Swift outside the Late Show with David Letterman studio in 2012

The American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift is a widely covered person in mass media, eliciting a range of public opinions and perceptions of her life and career. With a complex repute that is examined and debated in various publications, Swift yields social approval and admiration globally while also being a subject of scrutiny and controversy. Her earned media value is estimated at US$130 billion as of 2023.

Swift is an omnipresent but polarizing cultural figure whose public image is defined by the sociological relationships between her, her large fandom, detractors, and the mainstream media. In her early career as a country singer in the late 2000s decade, Swift was referred to as "America's Sweetheart" as a result of her girl next door image. Her dating life became a topic of rampant tabloid speculation over the years, even though she had been reluctant to openly discuss it. American public relations executive Tree Paine has been Swift's publicist since 2014.

The public has shown a heightened interest in news about Swift, which has encouraged media outlets to hyperfocus her. Highly publicized disputes, such as those with Kanye West, Katy Perry and Kim Kardashian, and break-ups with romantic partners such as Joe Jonas, John Mayer, Jake Gyllenhaal, Harry Styles, and Tom Hiddleston affected her public perception in the 2010s, contributing to a tarnish of her image. She has been a target of misogyny and perceived double standards since, including slut-shaming and body shaming remarks. The negative media reception inspired a significant number of her songs,[note 1] including the core concept of Swift's sixth studio album, Reputation. However, The Guardian opined that Swift has become "immune to hate" in the 2020s,[1] as she remains one of the most revered and successful music artists of all time.

Swift has been described as a savvy businesswoman, feminist figure, political influencer, millennial exemplar and a street style icon in the media. Although her former political silence was scrutinized, her outspoken criticism of Donald Trump, racism and white supremacy, her philanthropic efforts, activism for artists' rights, closeness with fans, and impact on popular culture and the music industry have been praised; various US political surveys have reported Swift's high public ratings. Brands, products and services often leverage her in their promotional activities. Critics opined that, as one of the first celebrities to have grown up and established themselves in the age of social media, Swift drives a celebrity–industrial complex. As such, her public image is a subject of study at various academic institutions. Swift, who has lightheartedly embraced the cat lady archetype, is also known for her rapport during interviews and enthusiasm at public events.

Perceptions

The life and career of American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift are focal points in global celebrity culture.[2] Swift is regarded as "the most famous person on the planet".[3][4] Swift, in her early career, was considered a teen idol.[5] She has become a dominant figure in popular culture,[6] often referred to as a pop icon;[7][8] publications note her immense popularity and longevity as the kind of fame unwitnessed since the 20th century.[9][10] In the words of music critics Sam Sanders and Ann Powers, Swift is a "surprisingly successful composite of megawatt pop star and bedroom singer-songwriter."[11] Media outlets further describe Swift as a savvy businesswoman.[12][13] She is also known for her philanthropic initiatives and "generous" donations.[14]

"I've never seen any woman handle herself the way she does. She makes my eyes water, the way she handles herself. She manages the whole fame trip, what it means to be in the spotlight. So when you think about all the things going wrong the world she is the true great role model."

Oprah Winfrey on Swift, Herald Sun (2015)[15]

Swift was labeled by the media as "America's Sweetheart" in her early career for her likability and girl-next-door image;[16][17] she earned a reputation for her enthusiasm at award shows.[18][19] Journalists have written about her polite and "open" personality,[20][21] calling her a "media darling" and "a reporter's dream".[22] However, The New York Times asserted in 2013 that her "dating history has begun to stir what feels like the beginning of a backlash" and questioned whether she was in the midst of a "quarter-life crisis".[23] Swift has been reluctant to publicly discuss her personal life, calling it "a career weakness".[24] She is a subject of incessant scrutiny in the press.[25] Swift's detractors accused her of being "calculated" and manipulative of her image, a narrative bolstered by a 2016 dispute with American rapper Kanye West.[26][27] Cultural critics have highlighted that Swift's life and career have been subject to intense misogyny and slut-shaming.[28][29] Nevertheless, between 2019 and 2021, YouGov surveys ranked her as the world's most admired female musician.[30]

Having embraced the cat lady archetype,[31] Swift owns three cats: Meredith Grey, Olivia Benson, and Benjamin Button. They have been featured or referenced in her videos and other works.[32]

Swift is also a subject of multiple conspiracy theories; some with right wing stances claim that Swift is a clone of the former satanist Zeena Lavey,[33][34] or that she is a "Pentagon psy-op" used to control public opinion.[35] Prior to her open support of Democratic candidates in 2018, some alt-right internet users theorized that Swift was a neo-nazi "Aryan princess" with a white supremacist agenda;[36][37] Swift has, however, criticized racism and white supremacy.[38] Another conspiracy theory purported by a small faction of her fans is the Gaylor, which claims that Swift is a closeted gay woman romantically involved with other women.[39]

Position in the media

In the mass media, Swift and her music have been referenced or have been the subject of numerous books,[40] films, and television shows.[41] Deadline Hollywood dubbed Swift "the Monarch of All Media".[42] Taylor Swift: The Little Golden Book Biography, a children's book written by Wendy Loggia and illustrated by Elisa Chavarri, is the fastest-selling print in the 81-year history of Little Golden Books, having sold a million copies in seven months.[43] News magazine Time's 2023 Person of the Year issue featuring Swift sold 238,808 physical copies, not including newsstand sales, marking the highest-selling Time issue since the May 2011 issue that featured the royal wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton, which sold 232,000 copies from the website and the newsstands combined.[44]

Shows and television programs featuring her often attain viewership peaks;[45][46] for instance, Swift's presence at a National Football League (NFL) game caused the "Taylor Swift effect", leading to a record rise in viewers and merchandise sales.[47][48] The episode of dance competition program Dancing With the Stars that paid tribute to Swift amassed a record 7.8 million viewers across all official platforms, making it the show's most-watched multi-platform telecast on ABC since its September 2021 premiere.[49]

Swift is also a favorite choice of mention in the media, albeit in an attempt to attract a wide readership. Other celebrities are often asked about Swift "almost constantly". Scottie Andrew of CNN opined that "shoehorning" Swift into news stories in which she is not tangentially related "has become something of a pastime for content creators". Bond Benton, a professor in communication and media at Montclair State University, studied the phenomenon and stated that "the presence of Swift in any media content will increase visibility of that content." Benton characterized Swift as an unintentional but reliable "attention-grabber" whose internet media coverage has a "memetic" quality, inviting "fans and haters alike to debate and dissect her", elevating the engagements with an article or a video, which in turn encourages the media to include Swift in their content, even if it is an "awkward inclusion", to maximize their profits. As a side-effect, this hyperfocus on Swift "can needle consumers who feel she's oversaturating their news feeds."[50]

Critics have described the relationship between Swift and the mainstream media as an example of the celebrity–industrial complex,[51] which in turn has affected Swift's art profusely; her sixth studio album Reputation (2017), whose subject matter is fame, critiques the complex,[52] while her autobiographical documentary Miss Americana (2020) deconstructs it.[51] Media outlets such as USA Today employ reporters who exclusively cover Swift.[53] According to Entertainment Weekly's Maura Johnston, Swift's every move is inspected since she is "one of the first pop stars to have fully grown up in the era of social media's endless feedback loop with the celebrity-industrial complex".[54] The Washington Post's Meaghan Tobin and Pei-Lin Wu note that despite the strict censorship practices in China, "Swift has managed to steer clear of scrutiny ... In fact, Chinese state media seems to have nothing but praise for [her]".[55] Her public image has been studied academically in broader contexts at various educational institutions, such as New York University and Berklee College of Music.[56][57]

Publicity and controversy

Drag queens portraying Ariana Grande, Lady Gaga, Adele, Cardi B, Taylor Swift, Beyoncé, Katy Perry, and Nicki Minaj (from left to right).
In her "You Need to Calm Down" music video, Swift critiqued the media for pitting female artists against each other by portraying drag queens impersonating various pop stars competing for one crown.

Swift has been described as a "polarizing figure". Her fame has had detrimental effects on her position in the media; some are genuine critique of her actions, while the rest constitute unverified tabloid gossip that has resulted in various moments of negative press for Swift.[58][59] Shaina Weatherhead of Collider wrote that all of Swift's moves are "closely monitored and analyzed",[60] Clash described Swift as a lightning rod for both praise and criticism,[61] and branding expert Jeetendehr Sehdev told Fortune, "People love her or hate her".[62] Swift has generally used negative critique as musical inspiration, writing songs such as "Shake It Off" (2014), "Look What You Made Me Do" (2017), and "You Need to Calm Down" (2019).[63]

Tree Paine has been Swift's publicist since 2014; Swift is Paine's first and only known client.[64] Paine has received press coverage for guiding Swift through a number of publicized moments, such as Swift's 2016 controversy with West following the release of his single "Famous", her 2017 sexual assault trial, her choice to speak on politics for the 2018 U.S. mid-term elections, the 2019 dispute over her masters,[65][66][67] and a 2023 series of claims about Swift by celebrity gossip social media account DeuxMoi.[68] Public relations academic Nancy Marshall wrote in Forbes that Swift's "omnipresence provides valuable lessons for the entire public relations industry."[69] Marketing executive Stacy Jones estimated Swift's earned media value at $130 billion.[70]

Swift's public disputes and alleged "feuds" have received widespread online attention and media coverage.[71][72] She began experiencing media "overexposure" in 2012.[73] Some media are noted for igniting "beef" between Swift and other celebrities, especially against other women. Swift has had "feuds" with celebrities like Katy Perry and Nicki Minaj,[74][75] both of whom publicly engaged Swift. Animosity alleged by media outlets also contest Swift against Cardi B,[76] Adele,[77] Demi Lovato,[78] SZA,[79] and Ariana Grande—despite the fact that Swift engaged none of them and even attempted to quash some of the rumors[80]—and against her former boyfriends Joe Jonas, John Mayer, Calvin Harris,[72] and Jake Gyllenhaal.[81] Kanye West has been a significant source of controversy in Swift's public image.[82]

Knibbs commented that Swift was a "country music princess on the verge of superstardom" in 2009, became a "snake" in 2016, and returned as a "full-blown music juggernaut" after 2019, providing an excellent "case study for the ups and downs of modern pop stardom".[63] Swift has attempted to avoid overexposure since 2017,[83] and has often mocked the media in her music; she sold supplementary magazines inspired by Reputation at Target with sarcastic comments about her life mimicking gossip headlines.[84] According to Carter Sherman of Vice, after viewing Swift as a "villain" from 2016 to 2018, growing self-awareness in the media helped popular culture undergo a "Great Swift Revival" in 2020, healing her public image.[85]

Swift is frequently mobbed, mostly by fans and paparazzi.[86] She has spoken about her lack of privacy and that she is "highly aware of the fact that that is not normal."[87] In 2015, Swift's fans swarmed the Narita International Airport in Chiba, Japan, when she landed there, causing flight delays.[88] In 2022, she received criticism on social media after Yard, a marketing agency, claimed that she is at the top of their list of celebrities whose private jets produced the highest amount of greenhouse gas emissions that year, compiled based on the data posted by Twitter account @CelebJets. In response, a spokesperson for Swift stated, "Taylor's jet is loaned out regularly to other individuals [...] To attribute most or all of these trips to her is blatantly incorrect."[89][90]

Kanye West

refer to caption
Kanye West taking the microphone from Swift at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, with Taylor Lautner and Shakira in the background.

The decade-spanning feud between Swift and West mutually affected their reputations and cultural perception.[91] In September 2009, at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, Swift won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Female Video for her 2009 song "You Belong with Me", becoming the first country singer and one of the youngest artists (age 19) to win a MTV Video Music Award. While Swift was delivering her speech, West climbed the stage, interrupted her, and took her microphone to declare "Yo, Taylor, I'm really happy for you, I'ma let you finish, but Beyoncé had one of the best videos of all time!", referring to "Single Ladies" (2008). Swift was then escorted backstage. Beyoncé later won Video of the Year that evening and invited Swift to finish her speech. Nevertheless, West's actions were met with widespread criticism; then-U.S. President Barack Obama called West a "jackass" on television. West issued apologies and blamed his "difficult day" but subsequently recanted. Swift joked about the incident in her Saturday Night Live monologue in November 2009. Swift and West posed together in photographs from the 57th Annual Grammy Awards in 2015, and she stated that they had become friends with help from Jay-Z, a mutual friend.[91]

Swift performing onstage with a graphic of a striking cobra and a close-up shot of her behind her.
Snake, a term that was used by detractors to ridicule Swift in 2016, became the main visual motif of her 2017 album Reputation.

The feud was re-ignited when West released his 2016 single "Famous", containing the lyrics "I feel like me and Taylor might still have sex / Why? I made that bitch famous" in reference to the 2009 incident. West claimed that Swift had approved the lyrics beforehand on a phone call, whereas she said she was not made aware of the second line describing her as a "bitch". He also released a music video for "Famous", incorporating a naked wax doll of Swift, which she dubbed "revenge porn" in 2019. After Swift "shaded" West in her speech following her Album of the Year win for 1989 at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards (2016), talking about not letting detractors take credit for her fame, West's then-wife, Kim Kardashian, released trimmed clips of the Swift–West call on Snapchat that appeared to support West's claim. "#TaylorSwiftisOverParty" became the top trend on Twitter, with viral social media posts calling Swift "fake, calculated, manipulative, a snake, a liar and is not what she seems". Various media criticized, trolled and "cancelled" Swift. The backlash caused Swift to step away from the spotlight for a year, avoiding being seen by the press until the 2017 release of Reputation, which was partially inspired by the controversy. It was not until 2020 that the full, unedited footage of the call leaked, proving Swift had not lied, resulting in "#KanyeWestisOverParty" becoming the top Twitter trend.[91][82][92]

The BBC called it the "music's most notorious on-off feud".[93] Jones pinpointed her overexposure during the Red and 1989 album cycles as the reason why the media easily "turned against" her in 2016,[94] such as an opinion piece from Vice's Grace Medford that attributed Swift's later success to her "vilifying" West.[95] However, after 2020, media outlets began praising Swift for standing her ground.[96][97] Shaad D'Souza of The Guardian wrote in 2023 that Swift had become "immune to hate" and re-established herself as the world's favorite popstar.[1]

Gender and feminism

refer to caption
Swift is a popular inspiration for upcoming artists, especially for women in music. Pictured is a wax figure of Swift at Madame Tussauds Sydney.

Swift, who identifies as a pro-choice feminist,[98][99] is a feminist figure in the media. Her career has been studied to understand its feminist aspects.[100] She has criticized the way media depicts women; for example, in an appearance on the show Tout le monde en parle, Swift stated she "couldn't stand the way media portrays young women as rivals rather than allies."[101] She has regularly donated to various feminist causes and women's empowerment programs.[100] According to a 2023 survey by Morning Consult, 52% of Swift's U.S. fans are women, while 48% are men.[102]

Dating scrutiny

Swift's romantic life is highly publicized. Her dating life has been a subject of tabloid scrutiny and has thus prompted some pop culture news outlets, conservative commentators, and social media users to slut-shame her.[103][104] The media enjoys guessing the celebrity inspiration behind one of Swift's song, in the words of Rosen, who wrote that outlets maligned Swift "as a serial kisser-and-teller, as an entitled rich kid, as a mean girl with a victim complex", attributing it partly to the "shrill" tone of Swift's early songs. However, Rosen also stated that there is "a sexist double standard in the policing of Swift's confessions, especially when you consider the routine misogyny in the songs of rockers, rappers, and woebegone beardy indie balladeers."[105] Some media outlets and journalists are also noted for their bias, frequently vilifying Swift for clickbait or to gain readership, capitalizing on consumer interest in "juicy" details about Swift's life.[100][106] For instance, Swift's relationship with American football player Travis Kelce has had a considerable cultural impact. National Football League (NFL) games of Kelce's team, the Kansas City Chiefs, drew record viewership following new reports about the advent of the relationship.[107][108] The NFL and NBC Sports used the relationship for social media content and to promote subsequent games.[109][110] Dressing up as Swift and Kelce was a trend during Halloween 2023.[111] A television special by Nightline about the relationship and its impact, titled Taylor + Travis, was released on Hulu in November 2023.[112]

Target of misogyny

More songs are about love than anything else — how wonderful it is when it begins, and how deeply painful it can be when it ends. Taylor Swift did not invent this idea. People have been singing songs about broken hearts as long as music and broken hearts have existed, and her male peers aren't questioned in quite the same way she is. Heartbroken girls are labeled as whiny in our society, while heartbroken guys are endearing and lovable. And it sucks.

— Nicole Pomarico, "Taylor's Pointing Out Sexism in The Music Industry", Bustle[113]

Journalists have reported on the intense misogyny and slut-shaming directed at Swift,[114][104] who has been vocal in condemning all forms of sexism. She highlighted misogynistic language used against her in tabloids and headlines, as well as sexist comments discrediting her achievements.[100] She stated that her "dating life has become a bit of a national pastime" and does not appreciate the "Careful, Bro, She'll Write a Song About You" trope as it "trivializes" her artistry.[101] Some opined Swift is an easy target for male derision, triggering "fragile male egos",[115] and that she "infuriates male critics by not looking like a sexpot", challenging the male gaze.[116] According to Rosen, some media and public censure Swift's "acidic" lyrics about former partners while praising male artists like Bob Dylan, Elvis Costello and Drake for the same, revealing the double standards.[105] Several former detractors of Swift have blamed their unconscious misogyny.[117] The Daily Telegraph opined that Swift's antennae for sexism are crucial for the industry.[118]

In various media, Swift has been the subject of comments, "jokes", punch lines and memes that have been perceived as sexist. The New Feminist highlights, apart from sexist men, several women also channel their internalized misogyny towards Swift.[119][120] At the 70th Golden Globe Awards (January 2013), hosts Tina Fey and Amy Poehler delivered a joke about Swift, following tabloid news that week that claimed Swift had broken up with Connor Kennedy; Fey said that given Swift's "interest in famous guys", she should stay away from actor Michael J. Fox's son, who was escorting the award winners off the stage that evening. Poehler disagreed and said "Swift should go for it", to which Fey retorted. The joke was the subject of viral news coverage.[121] Fey also had a history of joking about Swift's dating life.[122] Two months later, when Vanity Fair asked about Fey and Poehler, Swift quoted Madeleine Albright: "there's a special place in hell for women who don't help other women."[121] She subsequently elaborated:[122]

"For a female to write about her feelings, and then be portrayed as some clingy, insane, desperate girlfriend in need of making you marry her and have kids with her, I think that's taking something that potentially should be celebrated—a woman writing about her feelings in a confessional way—that's taking it and turning it and twisting it into something that is frankly a little sexist."

In June 2013, American retail company Abercrombie & Fitch sold shirts saying "More Boyfriends than T.S." After backlash from Swift's fans, the retailer withdrew them.[123] Westboro Baptist Church leader Ben Phelps called Swift the "poster child for the young whores of doomed America", accusing her of "fornication and sin-coddling songs", and announced plans to protest at her concert.[124] In October 2014, on Australian radio show Jules, Merrick & Sophie, Swift stated she is "unfairly criticized" for her lyrics compared to her male peers:[125]

"You're going to have people who are going to say, 'Oh, you know, like, she just writes songs about her ex-boyfriends.' And I think frankly that's a very sexist angle to take. No one says that about Ed Sheeran. No one says that about Bruno Mars. They're all writing songs about their exes, their current girlfriends, their love life, and no one raises the red flag there."

In a 2016 interview, when asked what advice she would give her 19-year-old self, Swift replied, "Hey, you're going to date just like a normal twenty-something should be allowed to, but you're going to be a national lightning rod for slut-shaming."[126] In a 2019 interview with New Zealand DJ Zane Lowe on Apple Music 1, Swift stated that the slut-shaming "happened to [her] at a very young age, so that was a bit hard. That was one of the first times [she] was like—Wow, this is not fair."[127] In the article "Why women say sorry too much and what to say — and do — instead" for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Kate Midena highlighted Swift's comments on her struggles to "deprogram the misogyny in my own brain" in Miss Americana. Midena wrote that being trained to say sorry is "a conundrum women have been stuck in since the middle ages" and that girls are often taught to value empathy over "masculine traits" such as strength and assertiveness, and hence they "feel the need to cushion their actions with an apology".[128]

Taylor Swift Twitter
@taylorswift13

Hey Ginny & Georgia, 2010 called and it wants its lazy, deeply sexist joke back. How about we stop degrading hard-working women by defining this horse shit as FuNnY. Also, @netflix after Miss Americana this outfit doesn't look cute on you. Happy Women's History Month I guess

March 1, 2021[129]

On March 1, 2021, Swift criticized the writers of Netflix series Ginny & Georgia for using a "lazy, deeply sexist joke" slut-shaming her.[130] Beth Ashley of Grazia wrote sexism is why male celebrities like Pete Davidson are celebrated for his dating history, while Swift is "shamed and shunned".[127]

Sexual assault discourse

In August 2017, a sexual assault trial was held in the United States District Court for the District of Colorado, involving former DJ David Mueller, a KYGO-FM radio employee, who filed for defamation against Swift. He claimed she had him wrongfully terminated following an incident at a 2013 meet-and-greet,[131] in which Swift posed for a photo with Mueller.[131] Swift alleged Mueller reached under her skirt and grabbed her buttocks in the photo.[132] Mueller was escorted out of the concert once Swift reported it to her mother and team.[133][131] The incident was reported to KYGO, and Mueller was fired shortly thereafter.[134] He sued Swift for defamation in September 2015, claiming he never touched Swift under her skirt and that he lost his job and reputation due to her false claims.[132] Swift counter-sued Mueller for battery and sexual assault, seeking $1 in damages. The jury ruled in Swift's favor.[134]

The trial was a subject of wide media attention due to Swift's status as a high-profile celebrity.[135] In a post-trial statement, Swift revealed she counter-sued Mueller to empower other victims of sexual assault.[136] The BBC stated that the trial was culturally significant as it highlighted the underreporting of sexual assaults, Swift's refusal to back down even though the defense lawyers attempted to discredit her, and the symbolic $1 damages. Brand strategists said that Swift "has been not only trying to empower ordinary women that she doesn't know but also music industry colleagues" with the case. Public relations expert Marvet Britto stated that Swift "is aware that her defiance in fighting against these allegations—not only made toward her but other artists and colleagues—will achieve global visibility around sexual assault issues that, in many cases, go unreported and ignored and are marginalized."[137] In December 2017, Swift was named a "Silence Breaker" in Time magazine's Person of the Year issue.[138] Elle described the trial as a landmark case "aiming to not bankrupt the perpetrator, but to set a precedent for other artists and women around the world to speak up and hold predators accountable for the irreparable damage they cause."[100] Additionally, Swift donated $250,000 to American singer Kesha in 2016 to assist her with the legal fees for her sexual assault case, and further donation to the Joyful Heart Foundation for survivors of sexual assault in 2017.[100]

Perspectives

Marren Morris in 2019.
Kacey Musgraves in 2019.
Swift is credited with shaping the career trajectories of female country singers like Maren Morris (left) and Kacey Musgraves (right).

Critics have noted Swift's musical style resonating in albums released by female country singers like Kacey Musgraves, Maren Morris and Kelsea Ballerini.[139] Swift's onstage guitar performances contributed to the Taylor Swift effect—a phenomenon to which upsurge in guitar sales to women, a previously ignored demographic, is attributed.[140][141][142] Todd Cassetty, president of Cassetty Entertainment, opined "everybody was trying to mimic" Swift and that "a lot of young women are trying to find their voice now, but a lot of them were inspired to pick up a guitar" because of her.[143] Journalist Shah Ezayadi attributed Swift's commercial success with "the way she makes her listeners feel understood, particularly her young female audience." Raza-Sheikh said Swift is a cultural litmus test: "can we begin to respect art created by famous women, particularly when it explores love stories and womanhood?"[144]

"There's her odd brand of beauty, part Barbie, part Southern belle: Swift's career has always seen her playing with the tropes of femininity—the homecoming queen, the fairy nymph, the socialite—only to subvert them with a goofy charm."

— Jo Ellison, "Why I believe in Taylor Swift", Financial Times[116]

Feminism is a core aspect of Swift's discography, particularly since 2014.[125] According to Rosen, Swift existed on the modest, "Victorian" end of the feminist spectrum, compared to pop stars like Beyoncé, Lady Gaga, Rihanna, and Miley Cyrus, who "represent aggressively sexualized feminist pop, harnessing big beats and skimpy outfits to work through questions of power and self-determination"; however, Swift's songs "aren't totally chaste: Sex is there in the rush and flush of the music, and it peeks through, discreetly, in the lyrics."[105] Many of her songs address feminist themes; examples include "I Did Something Bad" (2017), "The Man" (2019), "The Last Great American Dynasty" (2020), "Mad Woman" (2020), "Vigilante Shit" (2022), and "Would've, Could've, Should've" (2022).[145] Songs such as "Nothing New" (2021), "Castles Crumbling" (2023) and "Slut!" (2023) explored Swift's views on being a woman in the public eye.[146][147][148][149] Kayla Bartsch of National Review attributed Swift's stardom to "her unmatched ability to capture the essence of the modern woman."[150] According to Time journalist Sam Lansky, Swift allows "people, many of them women, particularly girls, who have been conditioned to accept dismissal, gaslighting, and mistreatment from a society that treats their emotions as inconsequential" to believe that their emotions and thoughts matter.[151]

A man on a subway spreading his legs apart, squishing people beside him.
Swift played a man (middle) in the music video for "The Man" (2020) to ridicule sexist double standards.

Swift's 2014 single "Blank Space" is a satirical feminist critique of her portrayal in media.[101] The Guardian columnist Jessica Valenti called its music video a "dystopian feminist fairytale", playing into the "annoying, boy-crazy" tropes media projected on Swift.[152] In the music video for "The Man", Swift portrays a male alter-ego named Tyler Swift, presenting several prevalent examples of sexist double standards, including objectification, sexualization, toxic masculinity, and patriarchy.[153] iHeartRadio's Paris Close said it demonstrates "how the hubris of male privilege plays out in the real world".[154]

The artistic reinventions of her career were also examined feministically. Swift said, "The female artists I know of have to remake themselves 20 times more than the male artists, or else you're out of a job" in regards to the music industry "discarding" female pop stars as soon as they reach their mid-30s. The 2020 Prospect article "It's time to face the facts—our male pop stars need to try a bit harder" pointed out the requirement for female pop stars to be "highly visual, and to change that visual often".[155] Vanessa Friedman, chief fashion critic of The New York Times, considered Swift's "hamster wheel of constant reinvention" a meta-commentary on the expectation that female pop stars "unveil new versions of themselves for our viewing pleasure, one-upping their old image with new wardrobes ad infinitum", while male pop stars do not change much.[156] Jeff Nelson of People opined Swift has taken a hammer to that glass ceiling, shattering expectations and blazing a path for the next generation of female artists.[157]

In a contradictory perspective, even though Swift described herself as a feminist,[158] her 2014–2015 public appearances and social media posts with female singers and fashion models whom the media called her "squad" gave some the impression that she did so to keep her name afloat in media.[159] A number of critics claimed Swift's feminism lacks intersectionality,[160] causing her to come off as a white feminist whose "clique was really just an exclusive group of mostly white actresses and supermodels."[94]

Physical appearance

Body image and mental health

Swift at the 1989 World Tour (2015); she was criticized for being "thin" and "skinny" by some general public and a number of media outlets, unbeknownst to whom she was suffering from an eating disorder.

Swift has frequently received body shaming comments from media outlets and on social media, criticizing or scrutinizing her physical appearance especially when she was considered "skinny" in 2014 and when she gained weight between 2017 and 2019.[161][162] She has been vocal about the impact of such press coverage on personal health, discussing issues such as eating disorders, body dysmorphic disorder, anorexia athletica, self-esteem, and cyberbullying. Swift stated in Miss Americana that she used to "starve" herself while working out excessively after reading articles describing her as pregnant based on photographs in which her stomach looked "big", a confession that precipitated responses from and discussions on mental health amongst the public.[163][164]

There's always some standard of beauty that you're not meeting. Because if you're thin enough, then you don't have that ass that everybody wants, but if you have enough weight on you to have an ass, then your stomach isn't flat enough. It's all just fucking impossible.

— Swift in Miss Americana, "Taylor Swift discloses fight with eating disorder in new documentary", The Guardian[165]

The Daily Targum noted that despite being an expert in handling negative criticism, even Swift "succumbed to insecurities that blossomed into eating problems, which shows how even the strongest among us are susceptible to potential eating disorders due to the toxic environment of social media".[166] Jessica Gold, professor of psychiatry at Washington University in St. Louis, commented, "when our political leaders are struggling to build consensus on and convey the gravity of issues" like mental health, Swift is sending a powerful message by opening up about her issues—"one that is likely to save lives in myriad ways".[163] Ellen Ricks of HelloGiggles called Swift's reveal of her disorder inspirational, noting "how it can potentially impact so many people still fighting", as "there is still so much stigma and misinformation" surrounding it.[167] Discussing Miss Americana, writer Elana Fishman confessed, "every so often, I'll still catch myself criticizing the way my tummy or legs look in a photo or how a certain pair of pants fits me. From now on, whenever that happens, I'll be repeating a line Swift says in the film: 'We do not do that anymore, because it's better to think you look fat than to look sick'".[168] Miss Americana also prompted critics of Swift to respond, such as comedian Nikki Glaser, who said her comments about being skinny came from a place of insecurity.[169] Journalist Richard S. Hé stated the intention of their 2016 Vice article "Taylor Swift Isn't Like Other Celebrities, She's Worse" was to "deconstruct the pettiness of the celebrity–industrial complex" but regretted it could have been unduly critical of Swift.[170]

A scene from the music video of "Anti-Hero" (2022) depicts Swift's body dysmorphia resulting from her eating disorder.

A scene in the music video for Swift's 2022 single "Anti-Hero", which depicts alter egos of Swift interacting with each other—a depressed and homely Swift stepping on a bathroom scale that reads "fat", making the glamorous popstar Swift shake her head in disapproval—invoked a mixed response on social media, where some accused Swift of fatphobia. An opinion on The Cut said the scene "reinforces the idea of being ‘fat’ as bad".[171] Several others defended Swift; journalists in The Guardian,[172] The Independent[173] and The Daily Telegraph,[174] and television shows like The View sided with Swift, arguing that, given her history with an eating disorder, she should not have to "sanitize" her psychological trauma to make her art "digestible" for audiences. They claimed that video illustrates "the warped workings of her brain back when she was in the throes of an eating disorder".[173][175] The video was however edited to remove the controversial word "fat",[176] which also sparked criticism. Maya Georgi of NBC News questioned why Swift has "once again, let criticism control her actions", feeling the scene demonstrated "the damage the rhetoric of valuing thinness and demonizing larger bodies has done" to Swift and other women.[177] Tomás Mier of Rolling Stone wrote Swift "had to water down her artistic expression and how she chose to portray her lived experience".[178]

Fashion and aesthetic

Taylor Swift wearing red lipstick and a red dress
Swift for a Good Morning America interview in 2012; red lips are generally regarded as one of her signature looks.[179]

Swift's fashion is widely covered by fashion journalists, and her street style has received acclaim from critics. She has reinvented her image and aesthetic throughout her career, matching respective album cycles with distinct themes and influencing fashion trends in the process.[180][181] Her "style evolution", both within and outside her music, has been the subject of widespread analyses by media outlets.[182][183] Consequence opined that Swift's looks evolved from "girl-next-door country act to pop star to woodsy poet over a decade".[184] The Wall Street Journal noted her pairing of higher-end labels with relatively affordable brands, making her style "accessible", which often result in record impressions and surging sales for the lesser-known fashion labels she wears.[185]

In 2011, Vogue asked American fashion designers about the "new icons of American style"; Tommy Hilfiger named Swift, owing to her "charismatic" summer outfits.[186] People named Swift the Best-Dressed woman of 2014, calling her a "street style queen".[187] In 2015, Swift won the Elle Woman of the Year award for cementing herself as "a style icon" capable of "seamlessly switching between chic street style and glamorous couture gowns on the red carpet",[188] and topped the 2015 Maxim Hot 100 list.[189] In a 2018 Vogue article, critic Francesca Wallace wrote that Swift has become known for her "easygoing, feminine" and "dainty" take on fashion, incorporating bows, prints and carryall bags, creating a street style "worth copying".[190]

Swift co-chaired the 2016 Met Gala.[191] To Kelsey Glein of InStyle, Swift is an expert in "off-duty" fashion, often synchronizing outfits, blending classic, retro and "cool" elements, floral prints, Mary Jane or Oxford shoes, Jimmy Choo boots, and other accessories from Aldo, Prada, Christian Louboutin, Elie Saab and Dolce & Gabbana.[192] Vogue Australia regards Swift as an influential figure in sustainable fashion.[193] She released a sustainable clothing line with Stella McCartney in 2019.[194]

refer to caption
Swift's cardigan and flannel coat from Folklore and Evermore exhibited at the Country Music Hall of Fame.

Swift's music, visuals, general attire, and concerts have influenced fashion trends and led to sales surges. She boosted the popularity of red lipsticks—considered one of her signature fashion motifs, especially since Red, which prominently featured red lips in its cover.[195][196] Swift helped popularize sleeveless formal wear and waistcoats in women's fashion,[197] and is an inspiration for Halloween costumes.[198]

"The scarf" mentioned in autobiographical lyrics of "All Too Well" has also become a signature object associated with Swift.[199][200][201] It has been described variably as "an unlikely pop culture icon in an inanimate object",[202] "a universal symbol for heartbreak",[203] a "fantastic pop culture mystery",[204] "the green dock light of our time",[205] a "fabled accessory" and "a source of cultural curiosity" by publications.[206] According to Rob Sheffield, the scarf is so significant to Swift's discography that it "should be in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame."[207] Following the 2021 release of her self-directed All Too Well: The Short Film, the Google searches for "Taylor Swift red scarf meaning" spiked by 1,400 percent.[208]

Cottagecore experienced a resurgence on the internet after Swift used it,[209] increasing sales of hand-knitted Aran jumpers in Ireland and the U.S.[210] RTÉ thanked Swift for putting cardigans "back on the map" with Folklore.[211] Upon Evermore's release, replicas of the flannel coat Swift wore on the cover artwork sold out on Farfetch instantaneously.[212] The Eras Tour increased the demand for metallic boots, cowboy hats, and sequin dresses. CNN reported that fashion retailers marketed their products to target attendees of the tour, with various clothing brands creating a range of items inspired by Swift and her "eras" and scoring their biggest sales year yet.[213][214]

Politics

Taylor Swift Twitter
@taylorswift13

After stoking the fires of white supremacy and racism your entire presidency, you have the nerve to feign moral superiority before threatening violence? 'When the looting starts the shooting starts'??? We will vote you out in November. @realdonaldtrump

May 29, 2020[38]

Political journalists and authors note Swift as a powerful personality in American politics—the most influential musician politically.[215] She has used her fame to incite political action.[216] Governmental figures outside the U.S. have also shown admiration for Swift, such as Gabriel Boric, President of Chile;[217] Pita Limjaroenrat, member of the House of Representatives of Thailand;[218] Leni Robredo, former Vice President of the Philippines;[219] Liz Truss, former Prime Minister of the U.K.;[220] William, Prince of Wales;[221][222] and Mexican Supreme Court justice Arturo Zaldivar.[223] Organizations such as the European Union have acknowledged her political influence.[224] Swift has also been cited in various legal proceedings.[225]

Alignment and demographics

Swift is socially liberal,[226] having criticized white supremacy, racism, and police brutality in the U.S.[227][98] She is pro-choice and an advocate of gender equality and LGBT rights.[228][229] However, Swift has also been censured by some liberal and conservative critics;[230] the former considering her activism performative,[231] while the latter detest her for being an outspoken, "woke" liberal.[232] She endorsed Democratic candidates Phil Bredesen and Jim Cooper for the 2018 U.S. midterm elections in her home state Tennessee,[233] and Joe Biden and Kamala Harris for the 2020 U.S. presidential election,[234] and criticized Republican politicians Donald Trump and Marsha Blackburn.[235]

Joe Biden in 2019 and Donald Trump in 2017.
According to The Times, 53% of adult Americans are fans of Swift, far higher than approval ratings of Joe Biden (left) and Donald Trump (right) in 2023.

Facebook data from 2014 revealed that Swift is one of the artists who formed the "happy median" of musical listening habits of its Democratic and Republican users.[236] According to a 2023 survey reported by The Times, 53 percent adult Americans consider themselves fans of Swift, ratings higher than those of Biden and Trump; journalist Ellie Austin explained that though Swift is left-aligned, some rightists still "covet" her, making her a "uniting" demographic fulcrum that can bridge America's political divide.[237] In another survey reported by The New York Sun, Swift was the third most popular choice for the U.S. president, after Trump and Biden.[238] She also had the highest favorability rating of all the public figures tested in the NBC News's nationwide poll, with 40 percent of registered voters saying they have "a positive view of Swift" and a 16 percent holding a negative view.[239]

Former White House Director of Strategic Communications, Alyssa Farah Griffin, opined Swift was the "only person" who could defeat Trump in an election.[240] Kevin Monnin of The Hill opined that, powered by her cultural significance and large following, Swift "could play a pivotal role for democracy by securing the re-election of President Biden and ending the political career of former President Donald Trump."[241] Nathan J. Robinson, writing for Newsweek, said "only Swift can unite the political divide" of the US.[242] Michael A. Cohen added that "Swift could affect the outcome of the 2024 election."[243] Swift's political sway was further evident in the bipartisan criticism of Ticketmaster. CNN journalist Allison Morrow wrote in an article titled "One Nation, Under Swift" that Swift's fans united the parties in a way "the Founding Fathers failed to anticipate".[244] Brooke Schultz of the Associated Press noticed how the issue turned into a political movement and considered Swift's fans an influential voter demographic.[245] As per Morning Consult, 55% of Swift's U.S. fans are Democratic, 23% Republican, and 23% independent.[102]

Evolution

Apolitical stance

Swift was apolitical as a country artist, avoiding discussing political topics in her early career—noted by critics in retrospect as her time under Big Machine. When asked by Time in 2012 regarding the 2012 U.S. presidential election, Swift said, "I try to keep myself as educated and informed as possible. But I don't talk about politics because it might influence other people. And I don't think that I know enough yet in life to be telling people who to vote for."[246] Journalists criticized Swift's lack of political activism despite her status as a celebrated figure, claiming her philanthropy is inadequate.[7][247] Motivated by Swift's apoliticism, Trump called her a "terrific" role model; conservative lawmakers invited her to visit the U.S. Capitol.[248]

She remained apolitical for the 2016 U.S. presidential election, not supporting Democrat Hillary Clinton or speaking against Trump as some had expected.[7] Critics questioned who Swift had voted for in the election as she posted a picture of her in a polling station queue.[230] After she shared a photo of herself wearing an outfit similar to what Clinton once wore, a USA Today headline said, "Who did Taylor Swift vote for? Here's why her sweater suggests Hillary".[249] Entertainment Weekly analyzed Instagram's "most popular Election Day content", reporting that some of the most-liked posts were those from Rihanna, Lovato, Kourtney Kardashian, and Grande, all of whom had explicitly endorsed Clinton, but it was Swift's "innocuous" non-partisan post that earned the most likes (2.1 million).[250] This showed Swift was a pop culture anomaly, according to The Ringer critic Alyssa Bereznak.[230] BBC journalist Nick Levine found her political silence "increasingly conspicuous".[7]

Sociopolitical scrutiny and race

According to Bereznak, apoliticism might have been "an advantageous business strategy" for pop stars before, but for cultural figures like Swift, their "actions, communication, and work" will be analyzed by the media in a political lens. In 2017, Swift supported the 2017 Women's March via Instagram,[230] which was met with criticism from both fans and critics, who felt it was pointless as Swift refused to channel her feminist activism into politics.[230] The Cut suggested, even though Clinton had the open support of Perry, Beyoncé, Jay-Z, and Springsteen, Swift's public endorsement "could have" helped her become President.[251] Medford opined Swift cannot subsist in a political vacuum as it becomes "deafeningly noticeable". Criticizing her use of social media only for music announcements and not politics, Medford wrote: "To have such a large, wide-reaching platform and use it only for the advancement of your own ambition reflects poorly, regardless of how progressive your politics may be."[252]

Some critics attributed Swift's political silence to a significant portion of her fandom in 2014 being conservative country fans.[160] The most intense sociopolitical criticisms alleged that Swift is a crypto-fascist.[253][254] Exploiting her persisting political silence in 2016 and 2017, some white supremacists in the U.S. considered Swift one of them—a neo-nazi. Some alt-right websites proclaimed her their "Aryan Goddess",[255][36][256] waiting for Trump's win to announce her "Aryan Agenda" to the world.[37] Liberal media outlets demanded Swift to clarify her political stance.[160] When a blog post by PopFront, a left-wing website, alleged that "Look What You Made Me Do" was a "subtle" alt-right nod, Swift's team called the post defamatory and demanded that PopFront "issue a retraction, remove the story from all media sources, and cease and desist," or face legal consequences.[257] The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) criticized Swift for attempting to "suppress constitutionally protected speech".[258]

However, NPR journalist Leah Donella asserted that there is no reason to think Swift is a white supremacist, stating "she has no affiliation with any white supremacist groups. She has never publicly made any white supremacist remarks, nor has she ever been accused of making them in private". Donella noted claims that Swift is a white supremacist rest solely on the fact that she is white, "looks white, and hangs out with mostly white people", justifying the latter with 2014 studies demonstrating that a white person has only one person of color as a friend for every 91 white friends: "This isn't a Taylor Swift thing. It's a housing segregation/workplace diversity/general American history thing."[256]

Disillusionment and endorsements

Kamala Harris in 2017.
Kamala Harris thanked Swift for endorsing the Democratic campaign in the 2020 U.S. presidential election.

Swift voiced her political view for the first time in the 2018 midterm elections, "breaking her political silence" according to the media.[259][234] She endorsed Democrats Phil Bredesen and Jim Cooper via social media posts on October 18, 2018; it was a subject of widespread media coverage and sparked much praise from fans, journalists, celebrities, and Democrats. For instance, This Is Spinal Tap director Rob Reiner tweeted, "A big shout out to Taylor Swift for speaking out. You can single-handedly change this country. Impress your fans with how critical and powerful their voices are. If you get them to the polls on Nov 6, everything you care about will be protected."[233][260] Swift also censured Republican candidate Blackburn for her "appalling" policies:[260]

"In the past I've been reluctant to publicly voice my political opinions. I feel very differently about that now. I always have and always will cast my vote based on which candidate will protect and fight for the human rights I believe we all deserve in [the United States]. I believe in the fight for LGBTQ rights, and that any form of discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender is WRONG. I believe that the systemic racism we still see in this country towards people of color is terrifying, sickening, and prevalent."

Swift received "fierce backlash" from Republicans, Trumpists, and right-wing supporters who felt "betrayed" by Swift and criticized, slut-shamed, and berated her online; they claimed she "ended" her career with decision and should have "shut up" and "stick to music". The National Republican Senatorial Committee opined, "If you haven't heard, multimillionaire pop star Taylor Swift came down from her ivory tower to tell hardworking Tennesseans to vote for Phil Bredesen." Charlie Kirk, president of conservative group Turning Point USA, tweeted: "You just endorsed a Democrat in the Tennessee Senate race with a ridiculous statement saying Marsha Blackburn, a woman, is against women. You have absolutely no idea what you are talking about." Trump told reporters: "I'm sure Taylor Swift doesn't know anything about her. Let's say that I like Taylor's music about 25% less now, OK?".[260][234]

Over 169,000 people registered to vote in the 2018 elections within two days of her post, as per Vote.org, whereas only 59,000 people registered to vote in the 30 preceding days. Publications credited the Taylor Swift effect.[261][262][263] As per a statistical research by academics Gwendelyn Nisbett and Stephanie Dunn, Swift's narrative and message in the post influenced her followers, beyond the fans' parasocial attachment to her.[264] Behavioral scientist Simone Driessen wrote that some media consider Swift's political "coming-out" as a strategy to further her career, whereas others consider it mandatory for pop stars in a political climate "to express where they stand".[265]

In 2019, Swift stated that when she began her country music career, Big Machine and other label executives advised her to not discuss politics, making an example of the Dixie Chicks controversy.[233] She described Trump's presidency as an autocracy, and regretted not endorsing Clinton in 2016, but said her negative press at the time made her feel "useless" and "like a hindrance".[266] Swift added that Clinton was being called a "manipulative" liar by Trumpists on the internet—the same type of harsh comments Swift had received in 2016 following her West-Kardashian feud, and wondered whether she would be a liability to Clinton: "Look, snakes of a feather flock together. Look, the two lying women. The two nasty women"; as "millions of people were telling me to disappear", Swift decided to step away from spotlight.[92] Emily Strayer, member of the Chicks, opined in 2020 that Swift had much more power to change things than they ever did.[267]

Swift described Blackburn as "Trump in a wig" who won in 2018 by "being a female applying to the kind of female males want us to be in a horrendous 1950s world."[235] Blackburn responded in July 2021, claiming liberals want a Marxist socialist society which prohibits women to perform, or create the type of music Swift does, denying private intellectual property rights,[268] and that Swift "is going to be the first ones who will be cut off because the state would have to approve your music."[269] In the 2020 election, Swift endorsed Biden and Harris and lent her protest song "Only the Young" (2020) to their campaign.[234] Forbes staff Seth Cohen found Swift's increased political engagement in the past year "notable for its high-profile approach and big hit commentary."[215] Trump eventually lost his re-election; Biden was elected as the next U.S. president.[270] Swift was found to be the second most influential celebrity in Biden's win, after LeBron James.[271]

Advocacy

Nota bene: This section is non-exhaustive and includes illustrative examples only.
refer to caption
A cutout of Swift's face being used at the 2017 Chicago Pride Parade
  • The New York Times noted the positive impact Swift had on the LGBT community as a country artist by releasing the 2011 music video for "Mean".[247]
  • Time described "Welcome to New York" (2014) as an "equality anthem".[272]
  • On March 23, 2018, Swift called for gun control, donating to victims and to March For Our Lives.[234]
  • On June 1, 2019, she created a Change.org petition urging senators to vote for the House-passed Equality Act.[234] As of April 2020, the petition had over 704,000 signatures, including those from Democratic senators like Warren, Amy Klobuchar, Ed Markey, Kirsten Gillibrand, Tim Kaine, and Cory Booker. Swift wrote a letter to Republican Tennessee senator Lamar Alexander, asking him his support:[273] "For American citizens to be denied jobs or housing based on who they love or how they identify is un-American and cruel".[274]
  • Swift performed at Stonewall Inn during the WorldPride NYC 2019.[275]
  • The release of "You Need to Calm Down" led to a spike in donations to GLAAD, an LGBT non-governmental organization, as the lyrics namecheck the organization.[276] Anthony Ramos, GLAAD executive, stated Swift "is one of the world's biggest pop stars; the fact that she continues to use her platform and music to support the LGBTQ community and the Equality Act is a true sign of being an ally."[274][277] CEO Sarah Kate said, Swift "continues to use her platform to speak out against discrimination and create a world where everyone can live the life they love. [...] In today's divisive political and cultural climate, we need more allies like Taylor."[277]
  • On August 26, 2019, at the 2019 MTV Video Music Awards, after winning Video of the Year for the "You Need to Calm Down", Swift urged the audience in her speech to sign the petition and said the White House has not responded despite having "five times the amount of signatures that it would need to warrant a response".[278] The next day, then-White House deputy press secretary Judd Deere issued a statement criticizing the Equality Act.[279] "You Need to Calm Down" became a gay anthem.[280]
  • On May 29, 2020, Swift criticized Trump's "provocative" tweets regarding the George Floyd protests in Minneapolis–Saint Paul,[234] and after the wide George Floyd protests, she donated to the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund and Black Lives Matter movement,[281] voiced for removing the Confederate monuments in Tennessee,[282] and called for Juneteenth to become a national holiday.[283] Swift's tweet criticizing Trump became her most-liked tweet, garnering over two million likes.[284] In the Forbes article "Taylor Swift And The Tweet That Could Help Take Down A President", Cohen said Swift's political voice "could have enormous political consequences" as surveys indicate white women and young first-time voters—Trump's weakest demographics—both forming significant portions of Swift's U.S. fanbase, and "will therefore be key to the outcome of the 2020 election."[38]
  • After Swift posted on Instagram in September 2023 about Vote.org's National Voter Registration Day, more than 35,000 people registered to vote, a 23 percent increase in total registrations and 115 percent increase among 18-year-olds when compared to the 2022 National Voter Registration Day.[285]

Generational appeal

Critical commentary has used Swift's career to mark a paradigm shift in popular culture, regarding her as a millennial cultural figure. According to Rosen, Swift is a "generational bard", merging "the pleasures of old-fashioned songcraft with millennial social-media oversharing."[105] Psychiatrist Suzanne Garfinkle-Crowell opined that Swift is the generational poet laureate who has a song for every precise emotion of a listener.[286] Bartsch described Swift as a philosopher.[150] A 2023 survey reported Swift had the most positive impact on the youth's mental health amongst all the music acts.[287]

American author Neil Howe, who coined the term "millennial", named Swift as the classic example of millennial spirit.[288] In 2010, The Christian Science Monitor commentators Morley Winograd and Michael D. Hais opined that Swift's rise to fame signals the "musical coming-of-age" of the millennial generation and that "it's only a matter of time before Swift and her generation make over America's music as triumphantly as they did its politics with the election of President Obama."[289] Awarding Swift for her humanitarian endeavors in 2012, former First Lady of the U.S., Michelle Obama, described Swift as an artist who "has rocketed to the top of the music industry but still keeps her feet on the ground, someone who has shattered every expectation of what a 22-year-old can accomplish".[290]

Bruce Springsteen performing with a guitar
Bob Dylan with a guitar
Swift is frequently compared to 20th-century singers like Bruce Springsteen (left) and Bob Dylan (right) in terms of generational impact.

In 2014, Quartz's John McDuling said Swift was "quickly becoming the most influential artist of her generation", and pondered if she is the millennial equivalent to Dylan, Springsteen, or Kurt Cobain.[291] National Post opined that 1989—an album created by a millennial for millennials—"lays claim to an entire generation", as average millennials "are constantly exposed to criticism and heavy dialog" like Swift, all of which is embodied by Swift's music. The newspaper considered "New Romantics" (2016) as an millennial ode.[292]

According to a 2019 YPulse survey, Swift is the musician who best-represents millennials (ages 19–37).[293] She represents "millennial anxiety" according to The Walrus's Joelle Kidd, who wrote that millennials have a tendency of "obsessive self-analysis" that Swift has grown to embody, sharing her anxieties with the generation.[294] Today senior editor Elena Nicolaou noted how Swift culturally transformed millennial weddings as well.[295]

Discussing Swift's Generation Z appeal in the 2020s, Spanos stated that despite Generation Z forming a significant portion of Swift's newer fans, they do not "really understand the cultural history, the sociopolitical and cultural elements that have molded Taylor as a millennial woman because they grew up after that". As a result, some of Generation Z may view some older Swift songs and lyrics as "cringe".[296] Vox and New Yorker called Swift the "millennial Bruce Springsteen", drawing numerous artistic and sociopolitical parallels between Swift and Springsteen's careers.[297][117] Similarly, The Times named Swift "the Bob Dylan of our age" in 2022 and "the confessional queen of Noughties pop".[298] Journalists have also noted Swift's rising success within baby boomers and Generation X, known as "senior Swifties".[299][300]

As per Morning Consult, 45% of Swift's U.S. fans are millennials, 23% are baby boomers, 21% are Generation X, and 11% are Generation Z.[102] YouGov surveys ranked her as the world's most admired female musician from 2019 to 2021.[301] In 2023, compared to other celebrities and politicians, Swift "notched the highest net favorability rating of any figure tested in the latest NBC News national poll, with 40% of registered voters saying they have a positive view of Swift, versus only 16% holding a negative opinion," and 94% recognizing her name.[302]

Beyond music and business, Swift has also been named as a role model by many millennial sportspersons, such as Kobe Bryant,[303] Jimmy Butler,[304] Rob Gronkowski,[305] Bryce Harper,[305] Clayton Kershaw,[304] Jessica Korda,[304] Mikaela Shiffrin,[306] Iga Świątek,[307] Russell Westbrook,[305] Emma Weyant,[308] Mikaela Shiffrin,[309] and Serena Williams.[304]

See also

Note

  1. ↑ Examples include "Mean" (2011), "Shake It Off" and "Blank Space" (2014), "I Did Something Bad" (2017), "You Need to Calm Down" (2019), "The Man" and "The Last Great American Dynasty" (2020), "Nothing New" (2021), "Lavender Haze" (2022), "Castles Crumbling" and "Slut!" (2023).

References

  1. 1 2 D'Souza, Shaad (September 8, 2023). "'She is a snake – in the most positive way!' How Taylor Swift became the world's biggest pop star, again". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  2. ↑ Franssen 2022, p. 90-92.
  3. ↑ Pennington, Bill (January 2, 2024). "As Mikaela Shiffrin Considers How to Top Herself, She Studies Taylor Swift". The New York Times. Retrieved January 3, 2024.
  4. ↑ Siroky, Mary (December 14, 2023). "2023 Artist of the Year Taylor Swift Built the Perfect Machine with "The Eras Tour". Consequence of sound. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  5. ↑ "Taylor Swift: 'My Confidence Is Easy To Shake'". NPR. November 2, 2012. Retrieved May 20, 2021. Thanki, Juli (September 24, 2015). "Taylor Swift: Teen idol to 'biggest pop artist in the world'". The Tennessean. Retrieved May 13, 2021. Yahr, Emily (June 16, 2016). "Taylor Swift's first song came out 10 years ago. Here's what she was like as a teen songwriter". Arts and Entertainment. The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021.
  6. ↑ Yahr, Emily (December 26, 2022). "2022: The year in review (Taylor's version)". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 26, 2022.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Levine, Nick (August 21, 2019). "Taylor Swift's Lover: The struggle to maintain superstardom". BBC. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  8. ↑ El Mosselli, Sabrina (December 24, 2022). "How Taylor Swift rose from 'Miss Americana' to global megastar". Le Monde. Retrieved December 28, 2022.
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  11. ↑ Sanders, Sam (October 20, 2022). "Taylor Swift Is the Greatest Self-Portraitist of Our Time". Vulture. Retrieved October 21, 2022.
  12. ↑ Lutz, Ashley (October 8, 2022). "Taylor Swift's new album proves she is a business genius". Fortune. Retrieved October 8, 2022.
  13. ↑ Steele, Anne (July 1, 2023). "How to Succeed in Business Like Taylor Swift". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 2, 2023.
  14. ↑ Aniftos, Rania (March 23, 2021). "A Timeline of Taylor Swift's Generosity". Billboard. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
  15. ↑ Miller, Julie (December 1, 2015). "Oprah Reveals Why Taylor Swift Brings Her to Tears". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on February 8, 2023. Retrieved May 15, 2023.
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  17. ↑ Fischer & Seidman 2016, p. 529.
  18. ↑ Walsh, Kathleen (September 13, 2023). "It Only Took One Award for Taylor Swift to Become a Meme at the 2023 VMAs". Glamour. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
  19. ↑ Oh, Hannah (February 8, 2023). "TikTok is Getting Emotional Over Taylor Swift's Reaction to Harry Styles Being Heckled at the Grammys". Seventeen. Retrieved September 16, 2023.
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  21. ↑ Hiatt, Brian (October 25, 2012). "Taylor Swift in Wonderland". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on July 31, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
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