Ponomaryov, also spelled Ponomariov or Ponomarev (Russian: Пономарёв), or Ponomaryova (feminine; Пономарёва) is a Russian language patronymic surname derived from the nickname Ponomar ("sexton"), and literally meaning "sexton's son". The nickname "Ponomar" has also become a surname. The Ukrainian language counterpart is "Ponomarenko".

Notable people with the surname include:

Ponomarev

• Aleksandr Ponomarev (1918–1973), choir conductor
• Alexander Evgenievich Ponomarev, (born 1957) Russian painter
• Anton Ponomarev (born 1988), Kazakh basketball player
• Boris Ponomarev (1905–1995), Soviet politician and ideologist
• Dmitry Ponomarev (businessman) (born 1960), Russian entrepreneur
• Ilya Ponomarev (born 1975), Russian politician
• Sergey Ponomarev (footballer) (born 1956), Russian football player
• Sergey Ponomarev (photographer) (born 1980), Russian photographer
• Valery Ponomarev (born 1943), American-Russian jazz trumpeter
• Vyacheslav Ponomarev (born 1978), Uzbek footballer

Ponomariov

• Ruslan Ponomariov (born 1983), Ukrainian chess player and former FIDE world champion

Ponomaryov

• Alexander Ponomaryov (1876–1941), Russian revolutionary
• Alexander Ponomaryov (1765–1831), Russian actor
• Arkady Ponomaryov (born 1956), Russian politician
• Igor Ponomaryov, (born 1960), Soviet football player and manager
• Lev Ponomaryov (born 1941), Russian politician and human rights activist
• Maksim Ponomaryov (born 1980), Russian cosmonaut
• Nikolai Ponomaryov (1918–1997), Soviet graphic artist
• Oleksandr Ponomaryov (born 1973), Ukrainian singer
• Pavel Andreyevich Ponomaryov (1844–1883), Russian vice consul in Hankow and philanthropist
• Pavel Ivanovich Ponomaryov (1903–1944), Soviet army officer and Hero of the Soviet Union
• Pavel Yelizarovich Ponomaryov (1904–1973), Soviet army officer and Hero of the Soviet Union
• Prokopiy Ponomaryov (1774–1853), Russian entrepreneur, public figure, and philanthropist
• Pyotr Ponomaryov (1924–1943), Soviet soldier and Hero of the Soviet Union
• Sergei Ponomaryov (born 1953), Russian football coach and player
• Sergei Ponomaryov (officer) (1906–1991), Soviet army officer and Hero of the Soviet Union
• Vasili Ponomaryov (born 2002), Russian ice hockey player
• Yury Ivanovich Ponomaryov (1946–2020), Russian politician
• Yury Anatolyevich Ponomaryov (1932–2005), Soviet cosmonaut
• Yury Valentinovich Ponomaryov (born 1946), Russian banker

Ponomaryova

• Anna Ponomaryova (1920–2009), Soviet fencer
• Larisa Ponomaryova (born 1949), Russian politician
• Margarita Ponomaryova (born 1963), Russian hurdler
• Nina Ponomaryova (1929–2016), Russian discus thrower
• Valentina Ponomaryova (1933–2023), Soviet cosmonaut
• Valentina Ponomaryova (singer) (born 1939), Russian jazz singer