subdistrict浦兴路街道Pǔxìnglù Jiēdàophu xin lu ka do177,4686.25
Dongming Road Subdistrict东明路街道Dōngmínglù Jiēdàoton min lu ka do121,4495.95
Huamu Subdistrict花木街道Huāmù Jiēdàohau moq ka do221,32720.93
Chuanshaxin Town* (Chwansha)川沙新镇Chuānshāxīn Zhèntseu sa sau sin tzen420,045148.05
Gaoqiao town高桥镇Gāoqiáo Zhènko djio tzen184,48638.73
Beicai town北蔡镇Běicài Zhènpoq tsa tzen276,54724.91
Heqing town合庆镇Héqìng Zhènreq chin tzen132,03841.97
Tang town唐镇Tángzhèndaon tzen129,26732.16
Caolu town曹路镇Cáolù Zhèndzo lu tzen186,01245.58
Jinqiao town金桥镇Jīnqiáo Zhèncin djio tzen81,53725.28
Gaohang town高行镇Gāoháng Zhènko raon tzen137,62522.85
Gaodong town高东镇Gāodōng Zhènko ton tzen110,55236.24
Zhangjiang town张江镇Zhāngjiāng Zhèntzan kaon tzen165,29742.10
Sanlin town三林镇Sānlín Zhènse lin tzen360,51634.19
Huinan town惠南镇Huìnán Zhènwe neu tzen213,84565.24
Zhoupu town周浦镇Zhōupǔ Zhèntzoe phu tzen147,32942.60
Xinchang town新场镇Xīnchǎng Zhènsin dzan tzen84,18354.30
Datuan Town大团镇Dàtuán Zhènda deu tzen71,16250.45
Kangqiao town康桥镇Kāngqiáo Zhènkhaon djio tzen174,67241.25
Hangtou town航头镇Hángtóu Zhènraon doe tzen110,06060.40
Zhuqiao town祝桥镇Zhùqiáo Zhèntzoq djio tzen104,945146.28
Nicheng town泥城镇Níchéng Zhèngnij zen tzen62,51961.50
Xuanqiao town宣桥镇Xuānqiáo Zhènsi djio tzen59,56745.78
Shuyuan town书院镇Shūyuàn Zhènsyu yeu tzen59,32366.90
Wanxiang Town万祥镇Wànxiáng Zhènve zian tzen24,34623.35
Laogang town老港镇Lǎogǎng Zhènlo kaon tzen37,40838.90
Nanhui Xincheng Town**南汇新城镇Nánhuì Xīnchéng Zhènneu we sin zen tzen47,38167.76
Luchaogang Farm芦潮港农场Lúcháogǎng Nóngchǎnglu dzo kaon non dzan6889.40
Donghai Farm东海农场Dōnghǎi Nóngchǎngton he non dzan50815.20
Chaoyang Farm朝阳农场Cháoyáng Nóngchǎngdzo yan non dzan86210.67
Waigaoqiao Free-trade Zone外高桥保税区Wàigāoqiáo Bǎoshuìqūnga ko djio po seu chiu1,34910.00
Jinqiao Export Processing Zone金桥经济技术开发区Jīnqiáo Jīngjì Jìshù Kāifāqūcin djio cin tzij djij dzeq khe faq chiu5,51467.79
Zhangjiang Hi-tech Park张江高科技园区Zhāngjiāng Gāo Kējì Yuánqūtzan kaon ko khu djij yeu chiu23,61775.90

Education

Universities and higher education

New York University Shanghai

Primary and secondary schools

Public schools:

International schools:

Other private schools:

Economy

Pudong aerial view.

With the Nanhui District merger in May 2009, the size of Pudong's economy grew. The district's 2022 gross domestic product amounts to an estimated CN¥1.601 trillion (US$238 billion), with services comprising 74.7% of economic output. Its GDP per capita was CN¥281,180, corresponding to around US$41,755 by nominal values and US$68,647 by purchasing power parity values.[1]

. The area is divided into four distinct economic districts. Apart from Lujiazui Trade and Finance Zone, there is Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, the largest free trade zone in mainland China covering approximately 10 square kilometres (3.9 sq mi) in north-east Pudong. The Jinqiao Export Processing Zone is another major industrial area in Pudong covering 19 square kilometres (7.3 sq mi) Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park is a special area for technology-oriented businesses.

The Pudong area continues to experience rapid development, especially in the commercial sector, with 1.3 million square meters of prime office space reaching completion in 2008, more than the previous two years combined.[15] Pudong has also attracted considerable fixed asset and real estate investment, reporting 87.268 billion RMB in fixed asset investment and 27.997 billion RMB in real estate investment in 2008.[16]

Pudong area of Shanghai, at night

The newest Disney resort, with a Disneyland included, is located in Pudong, which is open to tourists in June 2016.[17]

Businesses

Bao Steel has its head office in the Bao Steel Tower (simplified Chinese: 宝钢大厦; traditional Chinese: 寶鋼大廈; pinyin: Bǎogāng Dàshà) in Pudong.[18] Comac has its head office in Pudong.[19] The headquarters of Yangtze River Express, a cargo airline, are in the Pufa Tower (浦发大厦; 浦发大廈; Pǔfā Dàshà) in Pudong.[20]

Hang Seng Bank has its mainland offices in the Hang Seng Bank Tower in Pudong.[21] Kroll has an office in the Hang Seng Bank Tower.[22] Google has its Shanghai offices in the Shanghai World Financial Center.[23]

Skyscrapers in Pudong

Transportation

The Shanghai Pudong International Airport opened its doors in 1999, shortening the travel time for visitors.

In the same year, Line 2 of the Shanghai Metro commenced services. An extension brought the line further east, where it serves the airport. Other lines, namely Lines 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13 and 16 also have sections that serve parts of Pudong. A magnetic levitation train began operating in 2004, moving passengers between the airport and Longyang Road Metro station.

Ships on the Huangpu River with Pudong in view

Pudong is connected to Puxi by several tunnels and four major bridges. The first of these bridges were the Nanpu Bridge (1991) and the Yangpu Bridge (1993). The Xupu Bridge opened in 1996. The latest of these is Lupu Bridge, which is the world's second longest arch bridge and was completed in 2002. Currently there are five tunnels that link the two sides, Dapu Rd. Tunnel, the first tunnel across the Huangpu River, Yan'an Rd. Tunnel, running east–west, and Dalian Rd. Tunnel, running north–south, Fuxing Rd. Tunnel, complementing the Yan'an Rd. Tunnel, Waihuan Tunnel, one part of Shanghai Outer Ring Express. Two new tunnels linking Lujiazui to Puxi are under construction.

Roads in Pudong have no particular longitudinal or latitudinal orientation. Major thoroughfares Pudong Avenue, Zhangyang Road and Yanggao Road run east–west until Yangpu Bridge before turning gradually to become north–south. Century Avenue crosses all three major roads and extends from Lujiazui to Century Park. Yanggao Road extends south to the A20, Shanghai's outer Ring road, which runs east–west from Xupu Bridge and then north–south beginning at the interchange near Renxi Village, when the east–west expressway turns into Yingbin Avenue, headed for Pudong International Airport.

Metro

Pudong is currently served by ten metro lines and one tram line operated by Shanghai Metro and one maglev line operated by Shanghai Maglev Train and one suburban line operated by China Railway:

Twin towns — sister cities

Pudong is twinned with:

Climate

Pudong has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa). The average annual temperature in Pudong is 17.1 °C (62.8 °F). The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 28.6 °C (83.5 °F), and lowest in January, at around 4.9 °C (40.8 °F).

Climate data for Pudong (1997–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.5
(70.7)		 26.3
(79.3)		 29.0
(84.2)		 33.6
(92.5)		 33.3
(91.9)		 37.2
(99.0)		 40.0
(104.0)		 40.5
(104.9)		 36.5
(97.7)		 33.2
(91.8)		 29.2
(84.6)		 22.4
(72.3)		 40.5
(104.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.9
(48.0)		 10.7
(51.3)		 15.1
(59.2)		 20.7
(69.3)		 25.4
(77.7)		 28.0
(82.4)		 32.8
(91.0)		 32.3
(90.1)		 28.4
(83.1)		 23.6
(74.5)		 18.1
(64.6)		 11.6
(52.9)		 21.3
(70.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.1
(41.2)		 6.7
(44.1)		 10.6
(51.1)		 15.9
(60.6)		 20.9
(69.6)		 24.2
(75.6)		 28.7
(83.7)		 28.5
(83.3)		 24.7
(76.5)		 19.7
(67.5)		 13.9
(57.0)		 7.6
(45.7)		 17.2
(63.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.1
(35.8)		 3.4
(38.1)		 6.9
(44.4)		 11.8
(53.2)		 17.1
(62.8)		 21.2
(70.2)		 25.5
(77.9)		 25.6
(78.1)		 21.7
(71.1)		 16.2
(61.2)		 10.4
(50.7)		 4.3
(39.7)		 13.9
(56.9)
Record low °C (°F) −6.5
(20.3)		 −4.4
(24.1)		 −2.3
(27.9)		 2.5
(36.5)		 9.1
(48.4)		 14.1
(57.4)		 19.9
(67.8)		 19.5
(67.1)		 13.4
(56.1)		 6.8
(44.2)		 0.6
(33.1)		 −4.5
(23.9)		 −6.5
(20.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 77.2
(3.04)		 69.8
(2.75)		 85.1
(3.35)		 87.1
(3.43)		 91.1
(3.59)		 231.1
(9.10)		 154.2
(6.07)		 227.0
(8.94)		 136.3
(5.37)		 78.1
(3.07)		 70.4
(2.77)		 57.1
(2.25)		 1,364.5
(53.73)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 10.6 10.8 12.2 11.0 11.3 14.4 12.2 13.3 10.7 7.5 9.7 9.0 132.7
Average snowy days 2.0 1.7 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 5.1
Average relative humidity (%) 73 74 72 71 74 82 78 79 77 73 75 71 75
Mean monthly sunshine hours 107.1 111.1 147.0 168.4 173.1 120.0 189.8 191.4 156.8 152.3 122.7 123.4 1,763.1
Percent possible sunshine 33 35 39 43 41 28 44 47 43 44 39 40 40
Source: China Meteorological Administration[26][27]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "【直击引领区】2022年浦东GDP超1.6万亿元".
  2. 1 2 3 4 Hu, Richard (2023). Reinventing the Chinese City. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-21101-7.
  3. ↑ 上海自贸区空间扩大4倍 将与浦东新区合署办公. People's Daily. April 27, 2015. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
  4. 1 2 "上海发布第七次全国人口普查主要数据，浦东常住人口568万人占上海22.8%". Pudong District People's Government. 20 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  5. ↑ Population analysis of Pudong, 2011 http://rkjsw.sh.gov.cn/dr/qxinfo/310115/2012227/000000003500038000944464363.html?openpath=spfp/qxinfo/310115 Archived 2015-01-09 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ↑ Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). 中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1 ed.). Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6660-2.
  7. ↑ "Contact Us." Dulwich College Shanghai. Retrieved on October 12, 2013. "DCS MAIN CAMPUS 266 LanAn Rd, JinQiao, PuDong, 201206 地址：上海市浦东金桥蓝桉路266号，201206" and "DUCKS 425 LanAn Rd, Jin Qiao, PuDong 201206 地址：上海市浦东金桥蓝桉路425号，201206"
  8. ↑ "Home Archived 2014-05-17 at the Wayback Machine." French School of Shanghai. Retrieved on 23 May 2014. "Campus de Pudong : 1555, Jufeng Lu, Pudong District 201208 Shanghai (Chine)"
  9. ↑ "Kontakte." German School of Shanghai Pudong. Retrieved on 23 May 2014. "DS Shanghai Pudong 1100 Jufeng Lu 201206 Shanghai - VR China" - Chinese address: "上海德国学校浦东校园201206上海市巨峰路1100号综合楼"
  10. ↑ Home page. Shanghai American School. Retrieved on February 19, 2014. "Puxi Campus 258 Jinfeng Road Huacao Town, Minhang Dist. Shanghai, China 201107 6221-1445" and "Pudong Campus Shanghai Links Executive Community 1600 Lingbai Road Sanjiagang, Pudong Shanghai, China 201201 6221-1445"
  11. ↑ "Shanghai Japanese School Pudong Campus." Shanghai Japanese School. Retrieved on February 18, 2014. "上海日本人学校　浦東校 〒200127　上海市浦東新区錦康路277号"
  12. ↑ "Home Archived 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine." SJS Senior High School. Retrieved on February 18, 2014. "〒200127 上海市浦東新区錦康路277号"
  13. ↑ "Contact Us." Wellington College International Shanghai. Retrieved on September 30, 2015. "Wellington College No. 1500 Yao Long Road (near the Oriental Sports Center) Pudong, Shanghai 200126 上海惠灵顿国际学校 上海市浦东新区 耀龙路1500号 (靠东方体育中心) 邮编：200126"
  14. ↑ "Concordia International School Shanghai". Home Page. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
  15. ↑ Knight Frank China Knight Frank China, Shanghai Commercial Market Quarterly Report, Q4 2009
  16. ↑ Knight Frank China Knight Frank China, Shanghai Commercial Market Quarterly Report, Q1 2009
  17. ↑ "." THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY REACHES ANOTHER MAJOR MILESTONE ON SHANGHAI THEME PARK PROJECT. Retrieved on July 7, 2010.
  18. ↑ "Contact Us." Baosteel. Retrieved on November 10, 2012. "ADD:Baosteel Tower, Pu Dian Road 370, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200122, P.R. China Postal Code:200122" - Chinese: "上海市浦东新区浦电路370号宝钢大厦"
  19. ↑ "Contact Us." Comac. Retrieved on November 10, 2012. "25 Zhangyang Road, Shanghai" - Chinese Archived 2019-08-05 at the Wayback Machine: "上海市张杨路25号"
  20. ↑ "Yangtze River Express Airlines Company Limited Archived 2016-05-02 at the Wayback Machine." HNA Group. Retrieved on February 24, 2014. "Address: Pufa Tower, 588 Pudong South Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai" - Address in Chinese Archived 2014-03-01 at the Wayback Machine: "地址：上海市浦东新区浦东南路588号浦发大厦 邮编：200120"
  21. ↑ "Mainland Service Network." Hang Seng Bank. Retrieved on 11 September 2011. "Hang Seng Bank（China）Limited Address: 34/F & 36/F, Hang Seng Bank Tower, 1000 Lujiazui Ring Road, Pudong, Shanghai, China"
  22. ↑ "Office locations Archived 2011-08-10 at the Wayback Machine." Kroll Inc. Retrieved on 14 August 2011. "Shanghai Room 3031, 30F 1000 Lujiazui Ring Road, Hang Seng Bank Tower Pudong New Area Shanghai 200120 China"
  23. ↑ "Google locations." Google. Retrieved on May 25, 2016. "Google Shanghai 60F, Shanghai World Financial Center 100 Century Avenue, Pudong New Area Shanghai 200120, China"
  24. ↑ "Sister Cities Committee". City of Beverly Hills. 2019-07-01. Retrieved 2019-07-01.
  25. ↑ "Vice Chairman of Shanghai visited Kuopio". Kuopio Innovation. 2013-06-04. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
  26. ↑ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  27. ↑ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 26 August 2023.

Further reading

  • Kris Olds, “Globalizing Shanghai: The ‘Global Intelligence Corps’ and the Building of Pudong," Cities 12, no. 3 (1997) 109–23.
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