Jean-Philippe Rameau

Platée is an opera in a prologue and three acts by Jean-Philippe Rameau with a libretto by Adrien-Joseph Le Valois d'Orville. Rameau bought the rights to the libretto Platée ou Junon jalouse (Plataea, or Juno Jealous) by Jacques Autreau (1657–1745) and had d'Orville modify it.[1] The ultimate source of the story is a myth related by the Greek writer Pausanias in his Guide to Greece.

Rameau's first attempt at comic opera, the plot concerns an ugly water nymph who believes that Jupiter, the king of the gods, is in love with her.[2] The work was initially called a ballet bouffon, though it was later styled a comédie lyrique, putting it in the same category as Rameau's Les Paladins. It was written for the celebrations of the wedding of Louis, Dauphin of France, son of King Louis XV, to the Infanta María Teresa Rafaela of Spain, who, according to contemporary sources, like the title character was no beauty. Instead of getting the composer into trouble, the entertainment at Versailles seems to have been well received, and Rameau was appointed a few months later to the position of Composer of the King's Chamber Music with a sizable annual pension.

The opera was first performed on 31 March 1745 at the Grande Écurie, Versailles.

Background to the opera

Comic opera was relatively rare during the Baroque era in France and the musicologist Cuthbert Girdlestone expresses his surprise that none of Rameau's contemporaries seem to have remarked on the innovative nature of Platée.[3] Rameau may have been inspired by a revival of an earlier comic opera, Les amours de Ragonde by Jean-Joseph Mouret, in 1742,[4] or by Joseph Bodin de Boismortier's comic opera-ballet, Don Quichotte chez la Duchesse from 1743.

Performance history and reception

Platée was one of the most highly regarded of Rameau's operas during his lifetime. It even pleased critics who had expressed hostility to his musical style during the Querelle des Bouffons (an argument over the relative merits of French and Italian opera). Melchior Grimm called it a "sublime work" and even Rameau's bitter enemy Jean-Jacques Rousseau referred to it as "divine".[5] The reason for this praise may be because these critics saw Platée, a comic opera, paving the way for the lighter form of opera buffa they favoured.[6] Voltaire however, who was in the audience in Versailles, wrote to his niece, "You didn't miss much except a large crowd and a very bad work. It is the height of indecency, boredom, and impertinence."[7]

Pierre Jélyotte in the role of the Nymph Plataea, by Charles-Antoine Coypel (c. 1745)

The work received one performance at the marriage festivities at Versailles in 1745. Little is known about this production, except that the title role was taken by the haute-contre Pierre Jélyotte, a famous character actor. Rameau revised the opera in collaboration with the librettist Ballot de Sauvot and presented it at the Opéra in Paris on 9 February 1749.[8] Its first public run was very successful and it was later revived in 1750 and again in 1754, always starring in the title role the second leading haute-contre of the Opéra, Jean-Paul Spesoller, called La Tour.[9] According to Rodolfo Celletti, the role of Platée performed by La Tour was the highest haute-contre part ever written by Rameau.[10] The 1754 revival was part of the continuing Querelle des Bouffons, pitted against Leonardo Leo's Italian opera buffa, I viaggiatori. Platée was last performed complete during Rameau's lifetime in 1759.

The next production would not take place until 1901 in Munich, in a heavily adapted German version by Hans Schilling-Ziemssen.[11] The French version reappeared at a production in Monte Carlo in 1917 but Platée only returned to France at the Aix-en-Provence Festival in 1956 with young tenor Michel Sénéchal as the queen of frogs, a part which Sénéchal took again in the revival presented by the Paris Opera at the Salle Favart in 1977,[12] with Michel Plasson as conductor.[13] The opera made its debut in the Netherlands in 1968, in the United Kingdom in 1983 and in the United States in 1987. The London performances, in a production by the English Bach Festival at Sadler's Wells, conducted by Jean-Claude Malgoire, featured Jean-Claude Orliac in the title role, with Henry Herford, Peter Jeffes and Marilyn Hill Smith.[14]

Platée appeared again at the Salle Favart in 1989 with Jean-Claude Malgoire as conductor,[13] and in 1999 it was staged at the Palais Garnier in Paris in a production by Laurent Pelly that was later released on DVD, with Jean-Paul Fouchécourt, then Paul Agnew, in the title part, conducted by Marc Minkowski. The opera was also presented as a co-production of New York City Opera and the Mark Morris Dance Group, directed by Mark Morris during the 1997 Edinburgh Festival, a production that then toured to London and the USA. The opera was also staged by the Santa Fe Opera as part of the Summer 2007 Festival season in an adaptation of the Paris Opera production also directed by Laurent Pelly, with many of the same production team, and conducted by Harry Bicket. In 2014 Platée had a new production at Vienna's Theater an der Wien and Paris' Opéra-Comique conducted by Paul Agnew[15] and directed by Robert Carsen.[13] Its first performance in Australia was by Pinchgut Opera in Sydney, directed by Neil Armfield, conducted by Erin Helyard, with Kanen Breen in the title role, Cheryl Barker as Juno and her husband, Peter Coleman-Wright, as Jupiter.[16] In 2023, the Zürich Opera House produces a new production of the opera staged by Jetske Mijnssen and conducted by Emanuelle Haïm, with cast including Mathias Vidal, Evan Hughes, Katia Ledoux, Renato Dolcini and Alasdair Kent.[17]

Roles

Role Voice type Premiere cast,[18] 31 March 1745 2nd version cast,[19] 9 February 1749
Prologue: La Naissance de la comédie / The birth of the Comedy
Thespis, inventor of comedy haute-contre
(high tenor)		 Jean-Paul Spesoller,
generally known as La Tour or Latour		 François Poirier
Momus bass-baritone Albert[lower-alpha 1] Lamarre (also spelled La Marre)[lower-alpha 1]
Thalie soprano Marie Fel Marie-Angélique Coupé
Amour/Cupid (travesti role) soprano Marie-Angélique Coupé
(also spelled Couppé or Coupée)		 M.lle Rosalie[lower-alpha 1]
Un satire/a satyr bass-baritone Benoit[lower-alpha 1] Person[lower-alpha 1]
Vendangeuses/ Vintaging girls sopranos M.lles Cartou and Dalman[lower-alpha 1] M.lles Cartou[lower-alpha 1] and Marie-Madeleine Jendrest, m.lle Chefdeville
Ballet (comédie lyrique)
Cithéron/Cithaeron, King of Greece bass-baritone François Le Page (also spelled Lepage) François Le Page
Mercure/ Mercury haute-contre Jean Antoine Bérard François Poirier
Platée, nymph of a large marsh at the foot of Mount Cithaeron (travesti role) haute-contre Pierre Jélyotte La Tour
Clarine, a fountain, maidservant to Platée soprano M.lle Bourbonnais[lower-alpha 1] Marie-Angélique Coupé
Une naiade/ a naiad, another maidservant to Platée soprano M.lle Metz[lower-alpha 1]  ?
Jupiter bass-baritone Claude-Louis-Dominique Chassé de Chinais Person
La Folie/ Folly soprano Marie Fel Marie Fel
Junon/ Juno soprano Marie-Jeanne Fesch, "m.lle Chevalier Louise Jacquet
Momus taille (baritenor)
or bass-baritone		 Louis-Antoine Cuvillier
(also spelled Cuvilliers or Cuvelier)		 Lamarre
Iris mime [20]  ?
Animals, scholars, chorus, dancers
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 First name unknown

Synopsis

Prologue

After a night of partying, the Chorus wakes Thespis from a drunken sleep. When Thalie and Momus arrive, they seek Thespis' help in planning the presentation of an entertainment in which they will recreate a long-ago attempt by Jupiter to cure his wife, Juno, of her jealousy. Initially left out of the planning, a furious Cupid arrives on the scene and proclaims that it will be impossible to stage the event without him: "how could there be a play without the inspiration of love?" he asks.[21] All four then lay out the plan.

Act 1

In the middle of a raging storm, Mercury comes down from the heavens and explains to Citheron that it is caused by Juno's jealousy and that he has been sent by Jupiter to find a way of taking his mind off the problem. Citheron's solution is to propose the enactment of the plan put together by the four conspirators: Jupiter will pretend to fall in love with the ugly marsh nymph, Platée — who is convinced that everything that comes near her pond is madly in love with her — and, when Juno finds them together and about to marry, she will realize that her jealousy is baseless and the couple will be re-united.

After Platée arrives, Mercury leaves to inform Jupiter. While she seems to believe that it is Cithéron who is in love with her — in spite of his denials — she is delighted to hear from Mercury that Jupiter will soon descend from the heavens and declare his love: "The god of thunder, drawn to earth by your beauty, wishes to cast at your feet both his heart and the Universe."[22] A new storm created by Juno bursts forth, but Platée is not put out and the marsh creatures retreat to their watery homes.

Act 2

Having sent Juno off to Athens, Mercury and Cithéron find a hiding place to observe the proceedings. Accompanied by Momus, Jupiter arrives, revealing himself first as a donkey (to the accompanying sounds of donkey braying from the orchestra), then as an owl, and finally, in person in a clap of thunder and bright light. An extended divertissment proceeds, including a show-stopping highlight in which La Folie (Madness) sings the story of Apollo and Daphne as a warning to Platée not to get involved with Jupiter. Dancers and singers alternately praise and mock Platée.

Act 3

As people arrive for the marriage of Jupiter and Platée, a furious-at-being-tricked Juno has returned from Athens but she is persuaded to hide until the right moment. Momus appears, poorly disguised as Love, and offers "gifts" to Platée. Jupiter and Platée begin to take part in the wedding ceremony, but, stalling after his initial "I swear", he awaits the arrival of Juno. When she finally sees Platée and removes her veil, she realizes that it was all a joke. The gods ascend back to heaven and the humiliated Platée leaps back into the pond.

Recordings

Year Cast
(Platée, La Folie, Thespis/Mercure, Cithéron, Jupiter)		 Orchestra, conductor Label
1956Michel Sénéchal,
Janine Micheau,
Nicolai Gedda,
Jacques Jansen,
Huc Santana		Hans Rosbaud,
Orchestre de la Société des Concerts du Conservatoire, Choeurs du Festival d'Aix-en-Provence		CD: EMI
Cat: EMI Pathé Marconi CMS 7 69861-2
1989Gilles Ragon,
Jennifer Smith,
Guy de Mey,
Bernard Deletré,
Vincent Le Texier		Marc Minkowski,
Les Musiciens du Louvre		CD: WEA International
Erato 2292 45028-2
2003Paul Agnew,
Mireille Delunsch,
Yann Beuron,
Laurent Naouri,
Vincent Le Texier		Marc Minkowski,
Paris Opera,
Orchestra and Chorus of Les Musiciens du Louvre – Grenoble		DVD: Kultur
Cat: D2919

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Girdlestone 1969, p. 436.
  2. ↑ Holden 2001, p. 838.
  3. ↑ Girdlestone 1969, p. 336.
  4. ↑ Alexandre 1989, p. 28.
  5. ↑ Girdlestone 1969, p. 439.
  6. ↑ Girdlestone 1969, p. 440.
  7. ↑ Conductor's note, Erin Helyard, 2021
  8. ↑ The first performance was originally scheduled for February 4, but had to be postponed on account of the death of the Duchess of Orleans (Le magazine de l'opéra baroque Archived 2014-03-01 at the Wayback Machine – Page: Platée; the Duchess is stated to have been "the Regent's mother": in fact, she had been the wife of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans at the time of the Régence).
  9. ↑ Sources used not to report the full name of this singer, generally referred to just as La Tour, Latour or Delatour. The name Georges Imbart de La Tour, given by the site L'Almanacco di Gherardo Casaglia, is erroneous as it belongs in fact to another tenor of the late nineteenth century. The exact full name is now reported by Sylvie Bouissou in her article Latour, Jean-Paul Spesoller de, in Dictionnaire de l’Opéra de Paris sous l’Ancien Régime (1669-1791), tome III (H–O), pp. 413-414.
  10. ↑ (in Italian) "La Scuola vocale francese e Rameau", p. 90, in Storia dell'Opera (ideata da Guglielmo Barblan e diretta da Aberto Basso), UTET, Torino, 1977, vol. III/1
  11. ↑ An Italian version entitled Platea was also given in Como (Teatro Sociale) and Milan (Teatro Carcano) in 1921 (Girdlestone 1969, p. 441).
  12. ↑ Pitt, Charles. "France – An un-magic Flute" (includes review of Platée). Opera, August 1977, pp. 775-776; Platée Paris Opera 21 April 1977 performance details, BnF
  13. 1 2 3 Opéra-Comique’s programme for the performances of Platée, 2014
  14. ↑ Dean, Winton. "Platée [review]". The Musical Times, December 1983, vol. cxxiv, no. 1690, pp. 758–759.
  15. ↑ Agnew replaced William Christie who was indisposed (Classicnews.com, review: Compte rendu, opéra. Paris. Rameau : Platée à l’Opéra Comique (Les Arts Florissants), le 20 mars 2014. Paul Agnew, direction. Robert Carsen, mise en scène
  16. ↑ Daniela Kaleva (3 December 2021). "Platée reigns supreme on the Sydney operatic stage". The Conversation. Retrieved 27 February 2022.
  17. ↑ "Platée". Zürich Opera House. Retrieved 5 November 2023.
  18. ↑ Platée, premiere details, libretto, Rameau Le Site, jp.rameau.free.fr (accessed 28 October 2022)
  19. ↑ Le magazine de l'opéra baroque Archived 2014-03-01 at the Wayback Machine (accessed 3 October 2010)
  20. ↑ According to Rameau Le Site, this mute is credited to Cuvillier, as well as the singing character of Momus, but it seems to be impossible, because both characters appear together on stage
  21. ↑ Mays 2007, p. 56.
  22. ↑ Mays 2007, p. 57.

Sources

  • Alexandre, Ivan A. (1989). Platée (liner notes). conducted by Marc Minkowski.
  • Girdlestone, Cuthbert (1969). Jean-Philippe Rameau: His Life and Work. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-21416-8.
  • Holden, Amanda, ed. (2001). The New Penguin Opera Guide. New York: Penguin Putnam. ISBN 0-14-029312-4.
  • Mays, Desirée (2007). "Platée". Opera Unveiled. Vol. 9. Santa Fe: Art Forms Inc. ISBN 978-0-9707822-6-7.

Further reading

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