Bluestriped fangblenny
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Blenniiformes
Family: Blenniidae
Genus: Plagiotremus
Species:
P. rhinorhynchos
Binomial name
Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos
(Bleeker, 1852)
Synonyms
  • Aspidontus rhinorhynchos (Bleeker, 1852)
  • Petroscirtes rhinorhynchos Bleeker, 1852
  • Runula rhinorhynchos (Bleeker, 1852)
  • Petroscirtes amblyrhynchos Bleeker, 1857
Bluestriped fangblenny in a coral hole

Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos, commonly called the bluestriped fangblenny, is a species of combtooth blenny found in coral reefs in the Pacific and Indian ocean. This species reaches a length of 12 centimetres (4.7 in) SL.[2] It is also known as the bluestriped blenny, bluestriped sabretooth blenny, blunt-nose blenny, cleaner mimic, tube-worm blenny or the two-stripe blenny. They hide in deserted worm tubes or other small holes.

The fangblenny is a specialised mimic of juvenile bluestreak cleaner wrasse. Those fish serve as cleaners to larger host fish, which attend to have ectoparasites removed. The fangblenny does no cleaning, but bites the host fish and leaves. Its opioid-containing venom helps it escape, as it gives a pain-free bite which also dulls the host's reactions.

Description

From before birth, their eggs are demersal and adhesive and attach to substrates via a filamentous adhesive pad or pedestal. The bluestriped fangblenny can attain around 90mm in length. Two distinct colour phases of this fish are present; blue with a black stripe from snout to tail, or orange with two narrow blue lines from snout to tail. Unlike most blennies, the bluestriped fangblenny is free swimming. Adults inhabit clear, coral-rich areas of lagoon and seaward reefs and it is fairly common on both coral and rocky reefs, usually occurring singly or in pairs. They are known for being aggressive and feed on skin, mucus and sometimes other fish scales. They bite divers when alarmed.

Aggressive mimicry

Bluestriped fangblenny mimic the juvenile bluestreak cleaner wrasse, Labroides dimidiatus, to enable them to loiter at cleaner stations and dupe clients waiting to be cleaned.[3] Their success in this aggressive mimicry is, like Batesian mimicry, frequency-dependent: it works best when the mimic is rare compared to the genuinely symbiotic cleaner fish.[4]

The fangblenny has an unusual adaptation for biting and escaping without being pursued: its bite is pain-free, as it has a venom containing morphine-like opioids, which dulls pain and reduces blood pressure. The fall in the host's blood pressure makes it lose co-ordination, just as a human feels dizzy when blood pressure is low, giving the fangblenny time to escape. This may explain why other coral reef fish mimic the fangblenny.[5]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Williams, J.T. (2014). "Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T48342477A48372150. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T48342477A48372150.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ↑ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2013). "Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos" in FishBase. February 2013 version.
  3. ↑ Johnson, M.L. & Hull, S. (2006). Interactions between fangblennies (Plagiotremus rhinorhynchos) and their potential victims: fooling the model rather than the client? Marine Biology 148: 889-897
  4. ↑ Cheney, Karen L. and Isabelle M. Cote (2005). "Frequency-dependent success of aggressive mimics in a cleaning symbiosis". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 272 (1581): 2635–2639. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3256. PMC 1559983. PMID 16321786.
  5. ↑ Casewell, Nicholas R.; et al. (2017). "The Evolution of Fangs, Venom, and Mimicry Systems in Blenny Fishes". Current Biology. TBA (TBA): 1184–1191. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.067. hdl:1887/115463. PMID 28366739.
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