Commission on Presidential Debates
PredecessorLeague of Women Voters (sponsor)
Formation1987 (1987)
TypeNon-profit, 501(c)(3) corporation[1]
PurposeOrganization of the United States presidential and vice-presidential election debates
Co-Chairs
Executive Director
Janet H. Brown
Websitewww.debates.org

The Commission on Presidential Debates (CPD) is a nonprofit corporation established in 1987 under the joint sponsorship of the Democratic and Republican political parties in the United States.[1][3] The CPD sponsors and produces debates for U.S. presidential and vice-presidential candidates and undertakes research and educational activities relating to the debates. It has run all of the presidential debates held since 1988. The commission's debates are sponsored by private contributions from foundations and corporations[4] as well as fees from hosting institutions.[5]

The commission's exclusion of third-party candidates from the debates has been the subject of controversy and legal challenges.

History

Debates before the CPD

The first televised presidential debates were held between Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy during the 1960 campaign. No general election debates were held in 1964, and Richard Nixon refused to participate in any debate in 1968 and 1972. Beginning with the 1976 election, the League of Women Voters sponsored the televised Gerald Ford–Jimmy Carter debates, followed by the John B. Anderson–Ronald Reagan and Reagan–Carter debates for the 1980 election, and Reagan and Walter Mondale in 1984.

Formation

After studying the election process in 1985, the bipartisan National Commission on Elections recommended "[t]urning over the sponsorship of presidential debates to the two major parties".[3] The CPD was established in 1987 by the chairmen of the Democratic and Republican Parties to "take control of the presidential debates".[3] The commission was staffed by members from the two parties and chaired by the heads of the Democratic and Republican parties, Paul G. Kirk and Frank Fahrenkopf.[3] At a 1987 press conference announcing the commission's creation, Fahrenkopf said that the commission was not likely to include third-party candidates in debates, and Kirk said he personally believed they should be excluded from the debates.[3]

In 1988, the League of Women Voters withdrew its sponsorship of the presidential debates after the George H. W. Bush and Michael Dukakis campaigns secretly agreed to a "memorandum of understanding" that would decide which candidates could participate in the debates, which individuals would be panelists (and therefore able to ask questions), and the height of the lecterns. The league rejected the demands and released a statement saying that it was withdrawing support for the debates because "the demands of the two campaign organizations would perpetrate a fraud on the American voter."[6]

The CPD has sponsored the debates in every presidential election since 1988.

Washington University in St. Louis has been selected by the commission to host more presidential and vice-presidential debates than any institution in history.[7]

In January 2022 the Republican National Committee warned the CPD that it planned to amend the Rules of the Republican Party to prohibit Republican presidential nominees from attending CPD-sponsored debates.[8] The amendment was unanimously passed on April 14.[9]

Leadership

The commission is headed by Frank Fahrenkopf, a former Republican National Committee chairman, Dorothy S. Ridings, the president and chief executive officer of the Council on Foundations, and Kenneth Wollack, former president of the National Democratic Institute.[2][10] As of 2020, the board of directors consisted of John C. Danforth, Charles Gibson, John Griffen, Yvonne Hao, Jane Harman, Antonia Hernandez, Reverend John I. Jenkins, Newton N. Minow, Richard D. Parsons, and Olympia Snowe. Janet H. Brown is the current executive director.[2]

Criticism

Christopher Hitchens speaking at a September 2000 third-party protest at the commission's headquarters

In 2000, the CPD established a rule that candidates must garner at least 15% support across five national polls to be included in the national debates.[11] This rule has been controversial[12] as it has effectively excluded U.S. parties other than the two major parties. While this occurred before the rule was established, in 1992, third-party candidate Ross Perot and his running mate, James Stockdale, achieved high enough support in the polls to participate in the debates against the Clinton-Gore and Bush-Quayle tickets. No third party has participated in the debates since 1992. Perot won 19% of the vote in the election.

On October 8, 2004, two presidential candidates, Libertarian candidate Michael Badnarik and Green Party candidate David Cobb, were arrested while protesting against CPD for excluding third-party candidates from the nationally televised debates in St. Louis, Missouri.[13] On October 16, 2012, Green Party presidential nominee Jill Stein and vice-presidential nominee Cheri Honkala were arrested for disorderly conduct while trying to take part in the second presidential debate at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York.[14][15][16]

The 2020 United States presidential debates were controversial and received complaints from both Republicans and Democrats. Democrats criticized the commission following the first debate, feeling they were too lenient on President Donald Trump and felt not enough was done to prevent interruptions from the candidate by moderator Chris Wallace.[17] Conversely, Republicans criticized the commission's choice of Steve Scully to moderate the second debate, after he accidentally leaked exchange between himself and former White House Communications Director Anthony Scaramucci, asking him how he should respond to criticism issued by the president. Scully claimed his Twitter account, which the exchange was leaked onto, was hacked, but he later admitted to lying about this.[18][19] In response to complaints concerning interruptions, President Trump and former Vice President Joe Biden had their microphones muted after each would deliver their responses for the third debate,[17] and the second debate that was to be hosted by Scully was cancelled for unrelated reasons, though Scully was suspended by C-SPAN for having lied about his dialogue with Scaramucci.[18][19][20]

Multiple lawsuits have been filed by third-party candidates challenging the CPD's policy of requiring a candidate to have 15% support in national polls to be included in presidential debates. The lawsuits have challenged the requirement on a number of grounds, including claims that it violates Federal Election Commission (FEC) rules and that it violates antitrust laws; none of the lawsuits have been successful.[21][22]

References

  1. 1 2 "The Commission on Presidential Debates: An Overview". debates.org. Commission on Presidential Debates. n.d. Retrieved October 11, 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 "CPD: Commission Leadership". Debates.org. 2020. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Gailey, Phil (February 19, 1987). "Democrats and Republicans Form Panel to Hold Presidential Debates". The New York Times. Retrieved October 7, 2008.
  4. ↑ "CPD: National Debate Sponsors". Debates.org. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
  5. ↑ Fitzgerald, Rick (April 3, 2019). "U-M will make bid to host 2020 presidential debate". The University Record. The University of Michigan. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
  6. ↑ "League of Women Voters of the United States: League Refuses to "Help Perpetuate a Fraud"" (Press release). League of Women Voters. October 3, 1988. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
  7. ↑ "History of debates at Washington University in St. Louis". Newsroom. Washington University in St. Louis. June 26, 2008. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
  8. ↑ Manchester, Julia (January 13, 2022). "RNC moves to require presidential candidates to skip traditional commission debates". The Hill. Retrieved January 13, 2022.
  9. ↑ McDaniel, Eric (April 14, 2022). "Republicans say they're quitting the 'biased' Commission on Presidential Debates". NPR.
  10. ↑ "Commission on Presidential Debates Elects Kenneth Wollack as Co-Chair". Debates.org. October 1, 2019. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  11. ↑ Raskin, Jamie (2003). Overruling Democracy: The Supreme Court Versus the American People. Routledge. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-415-93439-8. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
  12. ↑ McDuffee, Allen (October 3, 2012). "Presidential debate sponsors drop over exclusion of Gary Johnson". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 13, 2012.
  13. ↑ "Opponents fail to stop US debate". BBC News. October 13, 2004. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
  14. ↑ Zelman, Joanna (October 16, 2012). "Jill Stein Arrested Before Hofstra Debate". HuffPost. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
  15. ↑ "Green Party's Stein Talks Arrest, Presidential Debates". WNYC. October 18, 2012. Archived from the original on April 16, 2013.
  16. ↑ Amy Goodman (October 18, 2012). "Green party candidate Jill Stein's arrest highlights presidential debate stitch-up". The Guardian. London.
  17. 1 2 Merica, Dan (October 20, 2020). "Debate commission to mute candidates during their opponent's initial responses to prevent interruptions". CNN. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
  18. 1 2 Izadi, Elahe (October 15, 2020). "C-SPAN suspends Steve Scully after he says he lied about his Twitter account being hacked". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
  19. 1 2 Henderson, Cydney (October 15, 2020). "C-SPAN suspends Steve Scully after he admits he lied about hack after Trump tweet". USA Today. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
  20. ↑ Yasharoff, Hannah (January 7, 2021). "Steve Scully back working at C-SPAN after suspension for lying about getting hacked on Twitter". USA Today. Retrieved May 26, 2021.
  21. ↑ "JOHNSON et al v. COMMISSION ON PRESIDENTIAL DEBATES et al :: District Of Columbia District Court :: Federal Civil Lawsuit No. 1:15-cv-01580". Plainsite.org. Retrieved August 3, 2016.
  22. ↑ Ryan, Tim (June 12, 2020). "Court Rejects Push to Have Debates Welcome 3rd-Party Candidates". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
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