Muhammad bin Nayef
Prince Muhammad smiling
Prince Muhammad in January 2013
Tenure29 April 2015 – 21 June 2017
King and Prime Minister
PredecessorMuqrin bin Abdulaziz
SuccessorMohammed bin Salman
  • Deputy Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia
  • Second Deputy Prime Minister
Tenure23 January 2015 – 29 April 2015
King and Prime Minister
Salman
PredecessorMuqrin bin Abdulaziz
SuccessorMohammed bin Salman
Chairman of the Council of Political and Security Affairs
Tenure29 April 2015 – 21 June 2017
King and Prime Minister
Salman
SuccessorMohammed bin Salman
Minister of Interior
Tenure5 November 2012 – 21 June 2017
Prime Minister
PredecessorAhmed bin Abdulaziz
SuccessorAbdulaziz bin Saud
Born (1959-08-30) 30 August 1959
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
SpouseReema bint Sultan Al Saud
Issue
  • Princess Sarah
  • Princess Lulua
Names
Muhammad bin Nayef bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
HouseAl Saud
FatherNayef bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
MotherAl Jawhara bint Abdulaziz Al Jiluwi

Muhammad bin Nayef Al Saud[lower-alpha 1] (Arabic: محمد بن نايف آل سعود, romanized: Muḥammad bin Nāyif Āl Su‘ūd; born 30 August 1959), colloquially known by his initials MBN or MbN,[1] is a former Saudi Arabian politician and businessman who served as the crown prince and first deputy prime minister of Saudi Arabia from 2015 to 2017[2] and as the minister of interior from 2012 to 2017.[3]

Prince Muhammad is a grandson of the founding monarch, King Abdulaziz, and son of the former crown prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz. Muhammad and Nayef were the first father-son duo in Saudi history to serve as crown prince.[4][5] Muhammad's uncle King Salman named him as crown prince on 29 April 2015. On 21 June 2017 the king appointed his own son, Mohammed bin Salman, as crown prince and relieved Muhammad bin Nayef of all positions. He has been in detention since 6 March 2020 along with his uncle Ahmed and his half-brother Nawwaf.

Early life and education

Muhammad bin Nayef was born in Jeddah on 30 August 1959.[5][6] He is one of ten children of Prince Nayef bin Abdulaziz,[7][8] himself a son of King Abdulaziz and full brother of King Fahd and King Salman.[9] Prince Muhammad has an older brother, Saud bin Nayef, and two younger half-brothers, Nawwaf bin Nayef and Fahd bin Nayef.[10] His mother, Al Jawhara bint Abdulaziz bin Musaed,[8] was a member of the Al Jiluwi branch of the House of Saud.[11] She died in July 2019.[12]

Muhammad bin Nayef studied in the United States.[13] There he received a bachelor's degree in political science in 1981.[14] He took courses at Lewis & Clark College, but did not receive a degree.[15] He attended the FBI's security courses from 1985 to 1988, and trained with Scotland Yard's anti-terrorism units from 1992 to 1994.[7]

Career

Muhammad bin Nayef with U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, 16 January 2013

Muhammad bin Nayef was appointed assistant interior minister for security affairs in 1999. He had been a businessman before this appointment.[16] He was widely credited for the success of the Ministry's counter-terrorism program.[17] He was regarded as the architect of the government's counter-insurgency program.[18] He also served as the director of civil defense during his term as assistant minister.[19] He was considered to be an effective assistant interior minister.[20]

In 2004, Muhammad bin Nayef was appointed to the rank of minister, becoming number two at the Ministry of Interior.[7] In October 2010, he warned the U.S. Deputy National Security Adviser of the 2010 cargo plane bomb plot.[21][22] After the appointment of Prince Ahmed bin Abdulaziz Al Saud as interior minister upon the death of Prince Nayef in July 2012, Prince Muhammad became deputy interior minister.[4][23]

In November 2009, King Abdullah appointed Muhammad as a member of the influential Supreme Economic Council of Saudi Arabia.[24] This move was regarded as approval of the increase in then-Crown Prince Nayef's power by King Abdullah.[25] On the other hand, this appointment enabled Prince Muhammad to extend his influence over the government's economy policy.[26]

On 5 November 2012, King Abdullah issued a royal decree and dismissed Prince Ahmed as minister of interior and appointed Prince Muhammad to the post.[4] He became the tenth interior minister of Saudi Arabia.[27] Prince Muhammad took the oath of office in front of King Abdullah on 6 November 2012.[28] His appointment was not regarded very positively by human rights activists due to Prince Muhammad's professional experience as a tough enforcer who imprisoned thousands of suspected troublemakers in Saudi Arabia.[29] However, he was regarded as less corrupt and less likely to abuse his power in comparison to other senior princes of his generation.[29]

Prince Muhammad met with British Prime Minister David Cameron in January 2013.[30] He then met with U.S. President Barack Obama in Washington, D.C., on 14 January 2013.[31] They discussed issues of security and regional developments.[31] In late January 2013, Prince Muhammad announced that Saudi women would be allowed to work at the Saudi intelligence agency.[32]

In February 2014, Prince Muhammad replaced Bandar bin Sultan, then intelligence chief of Saudi Arabia, and was placed in charge of Saudi intelligence in Syria.[33] Muhammad was assisted in this effort by Prince Mutaib bin Abdullah, the minister of the Saudi Arabian National Guard.[34]

On 10 February 2017, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) granted its "George Tenet Medal" to Prince Muhammad for what the agency called his "excellent intelligence performance, in the domain of counter-terrorism and his unbound contribution to realize world security and peace". The medal, named after George Tenet, CIA's longest-serving director, from 1996 to 2004, was handed to him by the newly appointed CIA director Mike Pompeo during a reception ceremony in Riyadh in the presence of minister of defense Mohammed bin Salman Al Saud. It was the first reaffirmation of ties between the Islamic monarchy and United States since President Donald Trump took office on 20 January 2017.[35] The reception was attended by senior civil and military officials and by the U.S. Charge d'affaires to the Kingdom, Christopher Hensel. Prince Muhammed and Pompeo discussed security with Turkish officials, and said Saudi Arabia's relationship with the U.S. is "historic and strategic". He added that the move shows Washington's recognition of what he called Riyadh's anti-terrorism efforts.[36]

Deputy Crown Prince

On 23 January 2015 it was announced that King Salman had appointed Muhammad bin Nayef as deputy crown prince.[37][38] The announcement reportedly helped calm fears of dynastic instability over the line of succession.[39] Thus, Prince Muhammad became the first of his generation to be officially in line for the throne. In addition to his other posts Prince Muhammad was named the chair of the Council for Political and Security Affairs which was established on 29 January 2015.[38]

War in Yemen

As chair of the Council for Political and Security Affairs, the Prince was a leading commander of Operation Decisive Storm, the first major Saudi military operation of the 21st century.

Crown Prince

Crown Prince Muhammad with U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry, 6 May 2015

On 29 April 2015, Muhammad bin Nayef was named Crown Prince, replacing Muqrin bin Abdulaziz in the post.[40]

Ousting

Muhammad bin Nayef was deposed by royal decree on 21 June 2017, and the king's son Mohammed bin Salman was made heir presumptive to the throne.[41] He was also relieved of all positions by royal decree.[42] Abdulaziz bin Saud Al Saud replaced Prince Muhammad as minister of interior.[43] The change of succession had been predicted in December 2015 by an unusually blunt and public memo published by the German Federal Intelligence Service,[44][45] for which it was subsequently rebuked by the German government.[46]

According to the New York Times, reports of "current and former United States officials and associates of the royal family" speaking on condition of anonymity, state that the ousting of Muhammad bin Nayef and his replacement by Mohammed bin Salman in late June 2017 was not "seamless", but involved Muhammad bin Nayef being "held against his will and pressured for hours to give up his claim to the throne".[47] He was still being confined to his palace as of 19 July 2017.[47] In addition, his bank accounts were blocked in late fall 2017.[48] In reply, a Saudi official dismissed these reports as "unfounded and untrue in addition to being nonsense" and a "complete fantasy worthy of Hollywood," according to Reuters news agency.[49] Following his removal his wife and daughters were forbidden from leaving Saudi Arabia.[50]

Arrest

Muhammad bin Nayef, his half-brother Nawwaf bin Nayef and his uncle Ahmed bin Abdulaziz were arrested and charged with treason on 6 March 2020.[51][52]

On 25 August 2020, the legal representatives of Muhammad bin Nayef raised concerns over his well-being, alleging that Saudi Arabian authorities have not allowed his doctor or his family members to visit him since his arrest five months earlier.[53]

Views

Muhammad bin Nayef, unlike most of the royal family, actively talks to the media.[54] Concerning the struggle against terrorism, he adopts a policy of the iron fist like his father, Prince Nayef.[26] He, and other decision-making elites, have asserted that terrorism must be treated as a form of crime and fought with ruthless policing methods.[55] Walid Jumblatt described Muhammad bin Nayef as the Saudi equivalent of General Ashraf Rifi, former director-general of Lebanon's Internal Security Forces.[56]

Muhammad bin Nayef was commended by Western intelligence agencies for Saudi Arabia's counterterrorism programs.[54] After his appointment as interior minister, U.S. diplomats argued that he is "the most pro-American minister in the Saudi Cabinet".[57]

Influence

In 2011 The Economist described Prince Muhammad as energetic and low-key, and stated that he was one of the candidates for the throne when the line of succession passes to the grandsons of King Abdulaziz.[58] He was also considered to be one of the possible contenders after his father's death in June 2012.[59] In 2011, Michael Hayden reported that Prince Muhammad was the world's fifth most powerful defender.[60] In April 2016, Prince Muhammad was named by Time as one of the 100 Most Influential People.[61]

On 21 June 2017, Prince Muhammad bin Nayef was replaced as the heir to the Saudi Kingdom by Prince Mohammed bin Salman in a move considered to be "upending decades of royal custom and profoundly reordering the kingdom’s inner power structure."[62] He also lost his position as interior minister. Over the last 15 years, Muhammad bin Nayef had been considered Saudi Arabia's most influential security official, maintaining close connections with American and British intelligence communities.[63]

Assassination attempts

Muhammad bin Nayef has escaped four assassination attempts. He was injured in the third attempt, and unhurt in the others.[64]

The third attempt was on 27 August 2009.[64] Muhammad bin Nayef was injured by Abdullah al-Asiri, a suicide bomber linked to Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula. Al-Asiri spoke to Muhammad bin Nayef a few days prior to the bombing, and expressed a desire to surrender himself to the authorities as part of the country's terrorist rehabilitation program. This was apparently a plot to get admitted to the Prince's palace.[65] Al-Asiri is believed to have traveled to Jeddah from the Yemeni province of Marib. During Ramadan, al-Asiri waited in line at the Prince's palace as a "well-wisher". He exploded a suicide bomb, killing himself, but apparently only slightly injuring Muhammad bin Nayef, who was protected from the full force of the blast by al-Asiri's body.[66][67] The explosive device was hidden inside al-Asiri's rectum[68] and anal canal, which security experts described as a novel technique.[69][70] Such a device has since come to be known as a surgically implanted improvised explosive device (SIIED), or body cavity bomb (BCB).[71] Muhammad bin Nayef appeared on state television with a bandage around two of his fingers on his left hand. He stated, "I did not want him to be searched, but he surprised me by blowing himself up."[72]

According to Bruce Riedel, a former CIA officer and director of the Intelligence Project at the Brookings Institution, "the weight of the evidence I have seen is that [bin Nayef] was more injured in the assassination attempt than was admitted." To treat his injuries the prince "got onto a pain killer routine that was very addictive. I think that problem got progressively worse."[47] According to The New York Times, citing "an associate of the royal family", the prince's alleged addiction was cited to "strengthen support for the sudden change in the line of succession" that removed bin Nayef from office.[47]

This was the first assassination attempt against a royal family member since 2003, when Saudi Arabia faced a sharp uptick in Al Qaeda-linked attacks.[73][74] The last assassination attempt against Prince Muhammad was in August 2010.[64]

Personal life

Muhammad bin Nayef is a son-in-law of Sultan bin Abdulaziz.[75][76] His wife is Princess Reema bint Sultan Al Saud,[76] and they have two daughters, Princess Sarah and Princess Lulua.[77][78]

In April 2016 Muhammad bin Nayef was implicated in the Panama Papers leaks.[79]

Awards

In 2015 Muhammad bin Nayef was awarded the George Tenet medal by the CIA.[80]

On 4 March 2016 when he was crown prince he was awarded Légion d’honneur by then French president François Hollande citing his efforts in combating terrorism in the region.[81][82]

Ancestry

Notes

Footnotes
  1. ↑ His name is also spelled Mohammed, and his father's name is also spelled Naif.
References
  1. ↑ Bruce Riedel (12 February 2021). "The case of Saudi Arabia's Mohammed bin Nayef". Brookings. Retrieved 26 October 2022.
  2. ↑ "Massive Cabinet shake-up". Arab News. 30 January 2015. Archived from the original on 1 February 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
  3. ↑ "Saudi King Salman resolves succession by appointing nephew". The Daily Star. 23 January 2015. Archived from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 "Saudi Arabia's king appoints new interior minister". BBC. 5 November 2012. Archived from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 5 November 2012.
  5. 1 2 "Council of Ministers: Membership". Royal Embassy, Washington DC. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  6. ↑ "Royal Grandson Mohammed bin Nayef: A King in Waiting". Al Akhbar. 6 March 2015. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  7. 1 2 3 Stig Stenslie (2012). Regime Stability in Saudi Arabia: The Challenge of Succession. Routledge. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-136-51157-8.
  8. 1 2 Caryle Murphy (5 June 2008). "The heir apparent". Global Post. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
  9. ↑ Al Sudairi Clan. Global Security. Retrieved 13 October 2011.
  10. ↑ "Saudi king names new governor for restive oil region". Reuters. Jeddah. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2013.
  11. ↑ Joshua Teitelbaum (1 November 2011). "Saudi succession and stability" (PDF). BESA Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  12. ↑ "Saudi royal passes away, court announces". Khaleej Times. 5 July 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  13. ↑ "Prince Muhammad escapes assassination attempt". SUSRIS. Arab News. 28 August 2009. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
  14. ↑ Joseph A. Kéchichian (2019). "Succession and Primogeniture" (PDF). Saudi Arabia in 2030: The Emergence of a New Leadership. Asan Institute for Policy Studies. pp. 23–40. JSTOR resrep20689.8. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ So This Saudi Prince Didn't Actually Graduate from Lewis & Clark College Archived 13 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine Time. 30 January 2015. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  16. ↑ Caryle Murphy (10 September 2010). "In Saudi Arabia. A softer approach to fighting terror". Global Post. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
  17. ↑ "Saudi Succession Developments" (PDF). Foreign Reports Inc. 28 October 2011. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  18. ↑ Joshua Teitelbaum (8 December 2010). "King Abdullah's Illness and the Saudi Succession". Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  19. ↑ "CDO Grants Prince Ahmed bin Abdulaziz Medal of Commander". Gulf in the Media. Riyadh. Saudi Press Agency. 4 October 2009. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  20. ↑ Christopher M. Davidson (21 February 2011). "Lords of the Realm". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 3 August 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  21. ↑ Mark Mazzetti; Robert F. Worth (30 October 2010). "U.S. Sees Complexity of Bombs as Link to Al Qaeda". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 February 2017.
  22. ↑ Jeremy M. Sharp (3 March 2011). "Yemen: Background and U.S. Relations" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
  23. ↑ "Changes in Saudi Arabia and Syria". Middle East in Focus. Commentary. 2013.
  24. ↑ "Royal Decree to add Prince Saud Al Faisal, Prince Mohammed bin Naif". Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Supreme Economic Council. 16 November 2009. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
  25. ↑ Anne-Beatrice Clasmann (20 November 2009). "Discreetly, Saudis speculate about the throne succession". M&C News. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
  26. 1 2 "The Al Saud succession challenge". AMEinfo. 17 July 2012. Archived from the original on 19 July 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  27. ↑ "Profile: Saudi Interior Minister Prince Mohammed bin Naif". Asharq Alawsat. 6 November 2012. Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
  28. ↑ "Prince Muhammad takes oath of office". MENAFN. Arab News. 7 November 2012. Archived from the original on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2012.
  29. 1 2 "The younger generation, at last?". The Economist. 10 November 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
  30. ↑ Simon Henderson (14 January 2013). "Leadership Change in Oil-Rich Saudi Province". The Washington Institute. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
  31. 1 2 "Obama's Meeting with Saudi Arabia's Prince Mohammed bin Nayef". US Office of the Press Secretary. Retrieved 1 February 2013.
  32. ↑ "Saudi women allowed to work for intelligence agency". Al Akhbar. 29 January 2013. Archived from the original on 11 February 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  33. ↑ Thomas W. Lippman (16 April 2014). "Saudi Intel Chief Prince Bandar Is Out, But Is He Really Out?". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  34. ↑ Simon Henderson (21 February 2014). "Saudi Arabia's Domestic and Foreign Intelligence Challenges". Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  35. ↑ Bethan McKernan. (10 February 2017). CIA awards Saudi crown prince with medal for counter-terrorism work Archived 24 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine, The Independent
  36. ↑ CIA honors Saudi Crown Prince for efforts against terrorism Archived 23 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Al Arabiya English, 10 February 2017
  37. ↑ "New Saudi Deputy Crown Prince marks generational shift". Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 January 2020. Retrieved 23 January 2014.
  38. 1 2 Simeon Kerr (30 January 2015). "Saudi king stamps his authority with staff shake-up and handouts". Financial Times. Riyadh. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
  39. ↑ "Saudi Arabia acts fast on succession after king's death". MSN. 23 January 2015. Archived from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  40. ↑ "Saudi king replaces crown prince in cabinet reshuffle". Al Jazeera. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2015.
  41. ↑ "Mohammed bin Salman named Saudi Arabia's crown prince: Saudi king replaces first in line to the throne with his son, Mohammed bin Salman, the defence chief, state media says". Al Jazeera. 21 June 2017. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
  42. ↑ Stephen Kalin (21 June 2017). "Saudi king removes crown prince". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  43. ↑ "Profile: New Saudi Interior Minister Prince Abdulaziz bin Saud bin Nayef". Al Arabiya English. 21 June 2017. Archived from the original on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
  44. ↑ Justin Huggler (2 December 2015). "Saudi Arabia 'destabilising Arab world', German intelligence warns". The Telegraph. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  45. ↑ Patrick Cockburn (21 June 2017). "Prince Mohammed bin Salman: Naive, arrogant Saudi prince is playing with fire:German intelligence memo shows the threat from the kingdom's headstrong defence minister". The Independent. Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  46. ↑ Alison Smaledec (3 December 2015). "Germany Rebukes Its Own Intelligence Agency for Criticizing Saudi Policy". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
  47. 1 2 3 4 Ben Hubbard; Mark Schmitt; Eric Mazzetti (18 July 2017). "Saudi King's Son Plotted Effort to Oust His Rival". The New York Times. New York Times. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  48. ↑ Juan Cole. "It Seems That Saudi Arabia's Crown Prince MBS Is Continuing His Purge of Potential Rival Princes". Common Dreams. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  49. ↑ "Saudi official dismisses palace coup report as Hollywood fantasy". Reuters. 19 July 2017. Retrieved 19 July 2017.
  50. ↑ David Ignatius (5 July 2020). "The dazzling rise and tragic fall of Saudi Arabia's Mohammed bin Nayef". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
  51. ↑ Summer Said; Justin Scheck; Warren Strobel. "Top Saudi Royal Family Members Detained". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  52. ↑ "Saudi Arabia detains senior royals for alleged coup plot, including king's brother: sources". Reuters. 7 March 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  53. ↑ England, Andrew (24 August 2020). "Lawyers sound alarm on welfare of former Saudi crown prince". Financial Times. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  54. 1 2 "Saudi Arabia's ambitious Al Qaida fighter". NBC News. 11 July 2005. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
  55. ↑ Amir Taheri (2004). "Saudi Arabia: Between Terror and Reform". American Foreign Policy Interests. 26 (6): 457–465. doi:10.1080/10803920490905523. S2CID 154222715.
  56. ↑ "Jumbulatt recounts Saudi trip, Money problems, Syrian threats". Al Akhbar. 11 July 2006. Archived from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
  57. ↑ "Obama meets pro-U.S. young Turk in aging Saudi cabinet". World Tribune. Washington. 15 January 2013. Archived from the original on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
  58. ↑ "Time, surely, for a much younger one". The Economist. 29 October 2011. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  59. ↑ Thomas W. Lippman (16 June 2012). "Saudi Arabia Moves Closer to A New Generation of Leaders". Al Monitor. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  60. ↑ "Michael Hayden: The World's 7 Most Powerful Defenders And Offenders". Forbes. 11 February 2011. Archived from the original on 5 December 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
  61. ↑ "Relentless campaign against Al-Qaeda gets crown prince Time honor". Arab News. Jeddah. 22 April 2016. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  62. ↑ Hubbard, Ben (21 June 2017). "Saudi King Rewrites Succession, Replacing Heir With Son, 31". New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  63. ↑ "Deposed Saudi crown prince confined to palace". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 March 2020. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  64. 1 2 3 Abdullah Al Oraifij (16 August 2010). "Fourth assassination attempt against Prince foiled". Saudi Gazette. Riyadh. Archived from the original on 22 August 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
  65. ↑ Kevin Sullivan (23 January 2015). "Meet the Saudi royal family's rising star, Prince Mohammed bin Nayef". The Washington Post. Riyadh. Archived from the original on 24 January 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  66. ↑ Michael Slackman (28 August 2009), "Would-Be Killer Linked to Al Qaeda, Saudis Say", The New York Times, archived from the original on 9 July 2011, retrieved 13 May 2010
  67. ↑ "Saudi prince spoke to bomber on phone before attack". Reuters. 2 September 2009. Archived from the original on 17 September 2017.
  68. ↑ Leon Panetta (2014). Worthy Fights. Penguin Press. p. 244. ISBN 978-1-59420-596-5. Archived from the original on 12 September 2015. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  69. ↑ "Saudi suicide bomber hid IED in his anal cavity", Homeland Security Newswire, 9 September 2009, archived from the original on 31 December 2009, retrieved 17 September 2017
  70. ↑ "Saudi Bombmaker Key Suspect in Yemen Plot". CBS News. Associated Press. 1 November 2010. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  71. ↑ R. J. Bunker and C. Flaherty (2013). Body Cavity Bombers: The New Martyrs. A Terrorism Research Center Book. iUniverse, Inc. Bloomington, 2013.
  72. ↑ "Saudi prince wounded by suicide bomber vows to fight Al-Qaida". Haaretz. 28 August 2009. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
  73. ↑ "King commended the efforts of the Prince in the service of country and religion". Al Arabiya (in Arabic). 28 August 2009. Archived from the original on 31 August 2009. Retrieved 30 September 2009.
  74. ↑ "Al Qaeda claims Saudi prince bomb". BBC. 30 August 2009. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
  75. ↑ Joseph A. Kéchichian (1 December 2015). "Succession Challenges in the Arab Gulf Monarchies" (PDF). Asan Institute for Policy Studies: 51–66. JSTOR resrep20925.8.
  76. 1 2 "King Abdullah dies, Salman's succession marks return of Sudairis" (PDF). Gulf States Newsletter. 39: 4. 23 January 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 June 2021.
  77. ↑ "Profile: Prince Mohammed bin Naif bin Abdulaziz Al Saud". Al Arabiya. 27 January 2015. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2015.
  78. ↑ "Man of the new generation". The National. 19 May 2015. ProQuest 1681700133.
  79. ↑ "A world tour of the politicians named in the Panama Papers Archived 22 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine". France 24. 5 April 2016.
  80. ↑ Madawi Al Rasheed (18 October 2018). "Why King Salman must Replace M.B.S." The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  81. ↑ Stig Stenslie (Summer 2016). "Salman's Succession: Challenges to Stability in Saudi Arabia". The Washington Quarterly. 39 (3): 117–138. doi:10.1080/0163660X.2016.1204413. S2CID 156097022.
  82. ↑ "France awards Legion d'Honneur to Saudi prince 'for terror fight'". The Guardian. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  83. ↑ "Family Tree of Muhammad bin Nayef bin Abdulaziz Al Saud". Datarabia. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2012.
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