George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2021
Great Seal of the United States
Long titleTo hold law enforcement accountable for misconduct in court, improve transparency through data collection, and reform police training and policies.
Announced inthe 117th United States Congress
Number of co-sponsors199
Legislative history
  • Introduced in the House as H.R. 1280 by Karen Bass (D–CA) on February 24, 2021
  • Committee consideration by House Judiciary
  • Passed the House on March 3, 2021 (220–212)

The George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2021 was a policing reform bill drafted by Democrats in the United States Congress. The legislation was introduced in the United States House of Representatives on February 24, 2021.[1][2] The legislation aims to combat police misconduct, excessive force, and racial bias in policing.[3][4]

The bill passed the Democratic-controlled House of Representatives on a mostly party-line vote of 220–212,[5] but not the evenly divided but Democratic controlled Senate amid opposition from Republicans.[6][7] Negotiations between Republican and Democratic senators on a reform bill collapsed in September 2021.[7]

Background

The drafting of the legislation was preceded by a series of protests following the murder of George Floyd in Minnesota and other high-profile killings of African Americans at the hands of mostly white police officers and civilians in 2020, such as the shooting of Breonna Taylor in Kentucky.[4][8] The proposed legislation contains some provisions that civil rights advocates have long sought,[4] and is named in Floyd's honor.[9]

Provisions

The legislation, described as expansive,[4] would:

  • Grant power to the Justice Department's Civil Rights Division to issue subpoenas to police departments as part of "pattern or practice" investigations into whether there has been a "pattern and practice" of bias or misconduct by the department[10]
  • Provide grants to state attorneys general to "create an independent process to investigate misconduct or excessive use of force" by police forces[11]
  • Establish a federal registry of police misconduct complaints and disciplinary actions[11]
  • Enhance accountability for police officers who commit misconduct, by restricting the application of the qualified immunity doctrine for local and state officers,[10][12] and by changing the mens rea (intent) element of 18 U.S.C. § 242 (the federal criminal offense of "deprivation of rights under color of law," which has been used to prosecute police for misconduct) from "willfully" to "knowingly or with reckless disregard"[13]
  • Require federal uniformed police officers to have body-worn cameras[11][4]
  • Require marked federal police vehicles to be equipped with dashboard cameras.[11]
  • Require state and local law enforcement agencies that receive federal funding to "ensure" the use of body-worn and dashboard cameras.[4]
  • Restrict the transfer of military equipment to police[11] (see 1033 program, militarization of police)
  • Require state and local law enforcement agencies that receive federal funding to adopt anti-discrimination policies and training programs, including those targeted at fighting racial profiling[4]
  • Prohibit federal police officers from using chokeholds or other carotid holds (which led to the death of Eric Garner), and require state and local law enforcement agencies that receive federal funding to adopt the same prohibition[4]
  • Prohibit the issuance of no-knock warrants (warrants that allow police to conduct a raid without knocking or announcing themselves) in federal drug investigations, and provide incentives to the states to enact a similar prohibition.[4]
  • Change the threshold for the permissible use of force by federal law enforcement officers from "reasonableness" to only when "necessary to prevent death or serious bodily injury."[4]
  • Mandate that federal officers use deadly force only as a last resort and that de-escalation be attempted, and condition federal funding to state and local law enforcement agencies on the adoption of the same policy.[4]

Legislative history

Drafting and introduction in 2020

In the House of Representatives, the legislation was principally drafted by Representative Karen Bass of California (who chairs the Congressional Black Caucus) and Representative Jerrold Nadler of New York (who chairs the House Judiciary Committee); in the Senate, the legislation has been drafted by Cory Booker of New Jersey and Kamala Harris of California, the Senate's two black Democrats.[4][11] The legislation was introduced in the House as H.B. 7120 on June 8, 2020, by Bass, with 165 co-sponsors, all Democrats.[14] The bill was referred to the House Judiciary Committee, and additionally to the House Armed Services Committee and House Energy and Commerce Committee, for consideration of provisions falling within those committees' jurisdiction.[2] The legislation was introduced in the Senate on the same day as S. 3912, by Booker, with 35 cosponsors.[15] It was referred to the Senate Judiciary Committee.[16]

Committee hearings

At a June 2020 hearing on police issues in the House Judiciary Committee, George Floyd's brother, Philonise Floyd, testified in favor of police reforms. Also testifying were the Floyd family's attorney Benjamin Crump (invited by the Democrats) and Angela Underwood Jacobs (invited by the Republicans), the brother of Federal Protective Service officer David "Patrick" Underwood, who was killed in the line of duty.[17][18][19] Committee Republicans invited conservative Fox News commentator and ex-Secret Service agent Dan Bongino,[19][20] who did not mention police brutality at the hearing and instead focused on dangers faced by police.[20] Committee Republicans also called Darrell C. Scott, a minister and prominent Trump ally, to testify.[19][21]

At a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing on June 16, members heard testimony from a number of witnesses, including Vanita Gupta of the Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights; attorney S. Lee Merritt, who represents the family of Ahmaud Arbery; St. Paul, Minnesota Mayor Melvin Carter; Houston Police Department chief Art Acevedo; and Fraternal Order of Police national president Patrick Yoes.[22] Gupta, who served as head of the U.S. Department of Justice's Civil Rights Division during the Obama administration, testified in favor of police reforms and criticized the Trump Justice Department, while Yoes testified against restricting qualified immunity for police.[23]

House passage in 2020

House members after passage of the bill on June 25, 2020

On June 17, 2020, after a nearly 12-hour debate, the House Judiciary Committee advanced the bill to the House floor on a party-line vote (with all Democrats voting yes and all Republicans voting no).[24] On the floor, the bill passed the Democratic-controlled House on a mostly party-line vote of 236–181.[25][26][27] The legislation's key sponsors sought to garner support for the bill from moderate Republicans,[10] but ultimately, only three House Republicans (all moderates) joined all House Democrats in voting to pass the bill: Representatives Fred Upton of Michigan, Brian Fitzpatrick of Pennsylvania, and Will Hurd of Texas (the sole black Republican U.S. Representative).[26] At the time the bill could not pass the Republican-controlled Senate but it will be testified in the 2021 50-50 Senate controlled by the Democrats.[25][26]

Congressional gridlock and blockage in the Senate

The bill never advanced in 2020, due to opposition by Republicans, who then controlled the Senate.[28][29] Republican senators led by Tim Scott proposed alternative police legislation that was far narrower than the House bill favored by Democrats.[28][29][30] The Scott bill would introduce incentives for states and localities to change police practices (by limiting chokeholds and promoting the use of body cameras),[30][31] but would not restrict the qualified-immunity doctrine,[30] would not ban chokeholds or otherwise federally restrict police use of deadly force,[30] and would not restrict no-knock warrants.[31] Democrats and civil rights organizations oppose the Senate Republican proposal as too weak;[29][30] Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer and Democratic Senators Kamala Harris and Cory Booker (the sponsors of the Senate version of the Justice in Policing Act), called the Republican bill "not salvageable" and "so threadbare and lacking in substance that it does not even provide a proper baseline for negotiations."[30] On June 24, 2020, the Senate Republican proposal failed in a procedural vote of 55–45, on a mostly-party line vote, failing to obtain the 60 votes needed to advance to a floor debate,[32] and thus becoming gridlocked.[28] Democrats called upon Republican Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell to enter "bipartisan talks to get to a constructive starting point."[30]

Reintroduction in 2021, second House passage, and renewed deadlock

The bill was introduced in the 117th Congress in February 24, 2021, as H. R. 1280, the George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2021. The bill was sponsored by Bass and co-sponsored by 199 other Representatives (all Democrats).[33] It passed the House on a nearly-party line vote of 220–212 on March 3, 2021.[34][35] No Republicans supported the legislation.[36][lower-alpha 1]

The legislation did not advance in the Senate, bipartisan negotiations took place between Bass, Scott, and Booker, but collapsed by September 2021.[36][7] Biden repeatedly pushed for the legislation to be advanced; in his April 2021 speech to Congress, Biden praised bipartisan "productive discussions" on police reform and called upon Congress to send him the bill by the one-year anniversary of Floyd's death.[37][38] In announcing that negotiations had failed, Booker said that the parties were unable to agree about the fate of qualified immunity for police departments and officers and that Republicans were unwilling to agree to a national database to track police misconduct.[7]

Voting summary

Congress Short title Bill number(s) Date introduced Sponsor(s) # of cosponsors Latest status
116th Congress George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2020 H.R. 7120 June 8, 2020 Karen Bass

(D-CA)

 236 Passed in the House (236–181)[39]
Justice in Policing Act of 2020 S. 3912 June 8, 2020 Cory Booker

(D-NJ)

 36 Died in Committee
117th Congress George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2021 H.R. 1280 February 24, 2021 Karen Bass

(D-CA)

 199 Passed in the House (220–212)[40]
TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD

Support and opposition

Support

The legislation is endorsed by more than 100 civil rights groups,[26] including the Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights, NAACP and NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, National Urban League, Amnesty International, and National Action Network.[41] The American Civil Liberties Union praised the legislation for taking "significant steps to protect people and ensure accountability against police violence" but expressed opposition to providing "hundreds of millions more to law enforcement" and called for more sweeping changes to "the role of police in our society fundamentally."[42]

The legislation is supported by President Joe Biden and Vice President Kamala Harris.[43]

Opposition

Police unions and other organizations representing police oppose the bill.[26] Police organizations are influential in Congress, exerting influence through campaign contributions, endorsements, and lobbying and advocacy efforts, and historically have been successful in stymieing reform legislation.[44]

Then-President Donald Trump opposed the bill, and in 2020, he issued a formal pledge to veto the legislation if it passed Congress and contending that the bill is "overbroad" and would "weaken the ability of law enforcement agencies to reduce crime."[26] Trump specifically opposed proposals to restrict qualified immunity.[10]

Zack Smith of the conservative Heritage Foundatiton contends that the bill uses a faulty definition of "racial profiling" that "would essentially establish a de facto quota system for traffic stops, pedestrian stops, interviews, and other investigatory activities, and could encourage officers and departments to 'game the system' by stopping more individuals with certain types of characteristics—specifically, women, whites, or Asians—than they otherwise would."[45] This criticism has also been echoed by conservative lawyer Peter Kirsanow.[46]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Lance Gooden, a Republican of Texas, cast the sole Republican "yes" vote on the bill after having "accidentally pressed the wrong voting button and realized it too late"; he later said that he opposed the bill.[35]

References

  1. ↑ "Chair Bass, Senators Booker and Harris, and Chair Nadler Introduce the Justice in Policing Act of 2020" (Press release). U.S. House Judiciary Committee. June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
  2. 1 2 "Actions: H.B. 7120 (116th Congress)". Congress.gov. July 20, 2020. Retrieved February 6, 2023.
  3. ↑ Grisales, Claudia; Davis, Susan; Snell, Kelsey (June 8, 2020). "In Wake Of Protests, Democrats To Unveil Police Reform Legislation". NPR. Retrieved February 6, 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Fandos, Nicholas (June 6, 2020). "Democrats to Propose Broad Bill to Target Police Misconduct and Racial Bias". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
  5. ↑ "Office of the clerk, US House of Representatives". house.gov. March 3, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
  6. ↑ Sherman, Amy (April 30, 2021). "Bipartisan police reform has been a struggle in the Senate. Here's the story". PolitiFact.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Sonmez, Felicia; DeBonis, Mike (September 22, 2021). "Republicans, Democrats unable to reach deal on bill to overhaul policing tactics in the aftermath of protests over killing of Black Americans". Washington Post.
  8. ↑ Gregorian, Dareh (March 1, 2021). "White House backs police reform bill named after George Floyd". NBC News. Retrieved March 4, 2021.
  9. ↑ Foran, Clare; Byrd, Haley; Raju, Manu (June 25, 2020). "House approves police reform bill named in honor of George Floyd". CNN. Retrieved February 6, 2023.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Kane, Paul; Wagner, John (June 8, 2020). "Democrats unveil broad police reform bill, pledge to transform law enforcement". The Washington Post.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Caldwell, Leigh Ann; Shabad, Rebecca (June 8, 2020). "Congressional Democrats unveil sweeping police reform bill that would ban chokeholds, no-knock warrants in drug cases". NBC News.
  12. ↑ Stern, Mark Joseph (June 8, 2020). "Democrats' Police Reform Bill Lets Federal Agents Off the Hook". Slate.
  13. ↑ "Federal Police Oversight: Criminal Civil Rights Violations Under 18 U.S.C. § 242". Congressional Research Service. June 15, 2020. p. 1-2, 4. Archived from the original on October 18, 2020.
  14. ↑ "Cosponsors: H.B. 7120 (116th Congress)". Congress.gov. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
  15. ↑ "Cosponsors: S. 3912 (116th Congress)". Congress.gov. June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
  16. ↑ "All Actions: S. 3912 (116th Congress)". Congress.gov. June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 11, 2020.
  17. ↑ Siegel, Benjamin; Cathey, Libby (June 10, 2020). "'Stop the pain': George Floyd's brother testifies on policing reform". ABC News.
  18. ↑ Cathey, Libby (June 10, 2020). "5 takeaways from House hearing with George Floyd's brother pleading for policing reform". ABC News.
  19. 1 2 3 Cheney, Kyle (June 10, 2020). "'I'm tired': George Floyd's brother pleads for police reforms". Politico.
  20. 1 2 Burns, Katelyn (June 10, 2020). "A Republican witness at a congressional hearing on police brutality didn't mention police brutality". Vox.
  21. ↑ Eaton, Sabrina (June 10, 2020). "Local pastor tells congressional police reform hearing that police cuts made Cleveland 'unbelievably unsafe'". Cleveland Plain Dealer.
  22. ↑ Rodgers, Jack (June 16, 2020). "Senate Judiciary Committee Focuses on Police Reform". Courthouse News Service.
  23. ↑ Phillips, Amber (June 16, 2020). "5 takeaways from the Senate hearing on policing reform". The Washington Post.
  24. ↑ Ferris, Sarah; Caygle, Heather; Cheney, Kyle; Bresnahan, John (June 17, 2020). "House Judiciary panel advances police reform bill after emotional debate". Politico.
  25. 1 2 "House Passes George Floyd Justice in Policing Act". The New York Times. Reuters. June 25, 2020.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Edmondson, Catie (June 25, 2020). "House Passes Sweeping Policing Bill Targeting Racial Bias and Use of Force". The New York Times.
  27. ↑ "Final Vote Results for Roll Call 119: QUestion: On Passage: Bill Title: George Floyd Justice in Policing Act". Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives. June 25, 2020.
  28. 1 2 3 "US House passes 'George Floyd' police reform bill". BBC News. June 26, 2020.
  29. 1 2 3 Morgan, David (June 23, 2020). "U.S. drive for police reform hamstrung by deadlock in Congress". Reuters.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Edmondson, Catie (June 23, 2020). "Senate Democrats Plan to Block G.O.P. Police Bill, Stalling Overhaul". The New York Times.
  31. 1 2 Kim, Seung Min; Wagner, John (June 17, 2020). "Senate GOP unveils policing bill that would discourage, but not ban, tactics such as chokeholds and no-knock warrants". Washington Post.
  32. ↑ Greve, Joan E. (June 24, 2020). "Democrats block 'empty' Republican police reform bill". The Guardian.
  33. ↑ H.R.1280 - George Floyd Justice in Policing Act of 2021, 117th Congress (2021-2022).
  34. ↑ Roll Call 60: H. R. 1280, Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives.
  35. 1 2 Elfrink, Tim (March 3, 2021). "Just one Republican backed the George Floyd police overhaul bill. He 'accidentally pressed the wrong voting button.'". Washington Post.
  36. 1 2 Wire, Sarah D. (April 20, 2021). "Congress vowed to act after George Floyd's death. It hasn't". Los Angeles Times.
  37. ↑ Cox, Chelsey (April 28, 2021). "'Our opportunity to make some real progress': Biden urges Congress to pass police reform by the anniversary of George Floyd's death". USA Today.
  38. ↑ Cornwell, Susan; Shalal, Andrea (April 28, 2021). "Biden asks Congress for police reform bill by George Floyd death anniversary". Reuters.
  39. ↑ Washington, U. S. Capitol Room H154; p:225-7000, DC 20515-6601 (June 25, 2020). "Roll Call 119 Roll Call 119, Bill Number: H. R. 7120, 116th Congress, 2nd Session". Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved March 9, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  40. ↑ Washington, U. S. Capitol Room H154; p:225-7000, DC 20515-6601 (March 3, 2021). "Roll Call 60 Roll Call 60, Bill Number: H. R. 1280, 117th Congress, 1st Session". Office of the Clerk, U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved March 9, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  41. ↑ "Civil Rights Leaders' Statement on Justice in Policing Act". yubanet.com (Press release). June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  42. ↑ "ACLU Statement on Introduction of the Justice in Policing Act of 2020" (Press release). American Civil Liberties Union. June 8, 2020.
  43. ↑ Ted Johnson, Joe Biden Says Derek Chauvin’s Conviction In Death Of George Floyd "Is A Step Forward" In Ending Systemic Racism, Deadline (April 20, 2021): "Biden and Harris each called on the Senate to pass the George Floyd Justice in Policing Act."
  44. ↑ Broadwater, Luke; Edmondson, Catie (June 25, 2020). "Police Groups Wield Strong Influence in Congress, Resisting the Strictest Reforms". The New York Times.
  45. ↑ Smith, Zack (March 5, 2021). "George Floyd Justice in Policing Act Would Make Cops' Jobs More Difficult". Heritage Foundation.
  46. ↑ Kirsanow, Peter (March 4, 2021). "The George Floyd Quotas in Policing Act". National Review.
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