Malassezia
Malassezia furfur in skin scale from a patient with tinea versicolor
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Subdivision: Ustilaginomycotina
Class: Malasseziomycetes
Denchev & T.Denchev (2014)
Order: Malasseziales
R.T.Moore (1980)
Family: Malasseziaceae
Denchev & R.T.Moore (2009)
Genus: Malassezia
Baill. (1889)[1]
Type species
Malassezia furfur
(C.P.Robin) Baill. (1889)
Synonyms[2]

Malassezia (formerly known as Pityrosporum) is a genus of fungi. It is the sole genus in family Malasseziaceae, which is the only family in order Malasseziales, itself the single member of class Malasseziomycetes.[3] Malassezia species are naturally found on the skin surfaces of many animals, including humans. In occasional opportunistic infections, some species can cause hypopigmentation or hyperpigmentation on the trunk and other locations in humans. Allergy tests for these fungi are available.

Systematics

A 25-year-old man with pityrosporum folliculitis and electron micrograph of his skin, showing Malassezia spores.[4]

Due to progressive changes in their nomenclature, some confusion exists about the naming and classification of Malassezia yeast species. Work on these yeasts has been complicated because they require specific growth media and grow very slowly in laboratory culture.[5]

Malassezia was originally identified by the French scientist Louis-Charles Malassez in the late nineteenth century;[6] he associated it with the condition seborrhoeic dermatitis.[7] Raymond Sabouraud identified a dandruff-causing organism in 1904 and called it Pityrosporum Malassezii,[8] honoring Malassez, but at the species level as opposed to the genus level. When it was determined that the organisms were the same, the term "Malassezia" was judged to possess priority.[9]

In the mid-twentieth century, it was reclassified into two species:

  • Pityrosporum (Malassezia) ovale, which is lipid-dependent and found only on humans. P. ovale was later divided into two species, P. ovale and P. orbiculare, but current sources consider these terms to refer to a single species of fungus, with M. furfur the preferred name.[10]
  • Pityrosporum (Malassezia) pachydermatis, which is lipophilic but not lipid-dependent. It is found on the skin of most animals.

In the mid-1990s, scientists at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, France, discovered additional species.[11]

Malassezia is the sole genus in the family Malasseziaceae, which was validated by Cvetomir Denchev and Royall T. Moore in 2009.[12] The order Malasseziales had been previously proposed by Moore in 1980,[13] and later emended by Begerow and colleagues in 2000. At this time the order was classified as a member of unknown class placement in the subdivision Ustilaginomycotina.[14] In 2014, Cvetomir and Teodor Denchev circumscribed the class Malasseziomycetes to contain the group.[15]

Description

Malassezia demonstrates a rapid growth rate, typically maturing within 5 days when incubated at temperatures ranging from 30–35 °C (86–95 °F). Growth is less optimal at 25 °C (77 °F), and certain species struggle at 37 °C (99 °F). These organisms can proliferate on media infused with cycloheximide. An essential factor for the growth of Malassezia is the presence of long-chain fatty acids, with M. pachydermatis being an exception. The most conventional cultivation method involves overlaying solid media with a layer of olive oil. However, for nurturing some clinically relevant species, such as the challenging-to-cultivate M. restricta, more intricate culture media may be required. For the most efficient recovery of Malassezia, it has been recommended to collect blood through a lipid infusion catheter and subsequently use lysis-centrifugation—a recommendation backed by multiple comparative studies.[16]

The yeast-like cells of Malassezia, measuring between 1.5–4.5 μm by 3–7 μm, are characterised as phialides featuring tiny collarettes (a small, collar-like flange or lip at the mouth of a phialide from which spores or conidia are produced and released). These collarettes are challenging to identify using standard light microscopes. A defining characteristic of cells from this genus is their morphology: one end is round, while the other has a distinctly blunt termination. This latter end is where singular, broad-based bud-like structures emerge, although in certain species, these structures might be narrower. To effectively visualise the organism's shape, a staining technique involving safranin is recommended, followed by observation under oil immersion. Furthermore, Calcofluor-white staining provides an enhanced clarity of the cell wall and its unique contour. While Malassezia typically lacks hyphal elements, rudimentary forms can sporadically be present.[16]

Species

Species Fungorum accepts 22 species of Malassezia.[17] The following list gives the name of the fungus, the taxonomic authority (those who first described the fungus, or who transferred it into Malassezia from another genus; standardized author abbreviations are used), and the name of the organism from which the fungus was isolated, if not human.

Role in human diseases

Dermatitis and dandruff

Identification of Malassezia on skin has been aided by the application of molecular or DNA-based techniques. These investigations show that the Malassezia species causing most skin disease in humans, including the most common cause of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis, is M. globosa (though M. restricta is also involved).[24] The skin rash of tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor) is also due to infection by this fungus.

As the fungus requires fat to grow,[11] it is most common in areas with many sebaceous glands: on the scalp,[36] face, and upper part of the body. When the fungus grows too rapidly, the natural renewal of cells is disturbed, and dandruff appears with itching (a similar process may also occur with other fungi or bacteria).

A project in 2007 sequenced the genome of dandruff-causing Malassezia globosa and found it to have 4,285 genes.[37][38] M. globosa uses eight different types of lipase, along with three phospholipases, to break down the oils on the scalp. Any of these 11 proteins would be a suitable target for dandruff medications.

The number of specimens of M. globosa on a human head can be up to ten million.[36]

M. globosa has been predicted to have the ability to reproduce sexually,[39] but this has not been observed.

Research

Malassezia is among the many mycobiota undergoing laboratory research to investigate whether it is associated with types of disease.[40] Translocation of Malassezia spp. from the intestines into pancreatic neoplasms has been associated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and the fungi may promote tumor progression through activation of host complement.[41][42]

The yeast M. restricta, normally found in the skin, is linked to disorders like Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease when found in the gut, especially for those with the N12 CARD9 allele, which provokes a stronger inflammatory response to the yeast.[43]

References

  1. ↑ Baillon, Henri Ernest (1889). "Traité de botanique médicale cryptogamique" [Treatise on cryptogamic medical botany] (in French). Paris: Octave Doin: 234. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.5409. OCLC 2139870. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ↑ "Synonymy: Malassezia Baill., Traité Bot. Méd. Crypt.: 234 (1889)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  3. ↑ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
  4. ↑ Ran Yuping (2016). "Observation of Fungi, Bacteria, and Parasites in Clinical Skin Samples Using Scanning Electron Microscopy". In Janecek, Milos; Kral, Robert (eds.). Modern Electron Microscopy in Physical and Life Sciences. InTech. doi:10.5772/61850. ISBN 978-953-51-2252-4. S2CID 53472683.
  5. ↑ Theelen, Bart; Cafarchia, Claudia; Gaitanis, Georgios; Bassukas, Ioannis Dimitrios; Boekhout, Teun; Dawson, Thomas L. (2018). "Malassezia ecology, pathophysiology, and treatment". Medical Mycology. 56 (suppl 1): S10–S25. doi:10.1093/mmy/myx134. hdl:11586/215288. PMID 29538738.
  6. ↑ Malassez, L. (1874). "Note sur le champignon du pityriasis simple" [Note on the fungus of simple pityriasis]. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry (in French). 2: 451–464.
  7. ↑ Dawson, Thomas L. (2019). "Malassezia: The Forbidden Kingdom Opens". Cell Host Microbe. 25 (3): 345–347. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2019.02.010. PMID 30870616.
  8. ↑ Sabouraud, R. (1904). Maladies du cuir chevelu: II. Les maladies desquamatives [Scalp conditions: II. Desquamative disorders] (in French). Paris: Masson et Cie. p. 646.
  9. ↑ Inamadar AC, Palit A (2003). "The genus Malassezia and human disease". Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 69 (4): 265–70. PMID 17642908.
  10. ↑ Freedberg; et al., eds. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 1187. ISBN 0-07-138067-1.
  11. 1 2 Guého E, Midgley G, Guillot J (May 1996). "The genus Malassezia with description of four new species". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 69 (4): 337–355. doi:10.1007/BF00399623. PMID 8836432. S2CID 31791799.
  12. ↑ Denchev, C.M.; Moore, R.T. (2009). "Validation of Malasseziaceae and Ceraceosoraceae (Exobasidiomycetes)". Mycotaxon. 110: 379–382. doi:10.5248/110.379.
  13. ↑ Moore, R.T. (1980). "Taxonomic proposals for the classification of marine yeasts and other yeast-like fungi including the smuts". Botanica Marina. 23 (6): 361–373.
  14. ↑ Begerow, Dominik; Bauer, Robert; Boekhout, Teun (2000). "Phylogenetic placements of ustilaginomycetous anamorphs as deduced from nuclear LSU rDNA sequences". Mycological Research. 104 (1): 53–60. doi:10.1017/s0953756299001161.
  15. ↑ Denchev, C.M.; Denchev, T.T. (2014). "Nomenclatural novelties" (PDF). Index Fungorum. 145: 1. ISSN 2049-2375.
  16. 1 2 Larone, Davise Honig (2011). Medically Important Fungi (5th ed.). Washington (D.C.): ASM press. p. 146. ISBN 978-1-55581-660-5.
  17. ↑ Species Fungorum. "Malassezia". Catalog of Life. Retrieved 23 September 2022.
  18. ↑ Honnavar, P.; Prasad, G.S.; Ghosh, A.; Dogra, S.; Handa, S.; Rudramurthy, S.M. (2016). "Malassezia arunalokei sp. nov., a novel yeast species isolated from seborrhoeic dermatitis patients and healthy individuals from India". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 54 (7): 1826–1834. doi:10.1128/JCM.00683-16. PMC 4922115. PMID 27147721.
  19. ↑ Cabañes, F.J.; Coutinho, S.D.A.; Puig, L.; Bragulat, M.R.; Castellá, G. (2016). "New lipid-dependent Malassezia species from parrots". Revista Iberoamericana de Micología. 33 (2): 92–99. doi:10.1016/j.riam.2016.03.003. PMID 27184440.
  20. 1 2 Cabañes, FJ, Theelen, B, Castella, G, Boukhout, T (2007). "Two new lipid-dependent Malassezia species from domestic animals". FEMS Yeast Research. 7 (6): 1064–1076. doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2007.00217.x. ISSN 1567-1356. PMID 17367513.
  21. ↑ Cabañes FJ, Vega S, Castellá G (2011). "Malassezia cuniculi sp. nov., a novel yeast species isolated from rabbit skin". Medical Mycology. 49 (1): 40–48. doi:10.3109/13693786.2010.493562. PMID 20560865.
  22. ↑ Sugita T, Takashima M, Shinoda T, et al. (April 2002). "New Yeast Species, Malassezia dermatis, Isolated from Patients with Atopic Dermatitis". J. Clin. Microbiol. 40 (4): 1363–7. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.4.1363-1367.2002. PMC 140359. PMID 11923357.
  23. ↑ White, S.D.; Vandenabeele, S.I.J.; Drazenovich, N.L.; Foley, J.E. (2006). "Malassezia species isolated from the intermammary and preputial fossa areas of horses". Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 20 (2): 395–398. doi:10.1892/0891-6640(2006)20[395:MSIFTI]2.0.CO;2. PMID 16594600.
  24. 1 2 DeAngelis YM, Saunders CW, Johnstone KR, et al. (September 2007). "Isolation and expression of a Malassezia globosa lipase gene, LIP1". J. Invest. Dermatol. 127 (9): 2138–46. doi:10.1038/sj.jid.5700844. PMID 17460728.
  25. ↑ Sugita, Takashi; Masako Takashima; Minako Kodama; Ryoji Tsuboi; Akemi Nishikawa (October 2003). "Description of a New Yeast Species, Malassezia japonica, and Its Detection in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis and Healthy Subjects". J. Clin. Microbiol. 41 (10): 4695–4699. doi:10.1128/JCM.41.10.4695-4699.2003. PMC 254348. PMID 14532205.
  26. ↑ Hirai A, Kano R, Makimura K, et al. (March 2004). "Malassezia nana sp. nov., a novel lipid-dependent yeast species isolated from animals". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54 (Pt 2): 623–7. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02776-0. PMID 15023986.
  27. ↑ Guého, E.; Midgley, G.; Guillot, J. (1996). "The genus Malassezia with description of four new species". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 69 (4): 337–355. doi:10.1007/BF00399623. PMID 8836432. S2CID 31791799.
  28. ↑ Maecke, Margarita (1941). "Descripción de una nueva especie de Malassezia: Malassezia ochoterenai, agente causal de Pytiriasis (Tinea) vesicolor y posición sistemática del género Malassezia". Anales del Instituto de Biología (in Spanish). 12: 511–546.
  29. ↑ Coutinho SD, Paula CR (June 1998). "Biotyping of Malassezia pachydermatis strains using the killer system". Rev Iberoam Micol. 15 (2): 85–7. PMID 17655416.
  30. ↑ Lorch JM, Palmer JM, Vanderwolf KJ, et al. (2018). "Malassezia vespertilionis sp. nov. :a new cold-tolerant species of yeast isolated from bats". Persoonia. 41: 56–70. doi:10.3767/persoonia.2018.41.04. PMC 6344816. PMID 30728599.
  31. ↑ Sugita T, Tajima M, Amaya M, Tsuboi R, Nishikawa A (2004). "Genotype analysis of Malassezia restricta as the major cutaneous flora in patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy subjects". Microbiol. Immunol. 48 (10): 755–9. doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03601.x. PMID 15502408.
  32. ↑ Uzal FA, Paulson D, Eigenheer AL, Walker RL (October 2007). "Malassezia slooffiae-associated dermatitis in a goat". Veterinary Dermatology. 18 (5): 348–52. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00606.x. PMID 17845623.
  33. ↑ Niamba P, Weill FX, Sarlangue J, Labrèze C, Couprie B, Taïeh A (August 1998). "Is common neonatal cephalic pustulosis (neonatal acne) triggered by Malassezia sympodialis?". Arch Dermatol. 134 (8): 995–8. doi:10.1001/archderm.134.8.995. PMID 9722730.
  34. ↑ Lorch, J.M.; Palmer, J.M.; Vanderwolf, K.J.; Schmidt, K.Z.; Verant, M.L.; Weller, T.J.; Blehert, D.S. (2018). "Malassezia vespertilionis sp. nov.: a new cold-tolerant species of yeast isolated from bats". Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi. 41 (1): 56–70. doi:10.3767/persoonia.2018.41.04. PMC 6344816. PMID 30728599.
  35. ↑ Sugita T, Tajima M, Takashima M, et al. (2004). "A new yeast, Malassezia yamatoensis, isolated from a patient with seborrheic dermatitis, and its distribution in patients and healthy subjects". Microbiol. Immunol. 48 (8): 579–83. doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03554.x. PMID 15322337. S2CID 34281815.
  36. 1 2 "Genetic code of dandruff cracked". BBC News. BBC. 2007-11-06. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  37. ↑ Xu J, Saunders CW, Hu P, et al. (November 2007). "Dandruff-associated Malassezia genomes reveal convergent and divergent virulence traits shared with plant and human fungal pathogens". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104 (47): 18730–5. Bibcode:2007PNAS..10418730X. doi:10.1073/pnas.0706756104. PMC 2141845. PMID 18000048.
  38. ↑ Spectrum Science Public Relations (21 November 2007). "Scientists Complete Genome Sequence Of Fungus Responsible For Dandruff, Skin Disorders". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
  39. ↑ Guillot J, Hadina S, Guého E (June 2008). "The genus Malassezia: old facts and new concepts". Parassitologia. 50 (1–2): 77–9. PMID 18693563.
  40. ↑ Wu X, Xia Y, He F, Zhu C, Ren W (March 2021). "Intestinal mycobiota in health and diseases: from a disrupted equilibrium to clinical opportunities". Microbiome. 9 (1): 60. doi:10.1186/s40168-021-01024-x. PMC 7958491. PMID 33715629.
  41. ↑ Aykut B, Pushalkar S, Chen R, Li Q, Abengozar R, Kim JI, et al. (2019). "The fungal mycobiome promotes pancreatic oncogenesis via activation of MBL". Nature. 574 (7777): 264–267. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1608-2. PMC 6858566. PMID 31578522.
  42. ↑ Loker, Eric S.; Hofkin, Bruce V. (2023). Parasitology: A Conceptual Approach (Second ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. p. 54. doi:10.1201/9780429277405. ISBN 9780429277405. LCCN 2021045732. S2CID 250473493.
  43. ↑ Jose J. Limon, Jie Tang, Dalin Li, Andrea J. Wolf, Kathrin S. Michelsen, Vince Funari, Matthew Gargus, Christopher Nguyen, Purnima Sharma, Viviana I. Maymi, Iliyan D. Iliev, Joseph H. Skalski, Jordan Brown, Carol Landers, James Borneman, Jonathan Braun, Stephan R. Targan, Dermot P.B. McGovern, David M. Underhill, Malassezia Is Associated with Crohn’s Disease and Exacerbates Colitis in Mouse Models, Cell Host & Microbe, Volume 25, Issue 3, 2019, Pages 377-388.e6, ISSN 1931-3128, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2019.01.007. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1931312819300459)

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