Primeiro Comando da Capital
The yin and yang symbol is often associated with the PCC[1]
Founded31 August 1993 (1993-08-31)
FounderMarco Willians Herbas Camacho
Founding locationTaubaté House of Custody and Treatment, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil
Years active1993–present
TerritoryMain territories with significant operational control:[2][3]

Significant activity:[2][4][5][6][7]

Other activity also registered throughout Europe, Africa and Lebanon[2][4][8]
EthnicityBrazilians (predominantly) Paraguayans, Venezuelans, Argentines
Membership40,000 lifetime members + 60,000 "contractors" (2023)[4]
Leader(s)
[9]
Criminal activitiesDrug trafficking, carjacking, terrorism, murder, fraud, pimping, arms trafficking, extortion, money laundering, smuggling, kidnapping, robbery, and bribery
AlliesAmigos dos Amigos, Terceiro Comando Puro, 'Ndrangheta, Tren de Aragua, Primer Cartel Uruguayo, Clan Insfrán, Hezbollah[8][10]
RivalsComando Vermelho, Família do Norte, Clan Rotela, Militias[11][12][13]

The Primeiro Comando da Capital ("First Capital Command", Portuguese pronunciation: [pɾiˈmejɾu koˈmɐ̃du da kapiˈtaw], PCC) is a Brazilian organized crime syndicate. According to a 2023 The Economist report, the PCC is Latin America's biggest drug gang, with a membership of 40,000 lifetime members plus 60,000 "contractors".[4] Its name refers to the São Paulo state capital, the city of São Paulo.

The group is based in the state of São Paulo and is active throughout Brazil, South America, West Africa and Europe. An international expansion fueled by the cocaine trade saw the PCC establish a profitable partnership with the Italian 'Ndrangheta and, as of 2023, run over 50% of Brazil's drug exports to Europe. Through the cocaine trade routes to Europe, the PCC also established itself as a central player in the West African cocaine trade, with its members being able to exert control over neighbourhoods in cities such as Lagos and Abuja.[4][14] According to a leaked Portuguese intelligence report, the group also has around 1,000 associates in Lisbon.[4]

Historically, the PCC has been responsible for several criminal activities such as murders, prison riots, drug trafficking, bank and highway robberies, protection rackets, pimping, kidnappings-for-ransom, money laundering, bribery, loan sharking, and obstruction of justice, with an expansion focused on drug trafficking since the 2010s. As of 2023, the PCC is currently transitioning into a global mafia, being able to influence politics[15] and penetrate the legal economy.[4] According to São Paulo state authorities, the group has had a yearly revenue of at least US$ 1 billion since 2020.[16]

The PCC is often mentioned to have a different modus operandi to other Brazilian cartels, with a business model that favours the quiet expansion of markets over violent and expensive turf wars[2] that would draw unwanted attention.[17] The Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime noted that the PCC's ability to negotiate with rivals rather than expelling them has permitted the group to make use of preestablished criminal networks and preexisting logistics know-how along the cocaine value chain, encouraging peaceful cooperation between different groups and producing greater economic efficiency by reducing operating costs.[2][17] However, the group has been responsible for waves of extreme violence, including terrorism, upon having their interests threatened.[18]

History

The PCC was founded on August 31, 1993, by eight prisoners at Taubaté Penitentiary, called Piranhão (Big Piranha) in the state of São Paulo. At the time, this was considered the safest jail in the state.[19]

The group initially got together during a football game. The prisoners had been transferred from the city of São Paulo to the Piranhão as punishment for bad behavior, and they decided to name their team the Capital Command—a name which would stick, as the game was followed by the brutal killing and decapitation of both the deputy director and a prisoner with special privileges. The head of the latter being put on a stake.[20]

The initial members were Misael "Misa" Aparecido da Silva, Wander Eduardo "Cara Gorda" (Fat Face) Ferreira, Antônio Carlos Roberto da Paixão, Isaías "Esquisito" (Weird) Moreira do Nascimento, Ademar "Dafé" dos Santos, Antônio "Bicho Feio" (Ugly Beast) Carlos dos Santos, César "Césinha" (Little César) Augusto Roris da Silva and José "Geleião" (Big Jelly) Márcio Felício.

PCC, which was also formerly referred to as the Party of Crime, and as 15.3.3 (following the order of the letters "P" and "C" in the former Brazilian alphabet, which did not contain the letter "K"), was founded with a clear agenda, to "fight the oppression inside the São Paulo penitentiary system" and to "avenge the death of 111 prisoners," victims of the October 2, 1992 Carandiru massacre, when the São Paulo State Military Police stormed the now-defunct Casa de Detenção and killed the prisoners from the 9th cell block in the process.

The group made use of the Chinese taititu ("yin yang") symbol as their emblem, saying it represented "a way to balance good and evil with wisdom".[1] In February 2001, Idemir "Sombra" (Shadow) Carlos Ambrósio became the most prominent leader of the organization when he coordinated, by cell phone, simultaneous rebellions in 29 São Paulo state prisons, in which 16 prisoners were killed. "Sombra," also referred to as "father," was beaten to death in the Piranhão five months later by five members of the criminal faction in an internal struggle for the general command of the PCC. The PCC was led by "Geleião" and "Cesinha," responsible for the alliance with another criminal organization, Rio de Janeiro's Comando Vermelho. Following the alliance with Comando Vermelho, the gang adopted Vermelho's far-left beliefs and began advocating for revolution and the destruction of Brazil's capitalist system.[21]

Geleião and Cesinha, from the Bangu Penitentiary where they were held, went on to coordinate violent attacks against public buildings. Considered radicals by another moderate current of the PCC, they used terrorism to intimidate authorities of the prison system and were withdrawn from leadership in November 2002, when the leadership was taken over by the current leader of the organization Marcos "Marcola" Willians Herbas Camacho. The organization then put a death bounty on Geleião and Cesinha, for having testified to the police and for creating the Terceiro Comando da Capital (Third Capital Command, TCC).

Under the leadership of Marcola, also known as "Playboy," currently detained for bank robbery, the PCC took part in the March 2003 murder of Judge Antônio José Machado Dias, who ran the Penitentiary Readaptation Center (CRP) from Presidente Bernardes, São Paulo, currently Brazil's most strict supermax-style prison. The PCC also announced its objective to use prison uprisings as a way to demoralize the government and to destroy the CRP.

A turning point for the PCC was set in 2014 when it pivoted away from domestic sales and turned towards the more lucrative export market. The group cemented its influence over the Port of Santos, the biggest port in South America, and evolved into a multinational organization with presence and influence across five continents through alliances with other groups such as the 'Ndrangheta as well as Mexican, Colombian, Russian and African criminal networks. GI-TOC fieldwork highlighted that the value chain often starts with stolen or second-hand vehicles in Brazil exchanged for drugs in countries such as Bolivia and Paraguay.[2]

From 2016, the group cemented its influence over the Paraguayan border, an important trade route for cocaine supplied from Bolivia, Peru and Colombia and for arms trafficked from Paraguay and the United States. It involved the murder of Jorge Rafaat, a Brazilian drug lord of Lebanese ancestry. Rafaat's armored Hummer truck was ambushed in Pedro Juan Caballero by more than 100 mercenaries, including a Toyota SW4 featuring a concealed Browning .50 MG which fired more than 400 rounds into the drug lord's truck. The 10-minute shootout left Rafaat dead and 8 more injured.[22] About 40 of his associates were subsequently murdered.[23] This allowed for a major expansion in the following years, with the Brazilian Public Prosecutor's Office estimating that the PCC had reached over 30,000 'baptized' members in 2018, with at least 2 million more allied to the group.[2]

In 2016, the breakdown of a 20-year truce between the PCC and the Red Command led to a massive uptick in violence across Brazil, with the PCC embarking on an aggressive expansion campaign by absorbing less organized gangs and financing local groups to operate as proxies against the CV across the country, such as the B13 gang in Acre and the CV's rivals in Rio de Janeiro.[24][25]

In early 2017, a series of gruesome prison riots made headlines worldwide as the PCC fought for control of the North Region against the Família do Norte and the Red Command, then allied to the FDN. On January 1, dozens of PCC prisoners were massacred at the Anísio Jobim Penitentiary Complex in Manaus after a prison riot, with the PCC retaliating in a prison riot in Boa Vista five days later. Dismemberments, beheadings and prisoners being burned alive were commonplace during both riots.[26]

In 2021, the "King of the Frontier" Fahd Jamil Georges, who ruled over drug trafficking and the jogo do bicho in the Ponta Porã region for over five decades, turned himself in to authorities seeking protection, claiming that the PCC was after him.[23][27]

Over the next months, a wave of contract killings fueled fears that Paraguay might become a narcostate. In May 2022, the Paraguayan prosecutor Marcelo Pecci was shot dead while on honeymoon with his wife in Baru, a tourist island off Cartagena, Colombia. Initial investigations raised the possibility of the PCC being behind the hit, until Paraguayan and Uruguayan cartels allied to the PCC were implicated in the murder.[28] A year earlier, the mayor of Pedro Juan Caballero, José Carlos Acevedo, had also been murdered when leaving the city hall.[29][23][30]

On 15 December 2021, the U.S. Department of the Treasury announced new sanctions against organized crime actors worldwide such as the PCC, along with Mexican cartels and Chinese groups linked to the fentanyl trade.[31]

The PCC's deals with Western European criminal organizations, especially the 'Ndrangheta, have facilitated exports into Europe, including through West Africa, from where the group has become a central player in supplying Africa's cocaine market. The 2020 arrest of a Brazilian drug trafficker linked to the 'Ndrangheta and senior PCC members in Maputo has also contributed to evidence that the group has been active in southern and eastern Africa for years.[2] The PCC has been noted for its ability to create ad hoc and structured business partnerships with other Brazilian groups (including private entities and the state) as well as with foreign criminal networks such as Nigerian, Cape Verdean, Mozambican, Lebanese, Russian, Italian and Eastern European mafias.[2]

By 2022, the PCC had become one of the world's most complex criminal organizations, able to operate across a spectrum of illicit supply chains including drugs, firearms, gold mining and vehicles.[2] Those operations are rooted in an extensive financial infrastructure that has penetrated the legal economy in businesses such as public transport, trash disposal and real estate investment[4] and that extends to legal and financial support to its members through different divisions, called sintonias. This organizational flexibility, combined with a high degree of commercial autonomy for its members, has underpinned the PCC's expansion.[2][17]

Notable incidents

2006 attacks

Sites in São Paulo State attacked by PCC in 2006.

The PCC received countrywide attention with a series of attacks that took place from May 12 to May 17 in 2006. The main targets were public establishments such as police stations, justice forums, buses, etc. The attacks took place as a response to a state government plan to transfer prisoners to a high-security prison in Presidente Venceslau and represented the bloodiest assault of its kind in the history of Brazil's richest state, São Paulo. The attacks were organized by gang members in prison via cell phone.[32]

2012 attacks

By June 2012, another wave of attacks against the police began. In May 28, six PCC members were killed in a shootout with ROTA members. However, investigations later showed that one suspect, 31-year old Anderson Minhano was taken from the scene alive and placed in a ROTA cruiser, where it was discovered that he was wanted for the point-blank murder of a police officer two months earlier. The PCC member was then taken to Ayrton Senna highway where he was tortured and executed on the side of the road, an action witnessed by a civilian passerby. As a result, the PCC leadership ordered retaliation against military police officers, allowing members with debts to the organization to clear their slates by murdering police officers.[33][17][34][35]

Throughout the next few months, off-duty police were targeted while driving to and from work, grocery shopping or moonlighting, and buses were set on fire. Police retaliated, with the number of killings by police increasing dramatically, as well as reports of multiple homicides at drug sale points by police vigilante groups.[17]

By December, the wave of violence had subsided. By the end of 2012, 106 police officers[36] had been killed throughout the year, with 775[37] civilians being killed as a result of police intervention, 84 of those by ROTA.[38]

2017 Paraguay heist

In April 2017 the company Prosegur located in Ciudad del Este, in the Triple Frontier of Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay, was robbed by a group of at least 30 men carrying heavy firepower.[39] Early reports said 40 million dollars were stolen, although this was later revised to eight million.[40][41] The group used automatic rifles, infrared sights, anti-aircraft guns, explosives, bullet-proof getaway cars, speedboats and blocked avenues with torched cars and trucks, locals described the heist as "movie-like".[42] Since the Modus operandi was similar to that of past robberies in Campinas, Ribeirão Preto and Santos in 2015 and 2016, the PCC was the main suspect for the heist, but this was never confirmed.[43] It was the biggest robbery in the history of Paraguay.[44] A police officer was killed and four people were injured.[45][46]

2023 foiled terror attacks

On 22 March 2023, the Federal Police launched Operation Sequaz, which sought to apprehend 11 PCC members across four states who had planned to assassinate several Brazilian authorities, such as Senator and former Lava Jato judge Sergio Moro and São Paulo state prosecutor Lincoln Gakiya. As Minister of Justice in the Bolsonaro administration, Moro had been responsible for the transfer of Marcola and 21 other senior PCC members from state to federal penitentiaries. Incumbent Minister of Justice Flávio Dino commemorated the operation, "sending his regards to the Federal Police for their important work".[47] Brazilian President Lula da Silva questioned the operation, calling it "another one of Moro's setups".[48]

With intelligence collected during Operation Sequaz, the Federal Police also learned that the PCC had sent a three-man team to Brasilia to plan for "a mission in the Federal District". Among the cellphones of the suspects that were seized during the operation, the Federal Police found pictures of residences belonging to Arthur Lira, President of the Chamber of Deputies, and Rodrigo Pacheco, President of the Federal Senate. The leader for Moro's planned assassination, Janerson Aparecido Mariano Gomes ("Nefo"), claimed that the PCC had created a division ("sintonia", or "tuning") responsible for high-secrecy and high-risk operations in 2014, called the Sintonia Restrita ("restricted tuning"). Sintonia Restrita members would be trained by the Paraguayan People's Army and operate under direct orders from the PCC leadership, known as the Sintonia Geral e Final ("general and final tuning"), mainly in attacks against authorities including politicians and members of the Judiciary.[18] The planned terror attacks sought to retaliate for the 2017 prohibition of intimate visits in federal penitentiaries, as well as Law 13,964/2019, proposed by Moro. Dubbed the "anticrime package", Law 13,964 modified 14 laws and hardened the Brazilian prison system, making it harder for PCC leaderships to command gangs from inside prisons. On 19 July, the PF also found rock blasting explosives in a house belonging to PCC members in Curitiba, to be used in an attack against Moro.[18]

Statute

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The Primeiro Comando da Capital has a statute with various rules for the criminal organization. Disobeying the rules, says the statute, carries a penalty of death. On May 16, 2006, a couple was arrested with a copy of the statute.[49]

Notable leaders and members

  • Marco Willians Herbas Camacho, "Marcola[Note 2][50] (Incarcerated) [Note 3][51]
  • Alejandro Juvenal Herbas Camacho Júnior, "Marcolinha"[Note 4]/Little Marcola (Incarcerated)[51]
  • César Augusto Roriz Silva, "Cesinha" (Deceased)[Note 5][52]
  • Reinaldo Teixeira dos Santos, "Funchal" (Incarcerated)[51]
  • Júlio César Guedes de Moraes, "Carambola" (Incarcerated)[51]
  • Daniel Vinícius Canônico, "O Cego" (Incarcerated)[51]
  • Márcio Luciano Neves Soares, "Pezão" (Incarcerated)[51]
  • Alessandro Garcia de Jesus Rosa, "Pulft" (Incarcerated)[51]
  • Lourinaldo Gomes Flor, "Lori" (Incarcerated)[51]
  • Antônio José Muller Júnior, "Granada" (Incarcerated)[51]
  • Lucival de Jesus Feitoza, "Val do Bristol" (Incarcerated)[51]
  • Patric Velinton Salomão, "Forjado" (Incarcerated)[51]
  • Fernando Gonçalves dos Santos, "Colorido" (Incarcerated)[51]
  • Pedro Luiz da Silva Soares, "Chacal" (Incarcerated)[51]
  • Luiz Eduardo Marcondes Machado de Barros, "Dú da Bela Vista" (Incarcerated)[51]
  • Alexandre Cardozo da Silva, "Bradok" (Incarcerated)[51]
  • André Macedo Oliveira, "André do Rap" (Fugitive)[Note 6][53][54][55]
  • Gilberto Aparecido dos Santos, "Fuminho" (Incarcerated)[56][57][58][59]
  • Idemir Carlos Ambrósio, a.k.a. "Sombra" (Deceased)[60]
  • Marcos Roberto de Almeida, "Tuta" (Fugitive)[Note 7][61]
  • Rogério Jeremias de Simone, "Gegê do Mangue" (Deceased)[62]
  • Fabiano Alves de Souza, "Paca" (Deceased)[62]
  • Wagner Ferreira da Silva, "Cabelo Duro" (Deceased)[Note 8][63][64]
  • Marcio Vinicius da Paixão Vieira, "Pica-Pau" (Incarcerated)[Note 9][65]

The Netflix series Brotherhood is based the criminal activities of an organisation based on the PCC.

In the Netflix series Sintonia one of the main characters works his way to the top of a criminal organisation based on the PCC.

The Netflix series DNA do Crime centres around an investigation into a criminal organisation based on the PCC.

Alliances

Alliance with Hezbollah

According to the Brazilian Federal Police, the PCC maintains commercial relations with the Lebanese organization and militant group Hezbollah, specifically in illegal cigarette contraband, arms trafficking and money laundering schemes. Cooperation between the two groups happens mostly in the Triple Frontier area between Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina.[66][67]

In June 2023, the São Paulo Civil Police arrested Garip Uç, a Turkish chemist associated with Hezbollah during an operation in Praia Grande. Investigations later pointed to Moroccan hashish being imported to Brazil by a criminal network that involved the PCC, 'Ndrangheta, the Balkan Mafia and Hezbollah, including Barakat clan entrepreneurs who operated in the Triple Frontier.[8]

Alliance with 'Ndrangheta

According to investigations carried out by both Europol and the Brazilian Federal Police, the PCC has ties to the 'Ndrangheta, considered the most bloodthirsty group of the Italian Mafia and the richest and most powerful criminal syndicate in the West.[68]

This was evident after the arrests of high-ranking 'Ndrangheta bosses and members in Brazil, such as Rocco Morabito (known as the “Cocaine King of Milan”), cousin of Giuseppe Morabito (one of the most powerful 'Ndrangheta bosses) and considered one of the organization's main drug traffickers.[69]

According to investigations, Morabito is considered one of the main associates of André Macedo Oliveira (known as "André do Rap"), one of the current leaders of the PCC and considered one of the most bloodthirsty drug lords in Latin America.[70]

Notes

  1. ↑ Partnered with 'Ndrangheta
  2. ↑ He sniffed glue at Praça da Sé as a teenager and his associates originally called him Marco da Cola and later Marcola.
  3. ↑ The current top leader of the PCC.
  4. ↑ Marcola's younger brother.
  5. ↑ He was executed by the Primeiro Comando da Capital at the behest of Marcola himself in retaliation for the fact that Cesinha had ordered the murder of Marcola's former wife, Ana Maria Olivatto in October 2002.
  6. ↑ According to the São Paulo Police and the Public Ministry of São Paulo, he may have fled to Baixada Santista (on the coast of São Paulo) or Paraguay.
  7. ↑ According to the Public Ministry of São Paulo, Tuta's last known whereabouts would be Bolivia, where he is supposedly currently hiding.
  8. ↑ Although the motive for his murder is still unknown, there is a suspicion by the Civil Police of São Paulo that he was killed in revenge for the murders of Gege do Mangue and Paca (the two PCC members mentioned above).
  9. ↑ Leader of the PCC in Minas Gerais.

See also

Further reading

References

  1. 1 2 "O Primeiro Comando da Capital - PCC" (in Portuguese). International Police Association. 16 August 2018. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Gabriel Feltran, Isabela Vianna Pinho and Lucia Bird Ruiz-Benitez de Lugo (August 2023). "Atlantic Connections: The PCC and the Brazil-West Africa cocaine trade" (PDF). Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 October 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  3. ↑ Flávio Costa, Luís Adorno (10 August 2018). "PCC domina o crime em 8 estados e disputa o controle em outros 13 e no DF" (in Portuguese). UOL. Archived from the original on 3 June 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Brazil's biggest drug gang has gone global". The Economist. 23 November 2023. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  5. ↑ "Crimen organizado: UDI alerta que Primer Comando Capital de Brasil estaría en Chile" (in Spanish). Bio Bio Chile. 21 January 2023. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-30.
  6. ↑ Ryan C Berg (March 2020). "Breaking Out - Brazil's First Capital Command and the emerging prison-based threat" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  7. ↑ "Além do PCC: Brasil tem atuação de 53 facções; qual a mais dominante?" (in Portuguese). UOL. 17 March 2023. Archived from the original on 17 March 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  8. 1 2 3 Marcelo Godoy (4 December 2023). "As novas ligações do PCC e da máfia 'Ndrangheta com o Hezbollah no tráfico internacional de drogas" (in Portuguese). O Estado de S. Paulo. Archived from the original on 4 December 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  9. ↑ "Os donos do crime: Marcola, Beira-Mar e Zé Roberto da Compensa". Istoé. 6 January 2017. Archived from the original on 22 March 2023. Retrieved 2022-07-21.
  10. ↑ "Primer Cartel Uruguayo, la banda creada por Marset para traficar drogas y armas como el PCC" (in Spanish). El Deber. 3 August 2023. Archived from the original on 4 August 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  11. ↑ Fonseca, Pedro; Brooks, Brad (6 January 2017). "Brazil gang kills 31, many hacked to death, as prison violence explodes". Reuters. Archived from the original on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  12. ↑ "InformeAgora: PCC x Clã Rotela: uma guerra que não acaba no Paraguai". Archived from the original on 2022-08-05. Retrieved 2022-08-05.
  13. ↑ "Midiamax (VÍDEO): imagens mostram massacre em presídio durante guerra entre PCC e Clã Protela". Archived from the original on 2022-08-05. Retrieved 2022-08-05.
  14. ↑ "Brazil crime gang has spread through most of country". Emirates 24/7. November 25, 2012. Archived from the original on 2022-01-04. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
  15. ↑ Ryan C. Berg (19 June 2020). "Brazil's Workers' Party Has an Organized Crime Problem in the Making". American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on 15 November 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  16. ↑ Fabíola Perez (4 September 2023). "PCC fatura R$ 4,9 bilhões ao ano com tráfico e preocupa europeus" (in Portuguese). UOL. Archived from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 Willis, Graham Denyer (September 2013). The Killing Consensus: Homicide Detectives, Police that Kill and Organized Crime in São Paulo, Brazil (PDF). MIT. p. 222,223. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2023.
  18. 1 2 3 Gabriel de Sousa (7 December 2023). "PCC planejou ação contra Lira e Pacheco em Brasília e atentado a bomba contra Moro" (in Portuguese). O Estado de S. Paulo. Archived from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  19. ↑ "Facção criminosa PCC foi criada em 1993" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Folha de S.Paulo. 14 May 2006. Archived from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  20. ↑ Galarraga Gortázar, Naiara; Alessi, Gil (13 June 2020). "PCC, la hermandad de los criminales" (in Spanish). El País. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2020.
  21. ↑ "First Capital Command – PCC". InSight Crime. July 9, 2018. Archived from the original on May 2, 2020. Retrieved May 2, 2020.
  22. ↑ "Vídeo mostra execução de traficante com metralhadora no Paraguai" (in Portuguese). g1. 16 June 2016. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  23. 1 2 3 Laurence Blair (23 June 2022). "'The PCC are after me': the drug cartel with Paraguay in its clutches". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 July 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  24. ↑ Ryan C. Berg (March 2020). "Breaking Out - Brazil's First Capital Command and the emerging prison-based threat" (PDF). American Enterprise Institute. p. 11. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  25. ↑ Ryan C. Berg (October 2021). "Tussle for the Amazon: New Frontiers in Brazil's Organized Crime Landscape". Jack D. Gordon Institute for Public Policy. p. 10. Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 4 December 2023.
  26. ↑ Dom Phillips (10 January 2017). "Trail of slaughter in prisons shocks Brazilians as gang war explodes". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 June 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  27. ↑ Percival de Souza (19 August 2021). "O Rei da Fronteira perdeu o trono" (in Portuguese). R7. Archived from the original on 2 August 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  28. ↑ "Clãs do narcotráfico paraguaio e uruguaio mandaram executar promotor em lua de mel na Colômbia, diz jornal" (in Portuguese). O Globo. 9 August 2022. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  29. ↑ "Paraguai: morre prefeito de Pedro Juan Caballero após sofrer atentado". Correio Braziliense. 22 May 2022. Archived from the original on 22 May 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  30. ↑ "Quién era Marcelo Pecci, el fiscal contra el crimen organizado de Paraguay que mataron en Colombia en su luna de miel" (in Spanish). BBC News Mundo. 10 May 2022. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  31. ↑ "Treasury Uses New Sanctions Authority to Combat Global Illicit Drug Trade". U.S. Department of the Treasury. 15 December 2021. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  32. ↑ "Brazil prison guards nab pigeon with cell phone". Archived from the original on 2009-07-06. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
  33. ↑ "PMs da Rota suspeitos de matarem integrante do PCC são absolvidos" (in Portuguese). Folha de S. Paulo. 14 November 2012. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  34. ↑ "Threat of new police, gang war loom over Sao Paulo after informal truce appears to collapse". Fox News. Associated Press. November 15, 2012. Archived from the original on October 27, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
  35. ↑ "PCC Profile". Insight Crime. 9 March 2020. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
  36. ↑ "2012, o ano em que o PCC matou 106 policiais militares no estado de SP" (in Portuguese). UOL. 6 January 2022. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  37. ↑ "FBSP Violent Death Data" (in Portuguese). Fórum Brasileiro de Segurança Pública. Archived from the original on 2023-04-11. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  38. ↑ "Em 19 anos, 27 PMs da Rota foram assassinados, apenas um durante o serviço" (in Portuguese). UOL. 8 May 2019. Archived from the original on 23 February 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  39. ↑ Watts, Jonathan (2017-04-25). "'Heist of the century': Brazilian gang hits security vault and police HQ in Paraguay". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2018-10-21. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
  40. ↑ Romero, Simon (2017-04-25). "Deadly Heist Shakes a South American Borderland Trying to Shed Its Lawless Image". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2018-01-10. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
  41. ↑ Pestre, Maria Clara (25 April 2017). "Brazil arrests eight after Paraguay cash heist; four dead". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2018-05-22.
  42. ↑ Molina, Federico Rivas (2017-04-25). "Atraco de película en Paraguay: 50 hombres roban millones de dólares en una oficina de Prosegur". El País (in Spanish). Madrid. ISSN 1134-6582. Archived from the original on 2018-07-18.
  43. ↑ "Facção de SP é suspeita de atuar em mega-assalto 'inédito' no Paraguai". Folha de S. Paulo. 2017-04-24. Archived from the original on 2017-07-02. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
  44. ↑ "Golpe comando en Ciudad de Este: tomaron la ciudad y se robaron USD40 millones". La Nación (in Spanish). 2017-04-24. Archived from the original on 2017-06-22. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
  45. ↑ José Maria Tomazela; Alexandre Hisayasu (24 April 2017). "PCC avança fronteira e explode empresa no maior roubo da história do Paraguai - Brasil - Estadão" (in Brazilian Portuguese). O Estado de S. Paulo. Archived from the original on 16 May 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  46. ↑ "Explosiones, tiroteo y persecución en asalto de película en Paraguay" (in European Spanish). CNN. 24 April 2017. Archived from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 23 November 2018.
  47. ↑ Fabio Serapião (22 March 2023). "PF faz ação contra PCC após descobrir plano para atacar autoridades; Moro era um dos alvos" (in Portuguese). Folha de S. Paulo. Archived from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  48. ↑ Rayanderson Guerra, Weslley Galzo (23 March 2023). "Lula desacredita ação da PF e fala em 'armação' de Moro, que pede 'decência'" (in Portuguese). O Estado de S. Paulo. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 8 December 2023.
  49. ↑ Couple were arrested with a copy of the statute Archived 2008-09-21 at the Wayback Machine - Folha de S.Paulo.
  50. ↑ "Super Interessante: Quem é Marcola, o líder do PCC". Archived from the original on 2022-11-26. Retrieved 2022-11-26.
  51. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Veja: Quem são os líderes do PCC transferidos para presídios federais". Archived from the original on 2022-11-25. Retrieved 2022-11-25.
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  53. ↑ "R7: Conheça André do Rap, suposto líder do PCC e foragido da Justiça de SP". Archived from the original on 2022-11-26. Retrieved 2022-11-26.
  54. ↑ G1 (Santos e Região): André do Rap comanda o tráfico na América do Sul e lidera facção criminosa, mesmo foragido há quase 2 anos, diz delegado
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  56. ↑ "Reuters: Brazil cocaine kingpin nabbed in Mozambique as gang expands". Archived from the original on 2022-11-26. Retrieved 2022-11-26.
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  62. 1 2 G1: Gegê do Mangue, chefe de facção de SP, é encontrado morto no CE
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