Presidents of the American Psychiatric Association

Name Year Notes
Petros Levounis2023–2024Current President. Serves as professor and chair of the Department of Psychiatry and associate dean for professional development at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School. He is also the chief of service at University Hospital in Newark, New Jersey. Dr. Levounis came to Rutgers from Columbia University where he served as director of the Addiction Institute of New York from 2002 to 2013.
Rebecca W. Brendel2022–2023Director of the Master of Bioethics Program, Associate Director of the Center for Bioethics, and an Associate Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School. She is also a Director of Law and Ethics at the Center for Law, Brain, and Behavior at Massachusetts General Hospital.
Vivian Pender2021–2022Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medical College. Training psychoanalyst, Columbia University. Founder of Healthcare Against Trafficking, Inc. Consultant psychiatrist and psychoanalyst to the United Nations.
Jeffery Geller2020–2021Prior Director of Public Sector Psychiatry and current Professor of Psychiatry at University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS). Previous medical director (served 7 years) and current staff psychiatrist, Worcester Recovery Center and Hospital.
Bruce J. Schwartz2019–2020Deputy Chair and Clinical Director of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Montefiore and the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. President of the Montefiore Behavioral Care IPA. Medical Director and founding member of University Behavioral Associates.
Altha Stewart2018–2019First African-American elected to lead the APA. Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Director, Center for Health in Justice Involved Youth, University of Tennessee Health Science Center.[1]
Anita Everett2017–2018Chief Medical Officer, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) and Director of the Office of Chief Medical Officers (OCMO).[2]
Maria A. Oquendo2016–2017She was the first Latina president of the APA. Professor and Chairman of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine. [3]
Renée Binder2015–2016Associate Dean of Academic Affairs, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) and Forensic Psychiatry Fellowship Director, UCSF Department of Psychiatry.[4][5]
Paul Summergrad2014–2015Dr. Frances S. Arkin Professor and Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry at the Tufts University School of Medicine, Psychiatrist-in-Chief of the Tufts Medical Center.[6][7]
Jeffrey Lieberman2013–2014Chair of Columbia University Department of Psychiatry, principal investigator for the NIMH CATIE study.[8][9]
Dilip V. Jeste2012-2013First Asian-American President of the APA.[10]
John M. Oldham2011–2012[11]
Carol A. Bernstein2010–2011[12]
Alan F. Schatzberg2009-2010[13]
Nada Logan Stotland2008-2009[14]
Carolyn Robinowitz2007–2008[15]
Pedro Ruiz2006-2007[16]
Steven Sharfstein2005–2006[17]
Michelle Riba2004–2005[18]
Marcia Kraft Goin2003-2004[19]
Paul S. Appelbaum2002-2003[20]
Richard K. Harding2001–2002[21]
Daniel B. Borenstein2000–2001[22]
Allan Tasman1999-2000[23]
Rodrigo A. Muñoz1998-1999[24]
Herbert S. Sacks1997–1998[25]
Harold Eist1996–1997
Mary Jane England1995-1996[26]
Jerry M. Wiener1994-1995[27]
John McIntyre1993–1994[28]
Joseph T. English1992-1993[29]
Lawrence Hartmann1991-1992[30]
Elissa P. Benedek1990-1991[31]
Herbert Pardes1989-1990[32]
Paul Fink1988-1989[33]
George H. Pollock1987-1988[34]
Robert O. Pasnau1986–1987[35]
Carol Nadelson1985-1986First female president of the American Psychiatric Association.[36]
First female editor-in-chief of the American Psychiatric Association Press (1986).[37]

First director of Partners Office for Women's Careers at Brigham and Women’s Hospital (1998).[37]

John A. Talbott1984-1985113th president[38]
George Tarjan1983-1984[39]
H. Keith H. Brodie1982-1983
Daniel X. Freedman1981-1982[40]
Donald G. Langsley1980-1981[41]
Alan A. Stone1979-1980[42]
Jules H. Masserman1978-1979[43]
Jack Weinberg1977-1978[44]
Robert W. Gibson1976-1977[45]
Judd Marmor1975-1976[46]
John Patrick Spiegel1974-1975103rd president[47]
Alfred M. Freedman1973-1974Led the effort to de-classify homosexuality as a mental illness.[48][49]
Perry Clement Talkingten1972–1973[50]
Ewald W. Busse1971–1972[51]
Robert S. Garber1970–1971[52][53]
Raymond W. Waggoner1969–1970[54]
Lawrence C. Kolb1968-1969[55]
Henry W. Brosin1967–1968
Harvey J. Tompkins1966–1967[56]
Howard P. Rome1965–1966[57]
Daniel Blain1964–1965First medical director of the American Psychiatric Association and founder of the newsletter that became the journal Mental Hospitals (1951–1965), later Hospital & Community Psychiatry (1966–1994) and Psychiatric Services (1995–present).[58][59]
Jack R. Ewalt1963–1964[60]
C. H. Hardin Branch1962–1963[61]
Walter E. Barton1961–1962[62]
Robert H. Felix1960-1961[63]
William Malamud1959–1960[64]
Francis J. Gerty1958–1959[65]
Harry C. Solomon1957–1958[66]
Francis J. Braceland1956–1957[67][53]
R. Finley Gayle Jr.1955–1956[68]
Arthur Percy Noyes1954–1955[69]
Kenneth E. Appel1953–1954
Donald Ewen Cameron1952–1953[70]
Leo H. Bartemeier1951–1952[71]
John C. Whitehorn1950–1951Psychiatrist in Chief from 1941-1960 at Johns Hopkins University and the Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry.[72]
George S. Stevenson1949-1950[73]
William Claire Menninger1948-1949[74][75]
Winfred Overholser Sr.1947-1948[76]
Samuel W. Hamilton1946–1947[77]
Karl M. Bowman1944–1946[78]
Edward Strecker1943–1944Graduated from Jefferson University in 1911. Professor of Mental and Nervous Diseases (1925-1931).[79][53]
Arthur H. Ruggles1942-1943[80]
James King Hall1941-1942[81]
H. Douglas Singer1941-1942Died before taking office.
George H. Stevenson1940-1941[82]
William C. Sandy1939-1940[83]
Richard H. Hutchings1938-1939[84]
Ross McClure Chapman1937-1938[85]
C. Macfie Campbell1936-1937[86]
Clarence O. Cheney1935-1936[87]
C. Fred Williams1934-1935[88]
George H. Kirby1933-1934[89]
James Vance May1932-1933[90]
William L. Russell1931-1932
Walter M English1930-1931
Earl D. Bond1929-1930
Samuel T. Orton1928-1929
Adolf Meyer1927-1928
George M. Kline1926-1927
C. Floyd Haviland1925-1926
William Alanson White1924-1925
Thomas W. Salmon1923-1924Mental hygiene advocate and chief consultant psychiatrist to the American Expeditionary Forces during World War I.[91]
Henry W. Mitchell1922-1923
Albert Moore Barrett1921-1922
Owen Copp1920-1921[92]
Henry C. Eyman1919-1920[92]
Elmer E. Southard1918-1919[93]
James V. Anglin1917-1918[94]
Charles G. Wagner1916-1917[94]
Edward N. Brush1915-1916[95]
Samuel E. Smith1914-1915[95]
Carlos Frederick MacDonald1913–1914[96][97]
James T. Searcy1912-1913[96]
Hubert Work1911-1912[98]
Charles W. Pilgrim1910-1911[98]
William F. Drewry1909-1910[99]
Arthur F. Kilbourne1908-1909[99]
Charles P. Bancroft1907-1908[100]
Charles G. Hill1906-1907[100]
C. B. Burr1905-1906
T.J. W. Burgess1904-1905
A. E. Macdonald1903-1904
G. Adler Bloomer1902-1903
A. B. Richardson1902-1903Died before taking office.
Robert J. Preston1901-1902
Peter M. Wise1900-1901
Joseph G. Rogers1899-1900
Henry M. Hurd1898-1899
Richard M. Bucke1897-1898
Theophilus O. Powell1896-1997
Richard Dewey1895-1896
Edward Cowles1894-1895
John Curwen1893-1894
J.B. Andrews1892-1893
Daniel Clark1891-1892
H.P. Stearns1890-1891Organization name changed to American Medico-Psychological Association
W.W. Godding1889-1890
John B. Chapin1888-1889
Eugene Grissom1887-1888
H.A. Buttolph1886-1887
Orpheus Everts1885-1886
Pliny Earle1884-1885
John P. Gray1883-1884
J.H. Callender1882-1883
Clement Walker1879-1882
Charles Nichols1873-1879
John S. Butler1870-1873
Thomas Story Kirkbride1862-1870
Andrew McFarland1859-1862
Isaac Ray1855-1859
Luther Bell1851-1855
William Awl1848-1851
Samuel B. Woodward1844-1848First president, founded as the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane.

References

  1. ↑ "APA Elects Dr. Altha Stewart as President-Elect, the First African-American to Lead Organization" (Press release). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 14 February 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  2. ↑ "Anita Everett Takes Office as APA President" (Press release). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 25 May 2017. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  3. ↑ "Maria Oquendo Takes Office as APA President" (Press release). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 19 May 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
  4. ↑ Summergrad, Paul (July 2016). "Renee Binder, M.D., 142nd President, 2015-2016". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 173 (7): 671. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.173703. PMID 27363552.
  5. ↑ "Renée Binder, M.D., Takes Office as APA President" (Press release). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 21 May 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  6. ↑ Glassman, Randy S. (August 2015). "Paul Summergrad, M.D., 141st President, 2014-2015". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 172 (8): 719–20. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.1720703. PMID 26234598.
  7. ↑ "Faculty Bio — Paul Summergrad, MD". Neuroscience CME. CME Outfitters, LLC. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
  8. ↑ Solomon, Andrew (July 2014). "Jeffrey A. Lieberman, M.D., 140th President, 2013-2014". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 171 (7): 740. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.171071. PMID 24980173.
  9. ↑ "Jeffrey Lieberman, M.D". Columbia Psychiatry. Columbia University Department of Psychiatry. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  10. ↑ Robinowitz, Carolyn B. (October 2013). "Dilip V. Jeste, M.D., 139th President, 2012-2013". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 170 (10): 1108–9. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.1701003. PMID 24084817.
  11. ↑ Michels, Robert (October 2012). "John M. Oldham, M.D., M.S., 138th President, 2011–2012". American Journal of Psychiatry. 169 (10): 1030. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.1691003.
  12. ↑ Robinowitz, Carolyn B. (October 2011). "Carol A. Bernstein, 137th President, 2010–2011". American Journal of Psychiatry. 168 (10): 1029–1030. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.168.10.1029.
  13. ↑ Kupfer, David J. (October 2010). "Alan F. Schatzberg, M.D., 136th President, 2009-2010". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 167 (10): 1170–1171. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.167.10.1170. PMID 26649786.
  14. ↑ Yudofsky, Stuart C. (October 2009). "Nada Logan Stotland, M.D., 135th President, 2008-2009". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 166 (10): 1108–9. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.166.10.1108. PMID 19797443.
  15. ↑ Fink, Paul Jay (October 2008). "Carolyn Robinowitz, M.D., 134th President, 2007–2008". American Journal of Psychiatry. 165 (10): 1271. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.165.10.1271. PMID 22706430.
  16. ↑ McIntyre, John S. (October 2007). "Pedro Ruiz, M.D., 133rd President, 2006-2007". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 164 (10): 1513–4. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.164.10.1513. PMID 17898341.
  17. ↑ Roth, Sheldon (October 2006). "Steven S. Sharfstein, M.D., M.P.A., 132nd President, 2005–2006". American Journal of Psychiatry. 163 (10): 1719. doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.10.1719.
  18. ↑ Greden, John F. (November 2005). "Michelle Riba, M.D., M.S., 131st President, 2004–2005". American Journal of Psychiatry. 162 (11): 2048. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.11.2048.
  19. ↑ Simpson, George M. (October 2004). "Marcia Kraft Goin, M.D., 130th President, 2003–2004". American Journal of Psychiatry. 161 (10): 1775. doi:10.1176/ajp.161.10.1775.
  20. ↑ Roth, Loren H. (October 2003). "Paul S. Appelbaum, M.D., 129th President, 2002-2003". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 160 (10): 1766–7. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.10.1766. PMID 14514488.
  21. ↑ Walker, R. Dale (October 2002). "Richard K. Harding, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-Eighth President, 2001–2002". American Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (10): 1641. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.10.1641.
  22. ↑ Sacks, Herbert S. (October 2001). "Daniel B. Borenstein, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-Ninth President, 2000–2001". American Journal of Psychiatry. 158 (10): 1603–1604. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.10.1603.
  23. ↑ "Allan Tasman, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-Eighth President, 1999–2000". American Journal of Psychiatry. 157 (11): 1771. November 2000. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.11.1771.
  24. ↑ McIntyre, John S. (October 1999). "Rodrigo A. Muñoz, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-Seventh President, 1998–1999". American Journal of Psychiatry. 156 (10): 1493–1494. doi:10.1176/ajp.156.10.1493.
  25. ↑ Mirin, Steven M. (November 1998). "Herbert S. Sacks, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-Sixth President, 1997–1998". American Journal of Psychiatry. 155 (11): 1484–1485. doi:10.1176/ajp.155.11.1484.
  26. ↑ Dickstein, Leah J. (September 1996). "Mary Jane England, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-Fourth President, 1995-1996". American Journal of Psychiatry. 153 (9): 1126–1127. doi:10.1176/ajp.153.9.1126.
  27. ↑ Sabshin, M. (September 1995). "Jerry M. Wiener, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-third President, 1994-1995". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 152 (9): 1254–5. doi:10.1176/ajp.152.9.1254. PMID 7653676.
  28. ↑ Sabshin, Melvin (September 1994). "John S. McIntyre, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-Second President, 1993-1994". American Journal of Psychiatry. 151 (9): 1265–1266. doi:10.1176/ajp.151.9.1265.
  29. ↑ Sabshin, M. (September 1993). "Joseph T. English, M.D., One Hundred Twenty-first President, 1992-1993". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 150 (9): 1302–4. doi:10.1176/ajp.150.9.1302. PMID 8352339.
  30. ↑ Sabshin, M. (September 1992). "Lawrence Hartmann, M.D., One Hundred Twentieth President, 1991-1992". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 149 (9): 1145–7. doi:10.1176/ajp.149.9.1145. PMID 1503126.
  31. ↑ Robinowitz, C.B. (September 1991). "Elissa P. Benedek, M.D., One Hundred Nineteenth President, 1990-1991". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 148 (9): 1135–7. doi:10.1176/ajp.148.9.1135. PMID 1882989.
  32. ↑ Brodie, H. Keith H. (September 1990). "Herbert Pardes, M.D., One Hundred Eighteenth President, 1989-4990". American Journal of Psychiatry. 147 (9): 1126–1127. doi:10.1176/ajp.147.9.1126.
  33. ↑ Robinowitz, C.B. (September 1989). "Paul J. Fink, M.D., One Hundred Seventeenth President, 1988-1989". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 146 (9): 1112–4. doi:10.1176/ajp.146.9.1112. PMID 2669533.
  34. ↑ Sabshin, M (September 1988). "George H. Pollock, M.D., Ph.D., One Hundred Sixteenth President, 1987-1988: American Psychiatric Association". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 145 (9): 1068–9. doi:10.1176/ajp.145.9.1068. PMID 3046379.
  35. ↑ Brill, N.Q. (August 1987). "Robert O. Pasnau, M.D., One Hundred Fifteenth President, 1986-1987: American Psychiatric Association". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 144 (8): 986–8. doi:10.1176/ajp.144.8.986. PMID 3300379.
  36. ↑ Nadelson, T (August 1986). "Carol C. Nadelson, M.D., one hundred fourteenth president, 1985–1986, American Psychiatric Association". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 143 (8): 959–61. doi:10.1176/ajp.143.8.959. PMID 3524277.
  37. 1 2 "Carol Cooperman Nadelson". Changing the Face of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 3 June 2015.
  38. ↑ Sabshin, Melvin (September 1985). "John A. Talbott, M.D. One hundred thirteenth President, 1984-1985". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 142 (9): 1014–6. doi:10.1176/ajp.142.9.1014. PMID 3895986.
  39. ↑ Sabshin, M (August 1984). "George Tarjan, M.D., One Hundred Twelfth President, 1983-1984". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 141 (8): 931–4. doi:10.1176/ajp.141.8.931. PMID 6380318.
  40. ↑ Astrachan, B.M. (September 1982). "Daniel X. Freedman, M.D., One Hundred and Tenth President, 1981-1982". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 139 (9): 1096–1101. doi:10.1176/ajp.139.9.1096. PMID 7051867.
  41. ↑ Barter, J.T. (August 1981). "Donald G. Langsley, M.D., One Hundred and Ninth President, 1980-1981". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 138 (8): 1021–6. doi:10.1176/ajp.138.8.1021. PMID 7020436.
  42. ↑ Onesti, S.J. (August 1980). "Alan A. Stone, M.D., One Hundred and Eighth President, 1979-1980". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 137 (8): 895–9. doi:10.1176/ajp.137.8.895. PMID 6998305.
  43. ↑ Visotsky, H.M. (August 1979). "Jules H. Masserman, M.D., One Hundred and Seventh President, 1978-1979". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 136 (8): 1023–5. doi:10.1176/ajp.136.8.1023. PMID 380366.
  44. ↑ Stone, A.A. (August 1978). "Jack Weinberg, M.D., One Hundred and Sixth President, 1977-1978". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 135 (8): 904–6. doi:10.1176/ajp.135.8.904. PMID 352162.
  45. ↑ Garber, R.S. (July 1977). "Robert W. Gibson, M.D., One Hundred and Fifth President, 1976-1977". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 134 (7): 731–5. doi:10.1176/ajp.134.7.731. PMID 326062.
  46. ↑ Sabshin, M (July 1976). "Judd Marmor, M.D., One Hundred and Fourth President, 1975-1976". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 133 (7): 748–51. doi:10.1176/ajp.133.7.748. PMID 779496.
  47. ↑ Weinberg, Jack (July 1975). "John P. Spiegel, M.D., One hundred and third president, 1974-1975". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 132 (7): 700–2. doi:10.1176/ajp.132.7.700. PMID 1094840.
  48. ↑ Eisenberg, Leon (July 1974). "Alfred M. Freedman, M.D., One Hundred and Second President, 1973-1974". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 131 (7): 757–60. doi:10.1176/ajp.131.7.757. PMID 4600628.
  49. ↑ Grims, William (21 April 2011). "Alfred Freedman, a Leader in Psychiatry, Dies at 94". The New York Times (New York ed.). p. A25.
  50. ↑ Brosin, Henry W. (July 1973). "Perry Clement Talkington, M.D., One Hundred and First President, 1972-1973". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 130 (7): 750–3. doi:10.1176/ajp.130.7.750. PMID 4576448.
  51. ↑ Barton, Walter E. (July 1972). "Ewald William Busse, M.D., One Hundredth President, 1971-1972". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 129 (1): 12–6. doi:10.1176/ajp.129.1.12. PMID 4556086.
  52. ↑ Barton, Walter E. (July 1971). "Robert Slocum Garber, M.D., Ninety-ninth President, 1970-1971". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 128 (1): 14–8. doi:10.1176/ajp.128.1.14. PMID 4949649.
  53. 1 2 3 Koltes, John A. (January 1989). "Chapter 29: Department of Psychiatry" (PDF). In Wagner, Frederick B., Jr. (ed.). Thomas Jefferson University: Tradition and Heritage. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. pp. 477–496. ISBN 978-0-8121-1210-8. OCLC 18442391 – via Jefferson Digital Commons.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
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  55. ↑ Braceland, Francis J. (July 1969). "Lawrence Coleman Kolb, M.D., Ninety-seventh President, 1968-1969". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 126 (1): 13–20. doi:10.1176/ajp.126.1.13. PMID 4894787.
  56. ↑ Gerty, Francis J. (July 1967). "Harvey John Tompkins, M.D., Ninety-fifth President, 1966-1967". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 124 (1): 9–15. doi:10.1176/ajp.124.1.9. PMID 5338022.
  57. ↑ Braceland, Francis J. (July 1966). "Howard Phillips Rome, M.D., Ninety-fourth President, 1965-1966". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 123 (1): 13–20. doi:10.1176/ajp.123.1.13. PMID 5327453.
  58. ↑ Appel, Kenneth E. (July 1965). "Daniel Blain, M.D. Ninety-third President, 1964-65: A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 122 (1): 16–23. doi:10.1176/ajp.122.1.16.
  59. ↑ Ozarin, Lucy (December 1999). "Daniel Blain: Founder of This Journal". Psychiatric Services. 50 (12): 1564. doi:10.1176/ps.50.12.1563. PMID 10577873.
  60. ↑ Braceland, Francis J. (July 1964). "Jack Richard Ewalt 92nd President: A Biographical Sketch". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 121 (1): 9–16. doi:10.1176/ajp.121.1.9. PMID 14154796.
  61. ↑ Malamud, William (July 1963). "C.H. Hardin Branch, M.D., Eighty-ninth President 1962-1963: A Biographical Sketch". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 120 (1): 12–5. doi:10.1176/ajp.120.1.12. PMID 13932434.
  62. ↑ Alexander, Leo (July 1962). "Walter E. Barton: Ninetieth President, 1961-1962 A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 119 (1): 16–19. doi:10.1176/ajp.119.1.16. PMID 14036672.
  63. ↑ Braceland, Francis J. (July 1961). "Robert Hanna Felix: Eighty-Ninth President, 1960-61 A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 118 (1): 9–14. doi:10.1176/ajp.118.1.9.
  64. ↑ Alpers, Bernard J. (July 1960). "Dr. William Malamud: Eighty-sixth President—1959-1960: A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 117 (1): 11–14. doi:10.1176/ajp.117.1.11.
  65. ↑ Braceland, Francis J. (July 1959). "Francis J. Gerty, Eighty-fifth President, 1958-1959: A Biographical Sketch". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 116 (1): 11–5. doi:10.1176/ajp.116.1.11. PMID 13661441.
  66. ↑ Sleeper, Francis H. (July 1958). "Harry Caesar Solomon, M.D., President, American Psychiatric Association, 1957-58: A Biographical Sketch". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 115 (1): 10–3. doi:10.1176/ajp.115.1.10. PMID 13545387.
  67. ↑ Rome, Howard P. (July 1957). "Francis J. Braceland, M.D., Eighty-Third President, 1956-1957: A Biographical Sketch". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 114 (1): 10–3. doi:10.1176/ajp.114.1.10. PMID 13424745.
  68. ↑ Barrett, Joseph E. (July 1956). "R. Finley Gayle, Jr., M.D., President, 1955-56: A Biographical Sketch". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 113 (1): 8–9. doi:10.1176/ajp.113.1.8. PMID 13327063.
  69. ↑ Bookhammer, Robert S. (July 1955). "Arthur Percy Noyes, M.D., President 1954-1955: A Biographical Sketch". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 112 (1): 8–10. doi:10.1176/ajp.112.1.8. PMID 14376666.
  70. ↑ Zilboorg, Gregory (July 1953). "D. Ewen Cameron M.D., President, 1952-1953: A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 110 (1): 10–12. doi:10.1176/ajp.110.1.10.
  71. ↑ Brosin, Henry W. (July 1952). "Leo H. Bartemeier, M.D., President, 1951-1952: A Biographical Sketch". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 109 (1): 8–10. doi:10.1176/ajp.109.1.8. PMID 14923916.
  72. ↑ Brosin, Henry W. (July 1951). "John C. Whitehorn, M.D. President, 1950-1951: A Biographical Sketch". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 108 (1): 7–9. doi:10.1176/ajp.108.1.7. PMID 14838157.
  73. ↑ Preston, George H. (July 1950). "George S. Stevenson, M.D: President 1949-1950: A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 107 (1): 6–7. doi:10.1176/ajp.107.1.6. PMID 15419327.
  74. ↑ Brosin, Henry W. (July 1949). "William C. Menninger, M.D., President 1948-1949: A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 106 (1): 13–15. doi:10.1176/ajp.106.1.13.
  75. ↑ Shorter, Edward (2005). "Menninger Family: William Claire Menninger". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-19-517668-1. OCLC 65200006.
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  80. ↑ Chapman, Ross McC. (July 1943). "Arthur Hiler Ruggles, M.D: President 1942-1943 A Biographical Sketch". American Journal of Psychiatry. 100 (1): 9–10. doi:10.1176/ajp.100.1.9.
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