Polish People's Party
Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe
LeaderWładysław Kosiniak-Kamysz
Founded1895 (original form)
1990 (current form)
Merger of
Preceded byUnited People's Party
Headquartersul. Kopernika 36/40, 00-924 Warsaw
Membership (2016)100,320[1]
Ideology
Political positionCentre-right
Historical:
Left-wing[3]
National affiliationPolish Coalition
Senate Pact 2023 (for 2023 Senate election)
Third Way
European affiliationEuropean People's Party
European Parliament groupEuropean People's Party
Colours
  •   Aquamarine[lower-alpha 1]
  •   Green[lower-alpha 2]
Anthem"Rota"
Sejm
28 / 460
[4]
Senate
4 / 100
European Parliament
3 / 52
Regional assemblies
68 / 552
Voivodes
2 / 16
Voivodeship Marshals
2 / 16
Website
www.psl.pl

The Polish People's Party (Polish: Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe, PSL) is an agrarian political party in Poland.[5] It is currently led by Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz.

Its history traces back to 1895, when it held the name People's Party, although its name was changed to the present one in 1903. During the Second Polish Republic, the Polish People's Party was represented by a number of parties that held its name. They were all supportive of agrarian policies, although they spanned from the left-wing to the centre-right on the political spectrum. It was reformed to the People's Party shortly after the Sanacja regime took power. It took part into the formation of Polish government-in-exile during the World War II, and after the war it was again reformed into the Polish People's Party, and soon after into the United People's Party. During the existence of the Polish People's Republic, it was seen as a satellite party of the ruling Polish United Workers' Party that promoted rural interests. After the fall of communism, it participated in the governments led by the Democratic Left Alliance. In the mid-2000s, it began shifting more to the centre-right and it adopted more conservative policies. It entered in the government again following the 2007 parliamentary election, and since 2015 it has served in the opposition.

Today, it is positioned in the centre[6] and leans towards the centre-right,[7][8][9] and besides holding agrarian and conservative views,[10][11][12] it is also Christian-democratic,[13][14][15] and supports Poland's membership in the European Union.[16] It currently has 19 seats in the Sejm and two seats in the Senate. On national level, it heads the Polish Coalition and on European level, it is a part of the European People's Party.

History

Before 1945

The party's name traces its tradition to an agrarian party in Austrian-controlled Kingdom of Galicia, which sent MPs to the parliament in Vienna.[17] The party was formed in 1895 in the Polish town of Rzeszow under the name Stronnictwo Ludowe (People's Party). The party changed its name in 1903 to what it's known as now. The party was led by Wincenty Witos and was quite successful, seating representatives in the Galician parliament before the turn of the 19th century. In the Second Polish Republic there were a few parties named PSL (Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie", Polish People's Party "Piast", Polish People's Party "Left" and others) until they were removed by the Sanacja regime (see also People's Party).[17]

During this time, there were two parties using the term "Polish People's Party", namely Polish People's Party "Piast" and Polish People's Party "Wyzwolenie" (which were merged into People's Party with Stronnictwo Chłopskie). During World War II, PSL took part in forming the Polish government in exile.[17]

Under the communist regime

Support for the PSL by region in 2007 Polish parliamentary election

In June 1945 after the war Stanisław Mikołajczyk, a PSL leader who had been Prime Minister of the Polish government in exile, returned to communist-dominated Poland, where he joined the provisional government and rebuilt PSL. The party hoped to win the Yalta Conference-mandated elections and help establish a parliamentary system in Poland. However, the party soon found itself targeted with intimidation, arrests and violence by the communist secret police.[18]

The communists also formed a rival ersatz 'Peasants' party' controlled by them, in order to confuse voters. The January 1947 parliamentary election was heavily rigged, with the communist-controlled bloc claiming to have won 80 percent of the vote. The PSL were said to have won just 10 percent of the vote, but many neutral observers believe the PSL would have won the election had it been conducted fairly.[17]

Mikołajczyk was soon compelled to flee Poland for his life in October 1947. The communists then forced the remains of Mikołajczyk's PSL to unite with the pro-communist People's Party to form the United People's Party. The ZSL was a governing partner in the ruling coalition.[19]

Post-communist period (1990–2003)

Around the time of the fall of communism several PSLs were recreated, including Porozumienie Ludowe, Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe-Odrodzenie, and Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe (Wilanów faction). In 1989 most merged into one party and took part in forming the first postwar noncommunist government in Poland with the Solidarity grouping, and in 1990 changed its name to PSL.[20][21]

It remained on the left of Polish politics in the 1990s, entering into coalitions with the postcommunist Democratic Left Alliance.[22][23][24] In the 2001 parliamentary elections, PSL received 9% of votes and formed a coalition with the Democratic Left Alliance, an alliance which later broke down. Since then, PSL has moved towards more centrist and conservative policies.

Opposition years (2003–2007)

The party ran in the 2004 European Parliament election as part of the European People's Party (EPP) and received 6% of the vote, giving it four of 54 Polish seats in the European Parliament.[22][25] In the 2005 general election, the party received 7% of votes, giving it 25 seats in the Sejm and two in the Senate. In the 2007 parliamentary elections, the party placed fourth, with 8.93% of the vote and 31 out of 460 seats, and entered into a governing coalition with the victor, the centre-right conservative Civic Platform.[26] In European parliament elections PSL received 7.01% of votes in 2009.[27] In the 2011 national parliamentary election, Polish People's Party received 8.36% votes which gave them 28 seats in the Sejm and two mandates in the Senate.[28]

Coalition government (2007–2015)

After the parliamentary elections in 2007, PSL won 8.91% of the popular vote and 31 seats,[29] it joined the government coalition led by Civic Platform. Waldemar Pawlak was appointed deputy prime minister, Marek Sawicki was appointed as agriculture minister, and Jolanta Fedak was appointed as labor minister. In the 2009 European Parliament election, it won 3 seats.[30] After the Smolensk air disaster, presidential elections were held in which Pawlak placed fifth, winning 1.75% of the vote. In the second round they didn't state their support for anyone.[31]

In the 2010 local government elections, PSL obtained 16.3% of the votes in the elections to voivodship assemblies, in which it received 93 seats. In the Świętokrzyskie sejmik, the party received the most seats. In all parliamentary assemblies, PSL found itself in ruling coalitions with the PO, in four voivodeships receiving the positions of marshals. In the elections to poviat councils, the PSL committee obtained 15.88%, and in the elections to municipal councils 11% of the votes. The PSL won the largest number of village leaders (428) and mayors in the country, and in Zgierz, the party's candidate won the presidential election. In 2011, a PiS senator defected to PSL.[32]

In the parliamentary elections of 2011, PSL obtained 8.36% of votes on the list of candidates for the Sejm.[33] The party also won two seats in the Senate.[34] Eugeniusz Grzeszczak became the deputy speaker of the Sejm on behalf of the PSL.[35] PSL again became a partner of the PO in the government coalition. On December 7, 2011, as a result of the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, Arkadiusz Bratkowski, a PSL politician, assumed a mandate in the European Parliament.[36]

In July 2012, Stanisław Kalemba replaced Marek Sawicki as the minister of agriculture and rural development. Pawlak was defeated during the presidential election by Janusz Piechociński.[37] Two days later, Waldemar Pawlak announced his resignation as deputy prime minister and minister of economy. He was dismissed from both functions on November 27. On December 6, both these offices were taken over by Janusz Piechociński.

In January 2014, PSL decided to establish cooperation with SKL and Samoobrona, but SKL already in February announced that Jarosław Gowin joined Poland Together, and the PSL talks about a joint election campaign with Samoobrona did not end with an agreement. In March, MP Andrzej Dąbrowski left PSL.[38] The party's candidate in the 2015 presidential election was the marshal of the Świętokrzyskie Province, party vice president Adam Jarubas.[39] He placed 6th, obtaining 238,761 votes.[40] Before the second round, PSL was involved in the campaign of the then-incumbent President Bronisław Komorowski.[41]

Modern period (2015–present)

At the 2015 parliamentary election, the PSL dropped to 5.13 percent of the vote, just barely over the 5 percent threshold. With 16 seats, it was the smallest of the five factions in the Sejm.[42]

Since then PSL has lost even more support to PiS during the 2018 Polish local elections when they lost 87 seats and dropped to 12.07% unlike the 23.9% they got at the last local elections. After this, the party became a junior partner in coalition with the Civic Coalition and SLD.

In 2019 European election, PSL won 3 seats as a part of the European Coalition.[43]

For parliamentary elections in the same year, PSL decided to create a centrist and Christian-democratic coalition called the Polish Coalition.[44] The Polish Coalition, apart from PSL, consisted of Kukiz'15, Union of European Democrats and other liberal, catholic and regionalist organisations.[45][46][47] The coalition managed to get 30 Sejm members elected, 20 of whom were members of PSL.

In November 2020, PSL decided to end coalition with Kukiz'15 due to differences on negotiations on EU budget.[48]

Ideology

The Polish People's Party adhered to principles of social democracy and agrarian socialism during the 1990s, although it has moved towards Christian democracy in the 2000s.[49][50][51] It was positioned on the left-wing on the political spectrum during that period. As late as 2011, the party was still described as "a left-wing party, representing an agrarian socialist agenda, although it is also known for its social conservatism".[52] Up to 2008, the party also opposed liberalism, denouncing it as "primitive social Darwinism and warning against a liberal state where "people are subordinated to the market". After 2008, the Polish People's Party started drifting towards centrism, abandoning its criticism of economic liberalism and its agrarian socialist vision of Polish economy.[53]

The origin of the party's pivot was in late 2000s, as the party's anti-liberal slogan was overshadowed by the one of right-wing populist Law and Justice, while agrarian socialism became the staple of the far-left Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland, which would form an anti-liberal government together with Law and Justice and League of Polish Families in 2005. PSL started cooperating with the Civic Platform at this time - a party based on liberal and conservative ideas; this forced PSL to tone down its rhetoric as to avoid attacking the anticipated future coalition partner.[54] Political analysis of the party's rhetoric in 2006 found that the party would increasingly embrace liberalism in place of its hitherto economically left-wing program, which placed the party closer to the Civic Platform and other centre-right parties. This was in stark contrast to a fellow agrarian party Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland, which espoused conservatively socialist views.[55]

The party's platform is strongly based on agrarianism.[56] On social and ethical issues, PSL is attached to more social conservative values,[52] as it opposes abortion (although it is against its criminalization, defending the current abortion law in Poland[57]), legalisation of same-sex marriage, euthanasia, death penalty,[58] and soft drug decriminalisation.[59] The party is in favour of maintaining religion lessons in public education.[58] In 2019, the party adopted (as part of an agreement with Kukiz'15) in the party's platform direct democracy's postulates, including introducing single-member districts, electronic voting and obligatory referendums.[60]

Moreover, during the leadership of Kosiniak-Kamysz, who took over after 2015 elections, PSL has visibly started leaning towards economic liberalism in order to gain voters in bigger cities.[61] Kosiniak-Kamysz himself has described party's ideology as "moderately centrist"[62][63] and Christian democratic.[64]

Election results

Support

The Party's traditional support base consisted of farmers, peasants and rural voters. Voters are generally more social conservative than voters of Civic Platform.[65] Its main competitor in rural areas is the national conservative Law and Justice (PiS).[66]

In the 2010s the party started to lose support between rural voters (especially in southeast of Poland, e.g. Subcarpathian Voivodeship). In 2019 election PSL gained surprisingly significant support in cities and won mandates (e. g. in Warsaw and Wrocław).[67] Leader: Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz Vice-Leaders: Andrzej Grzyb Krzysztof Hetman Adam Jarubas Dariusz Klimczak Urszula Pasławska Adam Struzik Secretaries: Stefan Krajewski Piotr Zgorzelski Treasurer: Henryk Kiepura Chairman of the Presidium of the General Council: Waldemar Pawlak Vice-Chairmans of the Presidium of the General Council: Henryk Janowicz Radosław Krol Czesław Siekierski Zofia Szalczyk Secretaries of the Presidium of the General Council: Miłosz Motyka Adam Nowak National Dyscipinary Officer: Stanisław Rakoczy

Sejm

Election year Leader # of
votes		  % of
vote		 # of
overall seats won		 +/– Government
1991 Waldemar Pawlak 972,952 8.7 (#5)
48 / 460
 New UD
1993 2,124,367 15.4 (#2)
132 / 460
 Increase 84 SLD–PSL–UP
1997 956,184 7.3 (#4)
27 / 460
 Decrease 105 AWS–UW
2001 Jarosław Kalinowski 1,168,659 9.0 (#5)
42 / 460
 Increase 15 SLD–UP–PSL (2001-2003)
SLD–UP (2003-2005)
2005 Waldemar Pawlak 821,656 7.0 (#6)
25 / 460
 Decrease 17 PiS minority (2005-2006)
PiS–SRP–LPR (2006-2007)
2007 1,437,638 8.9 (#4)
31 / 460
 Increase 6 PO–PSL
2011 1,201,628 8.4 (#4)
28 / 460
 Decrease 3 PO–PSL
2015 Janusz Piechociński 779,875 5.1 (#6)
16 / 460
 Decrease 12 PiS
2019 Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz 972,339 5.3 (#4)
19 / 460
 Increase 3 PiS
As part of Polish Coalition, which won 30 seats in total.
2023 1,189,629 5.5 (#3)
28 / 460
 Increase 9 KO–PL2050–KP–NL
As part of Third Way, which won 65 seats in total.

Senate

Election year # of
overall seats won		 +/–
1991
7 / 100
 Increase 4
1993
36 / 100
 Increase 29
1997
3 / 100
 Decrease 33
2001
4 / 100
 Increase 1
2005
2 / 100
 Decrease 2
2007
0 / 100
 Decrease 2
2011
2 / 100
 Increase 2
2015
1 / 100
 Decrease 1
2019[68][69]
2 / 100
 Increase 1
2023[70]
4 / 100
 Increase 2

Presidential

Election year Candidate 1st round 2nd round
# of overall votes  % of overall vote # of overall votes  % of overall vote
1990 Roman Bartoszcze 1,176,175 7.2 (#5)
1995 Waldemar Pawlak 770,419 4.3 (#5)
2000 Jarosław Kalinowski 1,047,949 6.0 (#4)
2005 Jarosław Kalinowski 269,316 1.8 (#5)
2010 Waldemar Pawlak 294,273 1.8 (#5)
2015 Adam Jarubas 238,761 1.6 (#6)
2020 Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz 459,365 2.4 (#5)

Regional assemblies

Election year  % of
vote		 # of
overall seats won		 +/–
1998 12.0 (#3)
89 / 855
As part of the Social Alliance.
2002 10.8 (#5)
58 / 561
 Decrease 31
2006 13.2 (#4)
83 / 561
 Increase 25
2010 16.3 (#3)
93 / 561
 Increase 10
2014 23.9 (#3)
157 / 555
 Increase 64
2018 12.1 (#3)
70 / 552
 Decrease 87

European Parliament

Election year # of
votes		  % of
vote		 # of
overall seats won		 +/–
2004 386,340 6.3 (#7)
4 / 54
2009 516,146 7.0 (#4)
3 / 50
 Decrease 1
2014 480,846 6.8 (#5)
4 / 51
 Increase 1
2019 5,249,935 38.5 (#2)
3 / 52
 Decrease 1
As the European Coalition which won 22 seats in total

Leadership

Chairman:

Voivodeship Marshals

Name Image Voivodeship Date Vocation
Adam Struzik Masovian Voivodeship 10 December 2001
Gustaw Marek Brzezin Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship 12 December 2014

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ since 2019
  2. ↑ before 2019

References

  1. ↑ "Wniosek o udostępnienie informacji publicznej - liczba członków PSL". Retrieved 25 June 2018.
  2. ↑ Gmitruk, Janusz; Indraszczyk, Arkadiusz; Stępka, Stanisław (2010). Partie chłopskie i ludowe w Polsce oraz w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej (1989-2009) (in Polish). Warsaw: Muzeum Historii Polskiego Ruchu Ludowego. ISBN 978-83-7583-191-7. Po trzecie Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe było partią sytuującą się na lewicy sceny politycznej. Wyważone elementy programu, nawiązujące do ideologii socjalizmu agrarnego, (...) [Thirdly, the Polish People's Party was a party positioned on the left of the political scene. The balanced elements of its programme, referring to the ideology of agrarian socialism, (...)]
  3. ↑ Krzysztof Kowalczyk; Jerzy Sielski (2006). Partie i ugrupowania parlamentarne III Rzeczypospolitej (in Polish). Dom Wydawniczy DUET. p. 154. ISBN 978-83-89706-84-3. Przyjmując kryterium ideologiczno-programowe, J. Sielski zalicza Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe do grupy partii centrowych o orientacji ludowej. Biorąc pod uwagę ideologię, to można je zaliczyć do partii agrarnych. Na scenie w ostatnich latach ludowcy byli zdecydowanie na lewej stronie. Niekiedy zalicza się PSL do partii postpeerelowskich, gdyż przejęło ono znaczną część członków i majątek po ZSL. [Adopting the ideological and programmatic criterion, J. Sielski classifies the Polish People's Party as a centrist party with a folk orientation. Taking ideology into account, it can be classified as an agrarian party. On the political scene in recent years, the People's Party has been definitely on the left. The PSL is sometimes categorised as a post-communist party, as it took over a significant proportion of members and assets from the ZSL.]
  4. ↑ "Kluby i koła". sejm.gov.pl. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  5. ↑
  6. ↑
  7. ↑ Vries, Catherine E. de (2021). Foundations of European politics : a comparative approach. Sara Binzer Hobolt, Sven-Oliver Proksch, Jonathan B. Slapin. Oxford. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-19-883130-3. OCLC 1246486176.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ↑ Fitzmaurice, J. (28 September 1998). Politics and Government in the Visegrad Countries: Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Springer. ISBN 9780230373228. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017 – via Google Books.
  9. ↑ Nardelli, Alberto (22 October 2015). "Polish elections 2015: a guide to the parties, polls and electoral system". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016.
  10. ↑ "Kosiniak-Kamysz: W wyborach do sejmików województw i rad powiatów PSL pójdzie raczej samodzielnie". wpolityce.pl. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018.
  11. ↑ "Poland's left sets sights on return to parliament". POLITICO. 11 October 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  12. ↑ "Poland's Parliament is now divided. What does this mean for the ruling Law and Justice party?". Washington Post. 18 October 2019. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  13. ↑ Magone, José (2010). Contemporary European Politics: A Comparative Introduction. Routledge. p. 457. ISBN 978-0-203-84639-1.
  14. ↑ "Why Poland's Law and Justice Party will lose in four years". IFAIR. 20 November 2019. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  15. ↑ "Polish Presidential Election 2020: Two Months Out". cyber.fsi.stanford.edu. 10 March 2020. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  16. ↑ "PSL wchodzi do Koalicji Europejskiej. Kosiniak-Kamysz: To nie jest "antyzwiązek"". gazeta.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 23 February 2019.
  17. 1 2 3 4 "Nasza historia". psl.pl (in Polish).
  18. ↑ Applebaum, Anne (2012). Iron Curtain: The crushing of Eastern Europe 1944-1956. pp. 212–213.
  19. ↑ David Ost, Solidarity and the Politics of Anti-Politics, pp. 34-36, 1990 Philadelphia, Temple University Press, ISBN 0-87722-655-5
  20. ↑ Partie i ugrupowania parlamentarne III RP. Krzysztof Kowalczyk, Jerzy Sielski. Toruń. 2006. ISBN 978-83-89706-84-3. OCLC 122529970. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  21. ↑ "Pierwsze powszechne wybory prezydenckie". www.infor.pl. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  22. 1 2 Partie i koalicje polityczne III Rzeczypospolitej. Krystyna Anna Paszkiewicz (Wyd. 3., uzup. i uaktualnione ed.). Wrocław: Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. 2004. ISBN 83-229-2493-3. OCLC 56578088.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  23. ↑ "Obalamy 5 mitów "nocy teczek"". TOK FM (in Polish). Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  24. ↑ "Polscy marszałkowie Sejmu po 1989 r." www.polityka.pl (in Polish). 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  25. ↑ "Wojciechowski: tworzymy PSL-Piast". Wprost (in Polish). 4 February 2006. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  26. ↑ "Myśl Polska » Radość i gorycz zwycięstwa". 11 October 2013. Archived from the original on 11 October 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  27. ↑ "Dz.U. 2009 nr 88 poz. 729". isap.sejm.gov.pl (in Polish).
  28. ↑ "Elections 2011 - Election results". National Electoral Commission. Archived from the original on 14 December 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2011.
  29. ↑ "Wybory 2011". wybory2011.pkw.gov.pl. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  30. ↑ "Wybory do Parlamentu Europejskiego 2009". pe2009.pkw.gov.pl. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  31. ↑ "Wybory 2010". prezydent2010.pkw.gov.pl. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  32. ↑ "Senator odchodzi z PiS do PSL-u bo "chce pracować"". Wprost (in Polish). 3 March 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  33. ↑ "Wybory 2011". wybory2011.pkw.gov.pl. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  34. ↑ "Wybory 2011". wybory2011.pkw.gov.pl. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  35. ↑ "Głosowanie nr 5 na 1. posiedzeniu Sejmu". www.sejm.gov.pl. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  36. ↑ Wschodni, Dziennik. "Arkadiusz Bratkowski europosłem". Dziennik Wschodni (in Polish). Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  37. ↑ S.A, Wirtualna Polska Media (17 November 2012). "Janusz Piechociński nowym prezesem PSL. Waldemar Pawlak: chcę odejść z rządu". wiadomosci.wp.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  38. ↑ "PSL z Samoobroną razem w walce o PE - rp.pl". 22 July 2015. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  39. ↑ "Jarubas kandydatem PSL na prezydenta. "Prezes poszedł na ostro"". TVN24 (in Polish). Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  40. ↑ "PKW | www.prezydent.2015.pkw.gov.pl". prezydent2015.pkw.gov.pl. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  41. ↑ "Duże zmiany w sztabie Komorowskiego. Dołączają ludowcy..." wiadomosci.dziennik.pl (in Polish). 12 May 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2022.
  42. ↑ Tworzecki, Hubert; Markowski, Radosław (3 November 2015). "Did Poland just vote in an authoritarian government?". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 5 December 2016.
  43. ↑ Majewski, Marek (30 May 2019). "Nowi europosłowie 2019. Kto zdobył mandaty do europarlamentu? [LISTA] [NAZWISKA] Wyniki wyborów do PE. Zobacz, kto został europosłem!". Polska Times (in Polish). Retrieved 14 August 2019.
  44. ↑ "PSL chce koalicji z PO. Bez SLD i Wiosny". wp.pl. 5 July 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  45. ↑ "Kto w Koalicji Polskiej? PSL prowadzi rozmowy". fakty.interia.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  46. ↑ "PSL na Śląsku. Porozumienia z ugrupowaniami regionalnymi". fakty.interia.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  47. ↑ ""Po wyborach wspólny klub. Nie ma tu dyskusji". PSL wchłonie Kukiz'15?". www.tvp.info (in Polish). 8 August 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
  48. ↑ "Paweł Kukiz: Klub Koalicja Polska podziękował nam za współpracę". rmf24.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  49. ↑ "Mapa partii politycznych" [Map of political parties]. jadamski.eu (in Polish). Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  50. ↑ "Koalicja SLD-PSL". rmf.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  51. ↑ "PSl - liderzy, sondaże". wiadomosci.wp.pl (in Polish). 2 September 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2019.
  52. 1 2 Gerber, Alexandra (2011). Being Polish/Becoming European: Gender and The Limits of Diffusion in Polish Accession to the European Union (PDF) (Doctor of Philosophy (Sociology) thesis). Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan. p. 167.
  53. ↑ Szustakiewicz, Przemysław (2010). "Ideologia Polskiego Stronnictwa Ludowego na początku XXI wieku". Studia Politologiczne (in Polish). Instytut Nauk Politycznych Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. 18 (1): 233.
  54. ↑ Szustakiewicz, Przemysław (2010). "Ideologia Polskiego Stronnictwa Ludowego na początku XXI wieku". Studia Politologiczne (in Polish). Instytut Nauk Politycznych Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. 18 (1): 232.
  55. ↑ Filipczak-Białkowska, Anita (2018). Mechanizmy manifestowania orientacji ideologicznej w dyskursie politycznym (in Polish). Łódź: Primum Verbum. pp. 168–196. doi:10.18778/8142-136-2.01. ISBN 978-83-65237-58-3.
  56. ↑ Tomczak, Tomasz (2006). Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe – trwały element polskiego parlamentu?. DUET. pp. 129–155.
  57. ↑ "Kosiniak-Kamysz: Bez głosów na Trzecią Drogę nie ma szans, by odsunąć PiS od władzy". rmf24.pl (in Polish).
  58. 1 2 "WYBORY 2015 - Komitety a kwestie światopoglądowe". niedziela.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 19 October 2015.
  59. ↑ "PO, PiS, PSL przeciwko legalizacji marihuany". gazetaprawna.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 21 September 2011.
  60. ↑ "Program polityczny PSL - 2019" (PDF). psl.pl (in Polish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
  61. ↑ "PSL i AgroUnia. Kto może wygrać z PiS na wsi?". polityka.pl (in Polish). 4 December 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2021.
  62. ↑ "Kosiniak-Kamysz: "Umiarkowane centrum" to my. Platforma wybrała skręt w lewo". gazetaprawna.pl (in Polish). 5 December 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  63. ↑ "Kosiniak-Kamysz: Chadecja Polska to długofalowy projekt". gazetaprawna.pl (in Polish). 16 April 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  64. ↑ "Janusz Piechociński on Twitter: "Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz : Jesteśmy partią o charakterze centrowym, partią chadecką..."". twitter.com (in Polish). Retrieved 30 January 2016.
  65. ↑ "Na kogo zagłosują wyborcy PSL? Czesław Siekierski odpowiada". radio.kielce.pl (in Polish). 2 July 2020.
  66. ↑ "PSL wybiera władze i walczy o życie. PiS nie ukrywa, że chce pozbyć się konkurenta ze wsi". Polityka (in Polish). 19 November 2016.
  67. ↑ "What are the prospects for the Polish Peasant Party?". 7 February 2020.
  68. ↑ "Senatorowie / Senatorowie / Kluby i koła / Senat Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej". www.senat.gov.pl. Archived from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  69. ↑ "PARLAMENTARZYŚCI UED". www.uniaeuropejskichdemokratow.pl. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  70. ↑ "Wybory do Sejmu i Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w 2023 r." wybory.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 12 November 2023.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.