Kun Khmer
គុនខ្មែរ
Also known asPradal Serey,
Khmer Boxing,
Kbach Kun Pradal Khmer[1]
Focusclinch fighting, strike (attack)
Hardnessfull-contact
Country of originCambodia Cambodia
Famous practitionersEh Phouthong, Thun Sophea, Albert Veera Chey, Keo Rumchong, Meas Chantha, The Ouk family, Oumry Ban, Thoeun Theara
Olympic sportNo

Kun Khmer (Khmer: គុនខ្មែរ [kun kʰmae]) or Pradal Serey (Khmer: ប្រដាល់សេរី [prɑɗal seːrəj]) is a combat sport that originated in Cambodia.[2] The official Khmer name of the sport is Kbach Kun Pradal Khmer (Khmer: ក្បាច់គុនប្រដាល់ខ្មែរ [kʰɓac kun prɑɗal kʰmae]).[1] In Khmer, pradal means fighting or boxing[3] and serey means free. Thus, pradal serey may be translated as "free fighting" or "free boxing".[4] The sport consists of stand up striking and clinch fighting where the objective is to knock an opponent out, force a technical knockout, or win a match by points.

Kun Khmer is most well known for its kicking technique, which generates power from hip rotation rather than snapping the leg. Kun Khmer consists of four types of strikes: punches, kicks, elbows and knee strikes. The clinch is used to wear down the opponent. In the clinch, opponents battle for dominant position for short range strikes by way of elbows and knees. Cambodian fighters tend to utilize more elbow strikes than that of other martial arts in the region. In Kun Khmer, more victories come by way of an elbow technique than any other strikes.

History

A map of the Khmer Empire which is where Kun Khmer traces its origin

The story of Kun Khmer starts with the Khmer Empire. The Khmer Empire was founded in 802 A.D. at a time when many modern Southeast Asian countries didn't exist yet. Martial arts were used by the military of the Khmer Empire. Kun Khmer has its root from the hand-to-hand combat use by the military of the Khmer Empire. In the Angkor era, both armed and unarmed martial arts were practiced by the Khmers. Evidence shows that a style resembling Kun Khmer existed in the 9th century, which may be one of the reasons why the Khmer Empire was such a military powerhouse in Southeast Asia. The Khmer Empire used an early form of Kun Khmer along with various weapons and war elephants to wage war against their main enemy, the principalities of Champa.[5][6]

Carving from the 12th century Ta Prohm temple depicting two individuals clinch fighting and a knee strike.

At this time, the Khmer Empire dominated and controlled most of what is now Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and parts of Vietnam.[7] As a result, Cambodia has influenced much of Thai and Lao culture.[8] This leads the Khmer to assert all Southeast Asian forms of boxing started with the early Mon-Khmer people.[9] The basis of this statement is oral stories from their ancestors supplemented with the bas-reliefs/stone carving in the ancient temples of the Bayon, Banteay Chhmar and other Angkor temples that predate the existence of neighboring nations. Much of the writing on ancient Khmer art has been destroyed by the invading Thai armies when the Siamese sacked and looted Angkor.[10]

Kun Khmer matches were organized for big events such as festivals. Sometimes, there were matches to select bodyguards for the Royal Palace. The competitions usually took place during the dry season when the farmers were done working on their fields.[11] During the colonial period, martial arts like Kun Khmer were considered by the European colonists to be brutal and uncivilized. The French turned the art into a sport by adding timed rounds, a boxing ring and western boxing gloves in an attempt to lessen injury. Originally matches were fought in dirt pits with limited rules while hands were wrapped in rope. Some matches had boxers wrap seashells around their knuckles to increase the damage that could be inflicted. Matches ending in death were not uncommon.[12] In the 1960s, Cambodian boxing promoters held inter-martial art exhibitions.[13]

Downfall and revival of Kun Khmer

Khmer warrior using a thrust kick on Rahu in a bas-relief from the Banteay Chhmar temple(12th/13th century).

During the chaos of the Vietnam War, Cambodia was undergoing its own civil war. On April 17, 1975, the Maoist Communist rebels, the Khmer Rouge, overthrew the government of the Khmer Republic led by Lon Nol. The Khmer Rouge's plan was to eliminate modern society and create an agrarian utopia.[14] The Khmer Rouge executed educated people, others who had ties to the old government or anyone who was believed to be advantaged by the old society (doctors, teachers, soldiers, actors, singers, boxers, etc.) and forced the remaining Khmer population into labor camps, in which many died of starvation and diseases, to be re-educated under the new government. Traditional martial arts were banned at this time and many boxers were executed or worked to death, which nearly caused the death of Kun Khmer. An estimated 1.7 million Cambodians or 21% of the population died during the Khmer Rouge regime according to the studies of the Cambodia Genocide Program of Yale University.[15] This lasted for four years until 1979 when the Vietnamese along with ex-Khmer Rouge officers, including former prime minister Hun Sen, overthrew the Khmer Rouge. During the relative peace since the departure of the Vietnamese and the re-establishment of the Kingdom of Cambodia, the country's traditional arts were revived, including Kun Khmer.[16]

Kun Khmer is making a strong comeback since its prohibition in the 1970s.[17] Cambodia is making an attempt to market their style of boxing at the same caliber as other martial arts even though its status as a fourth world country renders a lack of financial funding. Numerous gyms have opened and large masses of students, local and foreign, have come to train in Cambodia. There are weekly matches held, the majority televised live, and many of Cambodia's best have traveled internationally to compete. There are currently approximately 70 boxing clubs nationwide.[18] In 1987, one of the first Kun Khmer schools abroad opened in the United States. It was started by a former national champion by the name of Oumry Ban in Cambodia Town, Long Beach, California.[19]

900 year old bas-relief of knee attack to the head. Located at Angkor Wat(1100s).
Kun Khmer martial artists practicing knee techniques in modern-day.

Kun Khmer is administered in Cambodia by the Cambodian Boxing Federation (CBF), formerly the Cambodian Amateur Boxing Federation (CABF), which was established in 1961. All referees, judges and fighters must be licensed by the CABF. Television stations which hold Khmer boxing tournaments do so under the supervision of the CBF. The individual stations are responsible for organizing boxers, trainers, medical staff and musicians. The CBF supplies the match referees, judges and time-keepers. The current president of the CBF is Major-General Tem Moeun.[20][21][22] Abroad, Cambodian boxing is promoted by four organizations. These organizations include the European Khmer Boxing Federation based in Germany, the Fédération des Arts Martiaux Khmers also called FAMK, based in France, the Anh Binh Minh Khmer Martial Arts Association in Vietnam and Kun Khmer Australia based in Australia. Other newly created organizations can be found in Spain and Italy, while Belgium is in the process of forming its own Khmer boxing organization.[23] The International Sport Kickboxing Association based in the United Kingdom have held matches involving Cambodian boxers. Khmer boxers have fought abroad in countries such as Korea.[24]

There have been concerns about the betting and rowdiness among Kun Khmer fans.[16] Cambodian trainer Chiit Sarim had this to say about the difference between the boxing scene then and now, "I traveled from pagoda to pagoda to box at competitions during the water festival. Pagodas were the traditional venue for boxing matches... They [the current fans] act inappropriately. They raise up their hands and scream noisily. They gamble and do not respect the boxers. They think of only winning their bet. During my time, there was no such thing. Fights were organized nicely and were very popular. Now fans have no morality".

Tournaments are screened live on national television. TV5 Cambodia holds live tournaments on Friday and Sunday, CTN holds live tournaments on Friday, Saturday and Sunday.[25] Bayon Television holds live kickboxing tournaments on Saturday and Sunday,[26] while TV3 holds a single tournament on Sunday and Apsara TV has added a single tournament on Thursday.

Khmer soldier uses a thrust kick on a Cham soldier. Thrust kicks are still used in Kun Khmer matches today. Bas-relief at the Banteay Chhmar(12th/13th century).
Thrust kick in a modern Kun Khmer match.

Recent exposure to Kun Khmer in the western world have come from travel journalists and tourists. In addition, Kun Khmer was featured on The History Channel's Human Weapon and mentioned on the Cambodian episode of Globetrekker.[27] In February, 2009, American footballer Dhani Jones filmed an episode of his series Dhani Tackles the Globe in Phnom Penh, training with Long Salavorn at the Salavorn Keila club and fighting Pan Phanith at the CTN arena.[28]

Songchai Ratanasuban, the number one promoter in Thailand, brought his S1 Promotion to Phnom Penh in June 2005. In the Cambodian S1 World Championship, Bun Sothea won the tournament. He defeated Michael Paszowski, Dzhabar Askerov and Lor Samnang in front of 30,000 people at the Phnom Penh National Olympic Stadium.

In 2008 Cambodian Television Network (CTN) screened a Kun Khmer reality television series called Kun Khmer Champion. The show featured 65 kilogramme boxers and was produced by Ma Serey and Aaron Leverton and co-hosted by Ma Serey and Cambodia's most famous kickboxer, Eh Phouthong. The first series was followed by a second in 2009 and a third in 2010, both co-hosted by Vorn Viva.

On August 28, 2008, Cambodian boxers Vorn Viva and Meas Chantha won the ISKA Middleweight and Welterweight world titles in Phnom Penh. It was the first time a Cambodian had held a kickboxing world title.[29]

In 2011, Prime Minister Hun Sen created a committee responsible for documenting and researching the sport of Khmer kickboxing to have it included on UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage list. [30] The 19 member committee included Culture Minister Him Chhem, the boxing federation, Council of Minister officials and other officials from other government ministries.

In 2011, there were 1,000 registered boxers from 78 martial arts schools.

As of 2012, there are over 50 Kun Khmer fights held every week in the Phnom Penh region.[31]

Attempt to unite boxing styles

Nearby Southeast Asian countries have similar styles of boxing martial arts. At an ASEAN meeting in 1995, Cambodia suggested that the boxing style made popular from Thailand, Muay Thai, be referred to as "Sovannaphum boxing" or "SEA Boxing", which represented Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar. Sovannaphum means "golden land" in Khmer and is written as Suwannabhumi in Thai. The name refers to mainland Southeast Asia in the Indian language of Pali. The aim was to unite the styles of Southeast Asian boxing under a universal term and to avoid a politically incorrect misnomer.

Thailand would not compromise, stating that each Southeast Asian country has its own boxing style and that Thailand was responsible for making its boxing style an international sport. When the sport debuted at the 2005 Southeast Asian Games, Cambodia did not enter the Muay Thai event in protest of the name used to refer to the sport.[32] At recent Southeast Asian Games, Southeast Asian boxing has been known by the ethnic neutral term of "Muay".

At the 2023 Southeast Asian Games, Cambodia referred to the kickboxing event as Kun Khmer instead of Muay Thai which lead to Thailand boycotting the kickboxing event at the Southeast Asian Games in Cambodia. Cambodia said it would retaliate by not sending boxers to the 2025 games in Thailand. Secretary-General of the Cambodian Southeast Asian Games Organising Committee, Vath Chamroeun, said “We are the host country so we have the right to change it to Kun Khmer as the sport has its origin in Khmer and it is our culture."[33] Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen addressed the issue by saying "When competing in Cambodia, we call it Kun Khmer, when competing in Thailand, we call it Muay Thai, when competing in Laos, we call it Muay Lao, and in Myanmar, we call it the name of their original martial arts, can we find a compromise?"[34] Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen has suggested that Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Thailand jointly apply for UNESCO status for traditional martial arts. [35]

Life as a boxer

Kun Khmer is an athletic sport that relies on agility, toughness and flexibility.[36] Most participants are young adults due to the physical conditioning that a boxer must endure to keep their body in shape. The average age ranges from 14 to 25. Most Cambodian boxers come from a poor background and compete to earn money to feed their families and themselves. Top kickboxers can have as many as 200–300 fights in their careers.[37]

Clinching is a part of every Kun Khmer match.

Cambodian boxers were traditionally paid by the crowd. If the crowd appreciated the boxer's efforts, they would reward him with food, alcohol and cash. This practice still continues today but, in line with western practice, bouts pay official fees. Until recently the average purse for a fight was US$15. Today purses are based on experience. A new Cambodian boxer can earn US$25 per fight. More experienced kick boxers with more than a dozen fights can earn up to $75. "Brand name" kickboxers can earn over $100 a fight. Special purse fights will pay up to $250 with the purse contributed by a corporate sponsor. "International" tournaments, organised by the broadcasters, will pay individual purses of up to $1000, sometimes higher.[37]

An estimated 70% of boxers in the Phnom Penh circuit come from the rural northwest. The provinces of Battambang and Banteay Meanchey produce a steady supply of boxers.[12] Some of the best Kun Khmer champions come from the Battambang Province although a number of big name stars have come via Southern Cambodia such as Eh Phouthong from Koh Kong Province, Thun Sophea from Svay Rieng Province and Meas Chantha and Seng Makara from Kandal Province. Cambodian boxers train in a gym under a Kun Khmer kru. Many boxers train 6–8 hours a day and 7 days a week.

Health risk

As with all contact sports, health risks are a factor. According to Chhoeung Yavyen, a ringside doctor for the Cambodian Amateur Boxing Association, in the past five years 30 kick boxers have sustained serious injury in the ring including broken wrists and arms, broken shins, broken noses, dislodged shoulders, hip injuries and broken jaws. One Cambodian boxer died in the ring in Svay Rieng Province in 2001, but that death was the result of a heart attack, probably brought on by diet pills consumed to help the boxer reduce his weight before the bout. Most of the injuries suffered are curable and don't leave lasting problems. Most boxers are allowed to return to the ring after receiving treatment.[38]

Rules and match setup

A warrior kneeling for a praying ritual known as tvay kru or kun kru. This ritual is used before fighting.

A match consists of five three-minute rounds and takes place in a 6.1 meter square boxing ring. A one-and-a-half or two-minute break occurs between each round. In olden times, ancient Khmer people would do praying rituals before going to the battlefield or war. [39] At the beginning of each match the boxers practice the praying rituals known as the kun kru or thvayobangkoum krou. There are different variations of the thvayobangkoum krou ritual with different names such as "Hanuman ties the bridge to Sita".[40] There are 17 different variations of the ritual. Most are based on the main characters of the Reamker story and believe to have occurred when Cambodia had a strong belief in Hinduism.[41] The pre-competition teacher offering ritual also serves to warm the muscle and increase blood flow.[42] The praying ritual at the preliminaries of the boxing match is considered a real dance.[43] Traditional Cambodian music performed with the instruments of the sampho (a type of drum), the sralai klang khek (oboe) and the chhing is played during the match. The music of Khmer boxing is called vung phleng pradall or vung phleng klang khek. The music is made up of two sections. The first section is for the boxer's teachers while the second section is the fight music.[44] The first part uses a spirit(teacher) to help the boxers concentrate their minds and have confidence. The first part of the music is played slowly in a rubato style. The melody is played by the sralai(oboe) and the sampho(drum) plays strokes at important points of the melody. The second part which is the fight music is played much faster and in meter. The music accelerates with the progression of the round. It stops at the end of the round or when someone is knocked out. When the fight is exciting, the audience claps in rhythm with the beat of the sampho(drum). [45] Modern boxers wear leather gloves and nylon shorts.[46]

Rules:

  1. A boxer is not allowed to strike his opponent while he is on the ground.
  2. A boxer is not allowed to bite.
  3. When an opponent cannot continue, the referee stops the fight.
  4. Blows to the back of the opponent are not allowed.
  5. A boxer may not hold on to the ropes.
  6. Blows to the genitals are prohibited.

Victory can be obtained by knockout. A knockout occurs when a boxer is knocked down to the ground and cannot continue fighting after a 10-second count by the referee, a referee may forgo the count and declare a knockout if it is obvious the boxer will not regain his feet unaided. Victory can be obtained at the end of the match when judges decide by a point system which fighter was more effective. If fighters end up with the same score a draw is called.[46]

Promoters

Notable Kun Khmer boxers

  • Eh Phouthong: TV5 Champion, Khmer Traditional Kickboxing Champion, Prime Minister Samdech Hun Sen champion
  • Yuth Phouthorng: Koh Kong Province governor and original teacher of Eh Phouthong[47]
  • Thun Sophea: 2006 CTN 67 kg kickboxing champion
  • Bun Sothea: Two time Kubota Champion(54 kg and 60 kg). Student of Thun Sophea.[48]
  • Chan Rothana: Owner of Selapak gym and current ONE Championship fighter[49]
  • Keo Rumchong: Kun Khmer fighter competitor fighting out of Battambang, Cambodia[50]
  • Oumry Ban: Former Kun Khmer Champion to held the first national title in 1964 at 61 kilograms and current owner of Long Beach Kickboxing Center[51]
  • Sen Radath: Current Kun Khmer fighter and Vovinam Cambodia team fighting at 51 kilograms. He is a YouTube vlogger showing the art of Kun Khmer to his viewers.[52]
  • Prom Samnang: Techo Santepheap Kun Khmer World Champion (77 kg) [53]
  • Phal Sophorn: Carabao Champion (63.5 kg), Cambodia Beer Champion (63.5 kg), IPCC Kun Khmer Champion(63.5 kg)

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Vongs, Moul. "Khmer Boxing." Leisure Cambodia, Dec. 2001, www.leisurecambodia.com/news/detail.php?id=199. Accessed 7 July 2020.
  2. ↑ Goyder, James (April 26, 2014). "The A-Fighters: Reviving Cambodian Culture Through Khmer Martial Arts". Fightland. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  3. ↑ Maspero, G. (1915). Grammaire de la langue khmère (cambodgien). France: Impr. nationale. p.446.
  4. ↑ Vongs, Moul. "Khmer Boxing." Leisure Cambodia, Dec. 2001, www.leisurecambodia.com/news/detail.php?id=199. Accessed 27 August 2020.
  5. ↑ Ray, Nick; Daniel Robinson; Greg Bloom (2010). Cambodia. Lonely Planet. p. 99. ISBN 978-1-74179-457-1.
  6. ↑ Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 488. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2.
  7. ↑ Michael Freeman, Claude Jacques: Ancient Angkor, Asia Books, ISBN 974-8225-27-5.
  8. ↑ Cambodia: History, britannica.com (retrieved January 28, 2009).
  9. ↑ Ranges, Trevor; Kris LeBoutillier (2010). National Geographic Traveler Cambodia. National Geographic Books. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-4262-0520-0.
  10. ↑ The Ayutthayan period, britannica.com (retrieved November 5, 2006).
  11. ↑ ប្រវត្តិ​នៃប្រដាល់សេរីរបស់ខ្មែរ [History Of Khmer Free Boxing]. (2018, August 27). Komnert. Retrieved May 9, 2022, from https://www.komnert.com/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7%E2%80%8B%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%83%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8/
  12. 1 2 Roeun, Van, & Doyle, K. (2003, August 23). Elbows, Fists, Knees and Kicks. Khmer Times. Retrieved September 1, 2020, from https://english.cambodiadaily.com/news/elbows-fists-knees-and-kicks-40162/
  13. ↑ Gray, Ralph (October 24, 1966). "Cambodian Boxing". National Geographic School Bulletin. National Geographic. 128 (7).
  14. ↑ Sites, Kevin. July 18, 2006. Year Zero Archived 2006-08-08 at the Wayback Machine, Yahoo.com (retrieved November 5, 2006)
  15. ↑ "Cambodia Genocide Project | Yale University." Cambodian Genocide Project.(retrieved 16 Jan. 2009)
  16. 1 2 Munthit, Ker (November 7, 2001). "Sport of kickboxing felled by Khmer Rouge returns". Cambodian Online. Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
  17. ↑ Stockmann, Hardy (1974). "Khmer Kickboxers No Match for Bangkok Fighters". Black Belt Magazine. 12 (8): 62 – via Google Books.
  18. ↑ "Kick! Kick! Punch!". Shanghai Star. November 7, 2001. Archived from the original on May 12, 2007. Retrieved November 4, 2006.
  19. ↑ Kickboxer Brought Beloved Sport Stateside. (2009, October 5). VOA Cambodia. Retrieved September 8, 2020, from https://www.voacambodia.com/a/a-40-2009-10-05-voa6-90174297/1359058.html
  20. ↑ "Angkor Youth Boxing Club » Tem Moeun voted new CABF president". Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  21. ↑ "The Phnom Penh Post". Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  22. ↑ Tem Meurn interview. YouTube. 17 January 2010. Archived from the original on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  23. ↑ Rahn, Cornelius. December 17, 2008. Monday night's all right for fighting in Phnom Penh, Phnompenhpost.com (retrieved January 19, 2009)
  24. ↑ Sokheng, Vong. June 11, 2008. Cambodian kick boxers triumph in South Korea, Phnompenhpost.com (retrieved January 19, 2009)
  25. ↑ "TV5 Cambodia Friday Schedule". Channel 5 Cambodia. 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
  26. ↑ "Angkor Youth Boxing Club » Weekend wrap up". Paddy's Gym. 2008. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
  27. ↑ "Cambodian Bloodsport". Human Weapon. Bill Duff, Jason Chambers. History Channel. 16 November 2007
  28. ↑ "Angkor Youth Boxing Club » Dhani Jones v Pan Panith". Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  29. ↑ "Angkor Youth Boxing Club". Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  30. ↑ Roeun, Van. (2011, July 14). Premier Establishes Kickboxing Committee to Win Unesco Bid Status. The Cambodian Daily. https://english.cambodiadaily.com/news/premier-establishes-kickboxing-committee-to-win-unesco-bid-statu-66215/
  31. ↑ Starkweather, Robert (2012-08-31). "A complete guide to watching Kun Khmer / Pradal Serey, the Cambodian equivalent to Muay Thai". combat-asia.com. Combat Asia. Retrieved 2012-08-31.
  32. ↑ "Cambodia to boycott Thai boxing event over name row". Turkish Daily News. Turkish Daily News. 2005.
  33. ↑ "Thailand, Cambodia brawl over kickboxing event name at SEA Games". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Agence France-Presse. 24 January 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
  34. ↑ Sirivadh, H. (2023, March 2). Prime Minister Hun Sen Proposes Solution to SEA Games Dispute Over Khmer and Thai Martial Arts. EAC News. Retrieved September 20, 2023, from https://eacnews.asia/home/details/20448
  35. ↑ Chanritheara, T. (2023, March 2). PM Seeks Cultural Heritage Name Compromises. Cambodianess. Retrieved April 13, 2023, from https://cambodianess.com/article/pm-seeks-cultural-heritage-name-compromises
  36. ↑ Vongs, Moul. "Khmer Boxing." Leisure Cambodia, Dec. 2001, www.leisurecambodia.com/news/detail.php?id=199. Accessed 9 September 2020.
  37. 1 2 Mallon, Scott (2003). "Traditional Khmer Boxing, The Comeback". Iron Life Magazine. 2 (11). Archived from the original on 2006-05-16. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
  38. ↑ Roeun, Van; Kevin Doyle (2011-08-23). "Fight Club Cambodia". The Cambodia Daily. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
  39. ↑ ក្បាច់ថ្វាយបង្គំគ្រូកាន់តែច្រើនមិនត្រូវគេយកមកប្រើ [More and more teacher worship techniques are not being used]. (2016, February 23). Kohsantepheap Daily. Retrieved May 7, 2022, from https://kohsantepheapdaily.com.kh/article/140334.html
  40. ↑ Sarita, N. (2009, October 4). អ្នកប្រដាល់ខ្មែរជើងចាស់នាំក្បាច់គុនខ្មែរមកស.រ.អា. [Veteran Khmer boxer brings Khmer martial arts to US]. Voice of America. Retrieved February 22, 2022, from https://khmer.voanews.com/a/a-40-2009-10-04-voa3-90179747/1141521.html
  41. ↑ តើ​ការ​ថ្វាយបង្គំ​គ្រូ​មុន​ពេល​ប្រដាល់មាន​ឥទ្ធិពល​យ៉ាងណា​ចំពោះ​កីឡាករ? [How does pre-boxing teacher worship affect boxers?]. (2017, August 17). Koh Santepheap Daily. Retrieved February 22, 2022, from https://kohsantepheapdaily.com.kh/article/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BE%E2%80%8B%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E2%80%8B%E1%9E%90%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%86%E2%80%8B%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC.html
  42. ↑ Tith, S. (2020, September 8). សារៈសំខាន់នៃការថ្វាយគ្រូសម្រាប់អ្នកប្រដាល់គុនខ្មែរ [The importance of teacher training for Khmer boxers]. AMS Sports. Retrieved February 22, 2022,from https://ams.com.kh/sports/detail/638
  43. ↑ Marchal, S. (1927). LA DANSE AU CAMBODGE. Revue Des Arts Asiatiques, 4(4), 216-228. Retrieved September 29, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/43475410
  44. ↑ Spiller, H. (2004). Gamelan : the traditional sounds of Indonesia. United Kingdom: ABC-CLIO.
  45. ↑ Williams, S., & Miller, T. E. (Eds.).(2011). The Garland Handbook of Southeast Asian Music. Taylor & Francis.
  46. 1 2 Vongs, Moul (December 1, 2001). "Khmer Boxing". Leisure Cambodia. 1 (7). Archived from the original on May 16, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
  47. ↑ Sothy, Meun (2004). "Khmer kickboxing club established for young generation boxers". Cambodiantown.com. Archived from the original on January 5, 2009. Retrieved May 11, 2006.
  48. ↑ Nuon, S. (2020, April 14). Bun Sothea becomes the fifth Cambodian boxer to win two belts in a single boxing event. Retrieved December 29, 2020, from https://news.sabay.com.kh/article/1202520
  49. ↑ "Chan Rothana". ONE Championship – The Home Of Martial Arts.
  50. ↑ "Keo Rumchong". December 26, 2018.
  51. ↑ "Kickboxing in Long Beach, California | Photo story | Stephane Janin | Asia Motion". www.asiamotion.net.
  52. ↑ "Sen Radeth Official - YouTube". www.youtube.com.
  53. ↑ Nonn, C. (2023, July 17). ធឿន ធារ៉ា និង ព្រំ សំណាង បានឈ្នះ​ខ្សែក្រវាត់ ស្របពេល​សង្វៀន​ថោ​ន បាន​បង្កើត​ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រ​ថ្មីសម្រាប់​គុន​ខ្មែរ [Thoeun Theara and Prom Samnang win belts while Town Arena makes new history for Khmer martial arts]. The Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved July 18, 2023, from https://www.postkhmer.com/sport/2023-07-17-1655-252423.html

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