Penrith
Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales
Penrith's central business district and commercial area
Penrith is located in New South Wales
Penrith
Penrith
Coordinates33°45′04″S 150°41′39″E / 33.75111°S 150.69417°E / -33.75111; 150.69417
Population13,295 (2016 census)[1]
 • Density1,078.3/km2 (2,792.7/sq mi)
Established1815
Postcode(s)2750
Elevation32 m (105 ft)
Area12.33 km2 (4.8 sq mi)
Location
LGA(s)City of Penrith
State electorate(s)Penrith
Federal division(s)Lindsay
Localities around Penrith:
Castlereagh Cranebrook Cambridge Gardens
Emu Plains Penrith Cambridge Park
Jamisontown South Penrith Kingswood
Location map of Penrith based on NASA satellite images

Penrith is a town in New South Wales, Australia, located in Greater Western Sydney, 55 kilometres (31 mi) west of the Sydney central business district on the banks of the Nepean River, on the outskirts of the Cumberland Plain. Its elevation is 32 metres (105 ft).

Penrith is the administrative centre of the local government area of the City of Penrith.

The Geographical Names Board of New South Wales acknowledges Penrith as one of only four cities within the Greater Sydney metropolitan area.[2]

History

Indigenous settlement

Prior to the arrival of the Europeans, the Penrith area was home to the Mulgoa tribe of the Darug people. They lived in makeshift huts called gunyahs, hunted native animals such as kangaroos, fished in the Nepean River, and gathered local fruits and vegetables such as yams. They lived under an elaborate system of law which had its origins in the Dreamtime. Most of the Mulgoa were killed by smallpox or galgala shortly after the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788. Early British explorers such as Watkin Tench described them as friendly, saying, "they bade us adieu, in unabated friendship and good humour".[3]

European exploration

The recorded history of Penrith began on 26 June 1789. Eighteen months after the landing of the First Fleet, an exploring party led by Captain Watkin Tench set out to further discoveries made by Governor Arthur Phillip earlier in the month. In the daylight hours of 27 June, Tench and his party discovered the broad expanse of the Nepean River. Tench's party became the first Europeans to see the site of what is now the City of Penrith. Tench later wrote 'we found ourselves on the banks of a river, nearly as broad as the Thames at Putney and apparently of great depth'. Phillip later named the river after Evan Nepean, the under-secretary of state in the Home Office, who had been largely responsible for the organisation of the First Fleet. From this point, European settlement began in earnest, firstly on the Hawkesbury River, and later southward up the Nepean.

European settlement

Governor Phillip Gidley King began granting land in the area to settlers in 1804 with Captain Daniel Woodriff's 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) on the banks of the river the first land grant in the area. The first government building in the district was the military depot built (at the present Penrith police station) by William Cox, in mid-1815 near the new Road (Great Western Road) on unassigned Crown land, set well back from the river. It represented the formalisation of law and order in the district. Its placement seems to have been a practical decision by Cox, placing it on flood-free Crown land on the new road to Parramatta, just east of Woodriff's Rodley Farm. Governor Lachlan Macquarie paid Cox £200 for 'erecting a Depot for Provisions, Guard House, erecting necessary Enclosures for cattle and Garden Ground, Frame for a Well ... on the new near Emu Ford'. At this time, Emu Ford was one of the few locality names that would indicate the depot's position.

In 1816 Cox mentioned the lockup at 'Penryhn', among a list of expenses. There appears little doubt that he was referring to the depot that was later referred to as Penrith. The name for the new depot, Penrhyn, may have simply been misinterpreted by others. Penrhyn was possibly named after the First Fleet ship that carried women convicts, the Lady Penrhyn. There is no historical evidence to prove Macquarie's hand in naming the depot, especially considering he often endowed and recorded benefactors with that favour. Furthermore, Macquarie would have ensured that a plan of the town would have been drawn up. No documentary evidence has shed any light on Macquarie's reasoning for the placement of this depot and its connection with his vision for a township at Castlereagh.[4]

What is clear is that the origin of the name, Penrith is steeped in mystery. Penrith was possibly named after Penrith in Cumbria by someone who knew the old town and who noted geographical similarities. By 1819, the name Penrith was in use with its first reference in the Sydney Gazette on 8 December 1821 appointing John Proctor as keeper of the new gaol and court house.

The lockup at Penrith placed government law and order in the centre of the Evan district. This group of buildings became the point of contact for local administration for anything ranging from issuing publican's licences, holding inquests and church services. Although a magistrate had been appointed to Castlereagh in 1811, the Penrith lockup increased in importance with its promotion to a court house in 1817. A bench of magistrates was appointed: Sir John Jamison, the Reverend Henry Fulton, John McHenry and a military officer from the regiment stationed there. In 1814, William Cox constructed a road across the Blue Mountains which passed through Woodriff's land at Penrith. Initial settlement in the area was unplanned but substantial enough for a courthouse to be established in 1817.[5]

The post office was established in 1828, the Anglican church, St Stephens, was opened and consecrated 16 July 1839[6] followed by the Catholic Church, St Nicholas of Myra, in 1850. Two other prominent Penrith pioneers were Irish-born Thomas Jamison (1752/53-1811), a member of the First Fleet and surgeon-general of New South Wales (after whom Jamisontown is named), and his son, the landowner, physician and constitutional reformer Sir John Jamison (1776–1844). In 1824, Sir John erected the colony's finest Georgian mansion, Regentville House, near Penrith, on a ridge overlooking the Nepean River. Sir John established an agricultural estate at Regentville and became a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Council. His grave can be seen in St Stephen's graveyard. Regentville House burned down in 1868 but most of its stonework was salvaged and used for building projects in and around Penrith.

The first bridge, financed by local businessman James Tobias (Toby) Ryan[7] was opened over the Nepean in 1856 and was washed away the following year in a flood. The railway line was extended to Penrith in 1863, a school was established in 1865 and in 1871 the area became a municipality. It officially became a city in 1959.[5]

Commercial area

Penrith is one of the major commercial centres in Greater Western Sydney. The suburb contains two shopping centres.

  • Westfield Penrith, (formerly Penrith Plaza) is the largest shopping centre in the suburb, it opened on the 30th of March 1971, it was acquired by Westfield in 2005, and it is located within a main commercial centre.
  • Nepean Village (formerly Nepean Square) is a single level shopping centre located in Penrith.[8]

Transport

A Sydney Trains city bound service at Penrith Station

Penrith railway station is a major railway station on the Main Western railway line. It has frequent services to and from the city and is also a stop on the intercity Blue Mountains Line.

Penrith railway station is served by a bus interchange and by the Nightride Bus route 70.[9]

Penrith can be accessed from St. Marys and Mount Druitt via the Great Western Highway. Access from further east is best obtained by the M4 Western Motorway using either The Northern Road or Mulgoa Road exits. If travelling east from the Blue Mountains, access is best obtained by the Great Western Highway. Access from the south can be obtained by The Northern Road and Mulgoa Road, north from Castlereagh road or Richmond road, or from north and south via Westlink M7 and the M4 Western Motorway.

The NSW Government announced funding for the construction of the M9 in the 2014 state budget[10][11] to connect Camden, Penrith and Windsor. The proposed motorway will start from the M5 motorway and run west of the current M7 motorway.

Education

Penrith Public School and Penrith High School are two public schools in High Street. Jamison High School is in South Penrith. St Nicholas of Myra is a Catholic primary school, which is part of Catholic Education, Diocese of Parramatta, is located in Higgins Street.[5]

The Penrith campus of Nepean College of TAFE is located in the centre of town on Henry Street.[12] The Penrith campus of the University of Western Sydney is located in nearby Werrington.[13] The University of Sydney has a campus near Nepean Hospital in Kingswood, for research into the basic biomedical sciences and educating medical students at the hospital.

Landmarks and tourist attractions

Heritage listings

Penrith has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

Other items of interest include:

St Stephen's Church

Culture

Arts

The Joan Sutherland Performing Arts Complex is in High Street next to the Council Chambers. Named after opera singer Joan Sutherland, the building was designed by architect Philip Cox and opened in 1990. It incorporates the Penrith Conservatorium of Music and the Q Theatre (Penrith), which had been operating in Station Street for 30 years before moving to the complex in 2006.[34]

Sport and recreation

Penrith Stadium is the home of the Penrith Panthers NRL team. Penrith's Junior Rugby League competition is the largest in the world, which also incorporates teams from the Blue Mountains, Blacktown and Windsor/Richmond areas.

Penrith Stadium was also home to the Penrith Nepean United FC[35] soccer club. The team had a 2–1 win against Sydney FC in a home game friendly match in front of 5000 fans on 17 August 2007.

There are also many other sporting associations, including cricket clubs, AFL clubs, Penrith City Outlaws gridiron team,[36] Panthers Triathlon club,[37] Penrith Emus Rugby, swimming, and soccer clubs.

Just west of Cranebrook is Penrith Lakes, a system of flooded quarries that are now recreational lakes. One of these lakes hosted the rowing events of the Sydney 2000 Olympics. This facility is rated as a Level One course which can be used for international events.[38] The course itself is fully buoyed and can be modified to accommodate swimming and kayaking events.

North of the rowing lake is the Penrith Whitewater Stadium, the only pump-powered and artificial whitewater slalom course in the Southern Hemisphere.[39] It was built for the Sydney 2000 Olympics, and it continues to host international competitions on a regular basis.

Penrith is home to the Elite Fight Gym. A mixed martial arts training facility established by UFC fighter James Te-Huna.[40] In 2013, James te Huna left EFG to establish a rival MMA centre in St Marys named Bee Stingz (located at Valley Fitness).

The first Flip Out trampoline arena was opened in Penrith in 2012. The franchise has since gained over 60 locations across 6 countries.

Media

Penrith is home to three local newspapers: The Western Weekender, Nepean News, and Penrith Press, the latter of which no longer produces a print edition. It is also home to local radio station Vintage FM 87.6 (40's, 50's & 60's Music). The current FM radio station "the edge" 96.1 FM evolved from the former (original) 2KA station founded by Frank Kelly. In 2001 the Penrith Museum of Printing opened. Its collection represents the history of Australian letterpress printing.[41]

Geography

Victoria Bridge over the Nepean River, linking Penrith to Emu Plains

Penrith sits on the western edge of the Cumberland Plain, a fairly flat area of Western Sydney, extending to Windsor in the north, Parramatta in the east and Thirlmere in the south. The Nepean River forms the western boundary of the suburb and beyond that, dominating the western skyline, are the Blue Mountains. There is a difference of opinion between Penrith City Council and the Geographical Names Board of New South Wales as to the boundaries of Penrith the suburb. The Board includes in its official description the area of Kingswood Park, Lemongrove and North Penrith, which the Council considers separate suburbs.[5][42][43]

Climate

Penrith has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa/Cwa) with long, hot summers, mild to cool short winters with cold nights, and pleasant spring and autumn. The daytime temperatures are generally a few degrees warmer than Sydney (Observatory Hill), especially during spring and summer, when the difference in temperature between Penrith and the Sydney area can be quite pronounced. Night-time temperatures are a few degrees cooler than Sydney on most nights of the year. In extreme cases, there could be a temperature differential of 10 degrees Celsius in summer, owing to sea breezes, which affect coastal areas much more than areas further from the ocean and do not usually penetrate as far inland as Penrith. Frost occasionally occurs on some winter mornings, mainly due to a mountain breeze and a temperature inversion caused by the proximate mountains. The average summer temperature range is 17.9 °C (64.2 °F) to 29.8 °C (85.6 °F) and in the winter 6.2 °C (43.2 °F) to 18.6 °C (65.5 °F).[44]

Mean yearly rainfall in Penrith is 719.2mm, which is significantly less than recorded closer to the coast (Sydney Observatory Hill's mean yearly rainfall is 1212.2mm),[45] as coastal showers do not penetrate inland. The highest recorded temperature was 48.9 °C (120.0 °F) on 4 January 2020 (Penrith was also the hottest place on earth that day).[46] The lowest recorded temperature was -1.8 °C (28.7 °F) on 16 July 2018.[47][48] Penrith's hot temperatures are exacerbated by a combination of its inland location, urban heat island effect (i.e. density of housing and lack of trees) and its position on the footsteps of the Blue Mountains, which trap hot air.[49] Penrith's dry, sunny winters are owed to the Great Dividing Range blocking westerly cold fronts, which turn to foehn winds on the range's leeward side (that includes all of the Sydney metropolitan area).[50]

Climate data for Penrith Lakes AWS (1995−2022)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 48.9
(120.0)		 46.9
(116.4)		 40.6
(105.1)		 36.6
(97.9)		 29.4
(84.9)		 26.0
(78.8)		 28.2
(82.8)		 29.7
(85.5)		 37.3
(99.1)		 38.9
(102.0)		 44.9
(112.8)		 46.3
(115.3)		 48.9
(120.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.2
(88.2)		 29.7
(85.5)		 27.7
(81.9)		 24.7
(76.5)		 21.2
(70.2)		 18.1
(64.6)		 18.0
(64.4)		 19.9
(67.8)		 23.3
(73.9)		 25.9
(78.6)		 27.6
(81.7)		 29.8
(85.6)		 24.8
(76.6)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 18.7
(65.7)		 18.5
(65.3)		 16.8
(62.2)		 13.2
(55.8)		 9.3
(48.7)		 7.0
(44.6)		 5.3
(41.5)		 6.1
(43.0)		 9.3
(48.7)		 12.2
(54.0)		 15.0
(59.0)		 17.1
(62.8)		 12.4
(54.3)
Record low °C (°F) 10.6
(51.1)		 11.6
(52.9)		 8.3
(46.9)		 3.6
(38.5)		 1.3
(34.3)		 −1.1
(30.0)		 −1.8
(28.8)		 −0.5
(31.1)		 2.2
(36.0)		 5.0
(41.0)		 7.8
(46.0)		 9.8
(49.6)		 −1.8
(28.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 94.3
(3.71)		 122.1
(4.81)		 110.5
(4.35)		 46.7
(1.84)		 36.0
(1.42)		 48.1
(1.89)		 29.8
(1.17)		 30.4
(1.20)		 31.7
(1.25)		 56.4
(2.22)		 85.5
(3.37)		 65.0
(2.56)		 756.5
(29.79)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 7.7 8.3 8.8 5.5 4.1 5.8 3.9 3.3 4.6 5.6 8.0 7.4 73.0
Average afternoon relative humidity (%) 47 53 52 49 52 55 50 41 40 41 46 45 48
Average dew point °C (°F) 14.7
(58.5)		 16.2
(61.2)		 14.4
(57.9)		 10.8
(51.4)		 8.9
(48.0)		 7.2
(45.0)		 5.2
(41.4)		 3.9
(39.0)		 6.2
(43.2)		 7.5
(45.5)		 10.8
(51.4)		 12.6
(54.7)		 9.9
(49.8)
Source: Bureau of Meteorology (temperatures, humidity and rainfall)[51]

Population

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
200111,563—    
200611,396−1.4%
201111,813+3.7%
201613,295+12.5%
Apartments close to Penrith station

In the 2016 census, Penrith recorded a population of 13,295 people. Of these:[1]

  • Age distribution: The median age was 37 years (compared to the national median of 38). Children aged under 15 years made up 16.4% of the population (national average is 18.7%) and people aged 65 years and over made up 17.5% of the population (national average is 15.8%).
  • Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 5.0% of the population of Penrith.
  • Ethnic diversity : 68.2% of people were born in Australia, compared to the national average of 66.7%; the next most common countries of birth were England 3.8%, India 2.5%, New Zealand 1.9%, Philippines 1.7% and China 1.4%. 75.6% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 1.4%, Tagalog 1.0% and Arabic 0.9%.
  • Religion : The most common responses for religion were No Religion 26.1%, Catholic 24.9% and Anglican 18.1%.
  • Finances: The median household weekly income was $1,142, compared to the national median of $1,438. This difference is also reflected in real estate, with the median mortgage payment being $1,733 per month, compared to the national median of $1,755.
  • Housing: Nearly half (47.2%) of occupied private dwellings were separate houses, 28.5% were semi-detached (row or terrace houses, townhouses etc.) and 23.8% were flats, units or apartments.

Notable residents

Thomas Bent
Jessica Fox

Twin towns – sister cities

Penrith is twinned with:[57]

References

  1. 1 2 Australian Bureau of Statistics (27 June 2017). "Penrith (State Suburb)". 2016 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
  2. ↑ "Geographical Names Register Extract: List of placenames acknowledged as a CITY". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Archived from the original (.CSV) on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2008.
  3. ↑ Christopher Tobin. "The Dharug Story". Mananura Aboriginal Centre. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2008.
  4. ↑ Stacker, Lorraine (2014). Penrith: The Makings of a City. Penrith City Library: Halstead Press. pp. 17–20. ISBN 978-1-920831-76-9.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "Local suburb profile – Penrith". Penrith City Council. Archived from the original on 14 June 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2008.
  6. 1 2 "Ninety Years Old". The Sydney Morning Herald. National Library of Australia. 22 July 1929. p. 11. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 7 November 2014.
  7. ↑ Andrews, B G. "Ryan, James Tobias (Toby) (1818–1899)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  8. ↑ "Nepean Village". vicinity.com.au. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2017.
  9. ↑ "N70 Nightride". Transport for NSW.
  10. ↑ Levy, 'NSW budget: Government proposes M9 Outer Sydney Orbital roadway', Sydney Morning Herald Archived 20 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 11/07/2014
  11. ↑ Clennell, 'M9 Outer-western Sydney Orbital motorway part of big ticket $5.5b roads package unveiled in today's NSW Budget', The Daily Telegraph Retrieved 11/07/2014
  12. ↑ TAFE NSW – Campuses & Institutes Archived 19 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 18 June 2009
  13. ↑ Penrith |University of Western Sydney (UWS) Archived 6 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 18 June 2009
  14. ↑ "Craithes House". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H00378. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
  15. ↑ "Torin Building". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01796. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
  16. ↑ "Penrith Railway Station group". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01222. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
  17. ↑ "Victoria Bridge". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01950. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
  18. ↑ "Emu Plains (Nepean River) Underbridge". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01830. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
  19. ↑ Penrith Museum of Fire Archived 11 April 2006 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 18 June 2009
  20. ↑ "Fire and Rescue NSW Heritage Fleet". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01902. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
  21. ↑ "NSW Fire Brigades No 10 Vehicle Number Plates". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01519. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
  22. ↑ "Shand Mason 7 inch Manual Fire Engine (1869)". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01898. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
  23. ↑ "Shand Mason Fire Engine (1891)". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01716. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
  24. ↑ "Shand Mason Curricle Ladders (1898)". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01899. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
  25. ↑ "Edward Smith Headquarters Switchboard (1909)". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01901. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
  26. ↑ "Ahrens Fox PS2 Fire Engine (1929)". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01717. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
  27. ↑ "Dennis Big 6 Fire Engine (1939)". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01718. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
  28. ↑ "Ford 21W Fire Brigade Mobile Canteen (1942)". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01900. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC-BY 4.0 licence.
  29. ↑ "Nepean Belle Paddlewheeler 02 4733 1274". Archived from the original on 18 May 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
  30. ↑ The Heritage of Australia, Macmillan Company (1981) p. 2/58
  31. ↑ "Sydney International Regatta Centre – Official Website". Archived from the original on 19 March 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  32. ↑ "State Heritage Register". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
  33. ↑ The Heritage of Australia, Macmillan Company (1981) p.2/58
  34. ↑ "Joan Sutherland Performing Arts Complex". Tourism NSW. Archived from the original on 14 June 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008.
  35. ↑ "Penrith Nepean United Football Club". Penrith Nepean United. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
  36. ↑ "Penrith City Outlaws". Penrith City Outlaws. Archived from the original on 27 March 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
  37. ↑ "Panthers Triathlon Club". Panthers Triathlon Club. Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
  38. ↑ "Sydney International Regatta Centre, Penrith Club". SIRC. Archived from the original on 29 January 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
  39. ↑ A review of past and future Olympic Venues Archived 31 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 20 June 2009
  40. ↑ "Elite Fight Gym – Just another WordPress site". elitefightgym.com.au. Archived from the original on 10 March 2010. Retrieved 25 February 2010.
  41. ↑ "History". printingmuseum. Archived from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  42. ↑ "Cumberland Plain Vegetation Mapping Project". NSW Department of Environment & Climate Change. Archived from the original on 20 July 2008. Retrieved 22 May 2008.
  43. ↑ "City of Penrith". Penrith City Council. Archived from the original on 3 September 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2008.
  44. ↑ "Climate statistics for Penrith Lakes". Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  45. ↑ "Climate statistics for Sydney Observatory Hill". Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 24 May 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  46. ↑ Jake McCallum and David Meddows. "Penrith hits record temperature of 48.9C as heatwave strikes NSW". The Daily Telegraph. Sydney. Archived from the original on 5 January 2020. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  47. ↑ @BOM_NSW (7 January 2018). ""#SydneyHeat UPDATE: #Penrith has now reached 47.3 degrees at 3:25pm according to the preliminary live data from the weather station there."" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  48. ↑ "Climate statistics for Penrith Lakes". Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2008.
  49. ↑ Sydney weather: How urbanisation creates hot microclimates in our suburbs Archived 27 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine by The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 29 November 2020
  50. ↑ Sharples, J.J., McRae, R.H.D., Weber, R.O., Mills, G.A. (2009) Foehn-like winds and fire danger anomalies in southeastern Australia. Proceedings of the 18th IMACS World Congress and MODSIM09. 13–17 July, Cairns
  51. ↑ "Climate statistics for Penrith Lakes". Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original on 15 June 2008. Retrieved 17 May 2008.
  52. ↑ Gina Mamouzelos. "Kafedaki with George Ellis". Greek City Times. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  53. ↑ "Jewish Australian kayaker Jessica Fox takes silver medal". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 5 August 2012. Archived from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2014.
  54. ↑ Twomey, Callum (28 March 2018). "Why getting sacked by the Pies was 'a blessing'". Australian Football League. Archived from the original on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
  55. ↑ Heart-throb star can't break out of work schedule to return home Archived 8 June 2020 at the Wayback Machine by The Sydney Morning Herald, 1 July 2007
  56. ↑ "Mr James Tobias Ryan (1818-1899)". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  57. ↑ "International Partners". Penrith City Council website. Penrith City Council. Archived from the original on 4 November 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2018.
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