Pearson plc
FormerlyS. Pearson & Son
TypePublic
LSE: PSON
NYSE: PSO
FTSE 100 Component
ISINGB0006776081 Edit this on Wikidata
Industry
Founded1844 (1844)
FounderSamuel Pearson
HeadquartersShell Mex House, London, England
Key people
Omid Kordestani (chairman)
Andy Bird (CEO)
ProductsPublishing (books, newspapers, magazines)
Services
  • Educational assessment
  • school management
  • higher education
RevenueIncrease £3.84 billion (2022)
Increase £271 million (2022)
Increase £244 million (2022)
SubsidiariesEdexcel
Websitewww.pearson.com
Footnotes / references
[1][2]

Pearson plc is a British multinational publishing and education company headquartered in London. It was founded as a construction business in the 1840s, but switched to publishing in the 1920s.[3] As of 2017, it is the largest education company in the world and was once the largest book publisher in the world.[4][5]

Since 2005, Pearson has owned Edexcel, one of the UK's GCSE examination boards.[6] In 2013, the company merged its Penguin Books publishing house with German conglomerate Bertelsmann. In 2015, the company announced a change to focus solely on education. The company has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange, is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index, and has a secondary listing on the New York Stock Exchange in the form of American depositary receipts.

History

Construction business: 1844 to the 1920s

The company was founded by Samuel Pearson in 1844 as a building and engineering concern operating in Yorkshire under the name S. Pearson & Son.[7] In 1880, control passed to his grandson Weetman Dickinson Pearson (later 1st Viscount Cowdray), an engineer, who in 1890 moved the business to London and turned it into one of the world's largest construction companies.[7] Another of its prominent engineers was Ernest William Moir who, after working for Pearson on tunnels in New York City, became the contractor's agent on construction of the Blackwall Tunnel under the River Thames in London between 1892 and 1897.[8][9][10] The company also built the Admiralty Harbour at Dover, the Halifax Dry Dock in Canada, the East River Railway Tunnels in New York City, the Mexican Grand Canal that drained Mexico City, the Tehuantepec Railway in Mexico, and railways and harbours around the world.[11][12] In November 1915, the firm began construction of HM Factory, Gretna, the largest cordite factory in the UK during World War I.[3] In 1907 Weetman Pearson founded investment company Whitehall Securities Corporation Ltd which played an important role in the development of British airlines in the 1930s.[13]

The construction business was shut down in the 1920s.[12] Its final projects included construction of the Silent Valley Reservoir in Northern Ireland (contract awarded in 1923),[14] and completion of the Sennar Dam, in Sudan, in 1925.[15]

Publishing business: 1920s to 1990

In 1919, the firm acquired a 45% stake in the London branch of merchant bankers Lazard Brothers, an interest which was increased to 80% in 1932 during the depression years. Pearson continued to hold a 50% stake until 1999.[16] In 1921, Pearson purchased a number of local daily and weekly newspapers in the United Kingdom, which it combined to form the Westminster Press group.[7]

In 1957, it bought the Financial Times[7] and acquired a 50% stake in The Economist. It purchased the publisher Longman in 1968.[7]

The company was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1969.[7] It bought the paperback publisher Penguin in 1970,[7] and the children's imprint Ladybird Books in 1972. It bought a rival, the educational publisher Pitman Publishing, in 1985.[17] In 1986, Pearson invested in the British Satellite Broadcasting consortium, which, a few years later merged with Sky Television to form a new company, British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB).[18]

1990 to 2000

During the 1990s, Pearson acquired a number of TV production and broadcasting assets (including former ITV franchisee Thames Television) and sold most of its non-media assets, under the leadership of future U.S. Congressman Bob Turner. Westminster Press was sold to Newsquest in 1996.[19] Pearson acquired the education division of HarperCollins in 1996 from News Corporation[20] and acquired book publishers Scott Foresman & Co. in 1996.[21] In 1998 Pearson acquired Prentice Hall Textbooks/Macmillan Publishing USA from Viacom and merged it with its own education unit, Addison-Wesley Longman to form Pearson Education.[22] Pearson sold several of the acquired divisions: first Appleton & Lange was divested to McGraw-Hill and Master Data Central was sold to Master Data Center.[23] Then, Jossey-Bass was sold to John Wiley & Sons and the Bureau of Business Practice was sold to Wolters Kluwer.[24] Subsequently, Macmillan Library Reference's children's imprints (Silver Burdett Press, Dillon Press, Crestwood House, Silver Press, New Discovery and Julian Messner) were closed.[25] Then, Gale acquired Macmillan Library Reference (Charles Scribner's Sons Reference, Macmillan Reference, Thorndike Press, G.K. Hall, Twayne Publishers and Schirmer Books).[26] Finally, IDG Books acquired Macmillan General Reference (including Frommer's, J.K. Lasser, Betty Crocker Cookbooks, Weight Watchers Dieting and Cookbooks and Howell House Pet Books but excluding Complete Idiot's Guides, which Pearson later transferred to Macmillan Computer Publishing under Alpha Books).[27]

In March 1994, Pearson acquired software publisher The Software Toolworks for $462 million, which was rebranded Mindscape.[28] In March 1998, Pearson sold Mindscape to The Learning Company for $150 million. Pearson took a $346 million loss on the sale.[29]

2000 to 2010

Pearson acquired Dorling Kindersley, the illustrated reference publisher and integrated it within Penguin, in March 2000[30] and then acquired National Computer Systems (NCS) in September 2000 so entering the educational assessment and school management systems market in the United States.[31]

In 2001, Pearson sold the Macmillan trademark in the United States to Holtzbrinck Publishing Group which previously acquired the British Macmillan Publishers in 1999.[32]

In 2002, Pearson sold its 22% stake in RTL Group[33] for €1.5 billion, and then purchased Rough Guides, the travel publisher, and brought it under Penguin. Pearson acquired Edexcel,[34] a provider of qualifications in the UK, in 2003 and acquired about 80% stake in Meximerica Media Inc for $16.5 million for the swelling U.S. Hispanic market in 2004.[35]

Pearson purchased a series of other testing and assessment businesses, including Knowledge Technologies in 2004,[36] AGS in 2005,[37] and National Evaluation Systems[38] and Promissor in 2006.[39] Pearson acquired National Evaluation Systems, a provider of customised state assessments for teacher certification in the US, in April 2006[40] and announced that it had agreed to acquire Harcourt Assessment and Harcourt Education International from Reed Elsevier for $950m in cash in May 2007.[41] Pearson then completed the acquisition of Harcourt Assessment, merging the acquired businesses into Pearson Assessment & Information.[42] Pearson also acquired eCollege, a digital learning technology group for $477m in May 2007.[43]

In February 2008, Pearson announced the sale of its Pearson Data Management Division (formerly the scanner manufacturing and servicing division of NCS Inc.) to Scantron Corporation (part of M&F Worldwide) which had been its main competitor.[44]

Pearson acquired Wall Street English for $145m in 2009[45] and bought the school learning systems division of Sistema Educacional Brasileiro (SEB) for $497m in 2010.[46] Also in 2010, Pearson sold its 61% stake in Interactive Data to investment funds managed by Silver Lake Partners and Warburg Pincus for $2 billion.[47]

2010 to 2020

In July 2011, Pearson announced the creation of Pearson College, a British degree provider based in London.[48][49] Also in 2011, Pearson acquired Connections Education and agreed to sell its 50% stake in FTSE International Limited to the London Stock Exchange for £450 million.[50] In 2011, Pearson also increased its stake in TutorVista, such that it had a 76% stake, for $127 million.[51]

Pearson entered into talks with rival conglomerate Bertelsmann, over the possibility of combining their respective publishing companies, Penguin Group and Random House in October 2012. The houses are considered two of the "Big Six" publishing companies.[52] On 29 October 2012, Pearson said it would merge Penguin Books with Bertelsmann's Random House to create the world's biggest consumer book publisher.[53] Then in May 2012 Pearson announced its acquisition of GlobalEnglish Corporation, an American Business English software and solutions company, in an all-cash transaction.[54]

In May 2013, Pearson announced a new restructuring plan to invest in digital learning and emerging markets, after predicting weaker earnings.[55]

The change supports the decoupling of the Penguin consumer publishing business into a separate entity with Random House (forming Penguin Random House). The new structure combines the separate education companies, Pearson International and Pearson North America under one Pearson company. Pearson will organise around three global lines of business – School, Higher Education and Professional. The Financial Times Group and Pearson English will form part of Pearson Professional.[56]

In July 2014, the company announced it had cut 4,000 jobs, representing 10% of the company's workforce.[57]

Pearson announced on 23 July 2015 that it had agreed to sell the FT Group, which includes business daily Financial Times, to Japanese media group Nikkei for £844 million, or $1.32 billion. The sale does not include FT Group's London property at One Southwark Bridge.[58] Pearson also retained the publishing rights to FT Press and licensed the trademark from Nikkei.[59] In August 2015, Pearson's sold its 50% stake in The Economist to the Agnelli family for £469 million[60] who previously held 4.7% of the group.[61] The remaining 50% of The Economist Group is owned by the Schroders, Cadburys and the Rothschilds.[61]

On 5 November 2015, the company announced it was rebranding, including the creation of a new logo, with a "100% focus" on education.[62][63]

On 3 July 2017, Pearson sold its Tutor Vista and Edurite lines of business to India-based education technology company, Byju's[64] On 11 July 2017, Pearson agreed to reduce its holding in Penguin Random House to 25%, by selling a 22% stake in the business to Bertelsmann.[65]

In August 2017 Pearson announced that it would cut 3,000 staff in an effort to save £300 million annually.[66] On 16 August 2017 Pearson sold the language training subsidiary Global Education to Chinese company Pu-Xin Education for £62 million.[67]

In November 2018 Pearson announced the launch of the Pearson Alumni Network.[68]

In 2019, Pearson sold its US K-12 business to the private equity firm Nexus Capital Management.[69] Pearson also sold its remaining 25% stake in Penguin Random House to Bertelsmann.[70] Pearson CEO John Fallon retired from the company in 2020[70] and was succeeded by Andy Bird on 19 October 2020.[71]

2020 to present

In December 2021, Pearson announced that Omid Kordestani had been appointed as the Board's chair.[72][73] His position became effective in March 2022.[74]

In April 2022, Pearson announced it had acquired the online language learning platform, Mondly.[75]

Operations

Pearson has two main streams of business:[76]

  • Global lines of business: focuses on the school, higher education and professional areas (includes textbooks and digital technologies for teachers and students). Pearson's school brands include BTEC, Bug Club, Edexcel, Fronter, GradPoint, Schoolnet, and SuccessNet. Pearson's higher education brands include eCollege, Mastering/MyLabs, Revel, online tutoring (Smarthinking), and Financial Times Publishing.
  • Geographic streams: focuses on North American market, growth markets and core markets.

Pearson in Practice

Pearson in Practice Technology, formerly Zenos IT Academy, was only part of Pearson in Practice and was an institute offering government-funded apprenticeships for learners aged 16 to 24, and paid learning for people outside those boundaries. It focuses on giving its candidates the ability to sit Microsoft exams after an intense learning program that lasts for 12 months.[77] Learners explored the full boundaries of computing, by looking at advanced server technology, internet knowledge, group policies and various other sections related to networks and computers.[78] According to an Ofsted report in 2012, the graduation rate for the Zenos organization was higher than the average college percentages, and lay at 90%.[79]

Pearson announced plans to exit Pearson in Practice on 7 January 2013, although learners already signed up will be supported until the end of their courses.[80] In February 2013 it was transferred to Vision Workforce Skills.[81][82]

Pearson VUE

Pearson VUE is an electronic testing company,[83][84] owned by Pearson PLC. Founded in 1994 by E. Clarke Porter as Virtual University Enterprises, the company now operates in 165 countries with more than 5,000 authorized test centers.[85]

Pearson VUE co-sponsored the 10th Annual International Conference on Medical Regulation, which took place at the Ottawa Convention Centre in Ontario, Canada in October 2012.[86]

Criticism

Concerns exist around the amount of influence Pearson, being a commercial company, has on public education.[87] Other concerns are around tax avoidance, high value contracts, and an instance of laying off teachers to offset the high costs of testing.[88] In 2017, more than six out of ten Pearson shareholders voted against the chief executive's pay package of £1.5 million after the company made a record loss.[89] Pearson US has been criticised for using offshore tax avoidance schemes involving a host of companies at a service address in Luxembourg.[90]

Pearson owns Edexcel, a British education and examination board.[91] Edexcel has produced qualifications which link to Pearson texts, although Edexcel also continues to endorse textbooks published by other companies.[34] Edexcel has also faced criticism over repeated leaks of exam material in consecutive years; police investigations into some of the incidents were referred to prosecutors.[92]

In June 2010, Pearson plc received notification that the Libyan Investment Authority (LIA) founded by Muammar Gaddafi's son Saif al-Islam Gaddafi as a sovereign fund had acquired 24.4 million shares within the company via Euroclear. On further investigation, Pearson said the LIA may have acquired an additional 2.1 million shares, resulting in a total interest of 26.5 million shares. At the time, this represented a major holding of 3.27% within the company and the investment was worth around £280 million.[93]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Andy Bird pushes consumer focus as Pearson overhaul begins". Financial Times. 18 November 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  2. ↑ "Preliminary Results 2022" (PDF). Pearson plc. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
  3. 1 2 Spender, J. A., Weetman Pearson: First Viscount Cowdray (London: Cassell and Company Limited, 1930).
  4. ↑ Milliot, Jim (25 August 2017). "The World's 54 Largest Publishers, 2017". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  5. ↑ Prodhan, Georgina (4 May 2010). "Private equity to buy Pearson's IDC for $3.4 billion". Reuters. Retrieved 18 August 2010.
  6. ↑ "Edexcel GCSEs | Pearson qualifications". qualifications.pearson.com.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Our History". Pearson.com. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  8. ↑ "Engineering Timelines – Blackwall Road Tunnel, northbound". www.engineering-timelines.com.
  9. ↑ "Centenary of the opening of the Blackwall Tunnel". Greenwich Peninsula History. 30 July 2013.
  10. ↑ 'Southern Blackwall: The Blackwall Tunnel', Survey of London: volumes 43 and 44: Poplar, Blackwall and Isle of Dogs (1994), pp. 640–645. Accessed 17 March 2013.
  11. ↑ "Weetman Dickinson Pearson". Grace's Guide To British Industrial History.
  12. 1 2 "Pearson plc History". FundingUniverse.com. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  13. ↑ Davies, R. E. G. (2005). British Airways: An airline and its aircraft Volume 1: 1919 - 1939. McLean, Virginia, US: Paladwr Press. pp. 74–104. ISBN 1-888962-24-0. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  14. ↑ "A Century of Water from the Mournes - Part 2 A concise history - The Silent Valley Reservoir - 1910 - 1933". BBC News. 16 October 2014. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  15. ↑ "The Sennar Dam and the Gezira Irrigation Scheme", The Engineer Archived 4 January 2015 at the Wayback Machine (26 September 1924). Retrieved: 12 November 2015.
  16. ↑ Andrew Garfield (25 June 1999). "Dragging Lazards into the 21st century". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022.
  17. ↑ "Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons". The Arthur Conan Doyle Encyclopedia. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
  18. ↑ "Granada and Pearson sell BSB stake". BBC News. 17 December 1998. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  19. ↑ "Pearson Sees Profits Fall 40 Percent, Selling Westminster Press Unit". Associated Press News. 5 August 1996. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
  20. ↑ Gilpin, Kenneth N. (10 February 1996). "Pearson to Buy a Publisher From News Corp". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
  21. ↑ Fabrikant, Geraldine; Myerson, Allen R. (18 May 1998). "Simon & Schuster In Sale To British". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  22. ↑ "Hicks, Muse, Tate & Furst to acquire Simon & Schuster's Reference, Business and Professional Divisions". BNET. 18 May 1998. Archived from the original on 4 January 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2011 – via FindArticles.com.
  23. ↑ "Pearson Sells Two Former S&S Units". PublishersWeekly.com. 24 May 1999. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  24. ↑ Milliot, Jim (31 May 1999). "Wiley, Kluwer Acquire Two Pearson Units". PublishersWeekly.com. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  25. ↑ Milliot, Jim (31 May 1999). "Six Macmillan Library Kids Imprints Closed". PublishersWeekly.com. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  26. ↑ "Macmillan Library Units to Join Gale". PublishersWeekly.com. 28 June 1999. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  27. ↑ Milliot, Jim; Baker, John F. (5 July 1999). "IDG Books Buys Macmillan General Reference". PublishersWeekly.com. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
  28. ↑ Lohr, Steve (1 April 1994). "Pearson Enters Multimedia Software Arena". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
  29. ↑ "Pearson loses Mindscape". CNN News. 6 March 1998. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  30. ↑ "Pearson buys Dorling Kindersley". BBC News. 31 March 2000. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  31. ↑ "Pearson buys NCS". Faqs.org. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  32. ↑ Bookseller, Allbusiness.com
  33. ↑ "Pearson agrees to sell 22% stake in RTL Group". BNET. 2001. Archived from the original on 4 January 2009. Retrieved 18 April 2011 – via FindArticles.com.
  34. 1 2 Rebecca Smithers and Kevin Massy (30 June 2003). "New marking fiasco". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  35. ↑ "Pearson Acquires Newspaper Concern For Hispanic Market". Wall Street Journal. 16 April 2004.
  36. ↑ "Pearson Knowledge Technologies". PearsonKT.com. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  37. ↑ "Pearson buys AGS Publishing for $270 million | AFP | Find Articles at BNET". 3 January 2009. Archived from the original on 3 January 2009.
  38. ↑ "Pearson Education has agreed to buy National Education Systems". AllBusiness.com. 1 May 2006. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
  39. ↑ "Peason buys Promissor". www.publishersweekly.com. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007.
  40. ↑ "NES sold to global company". Daily Hampshire Gazette. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 26 April 2006.
  41. ↑ "Pearson acquires Harcourt Assessment and Harcourt Education International from Reed Elsevier". Pearson. Archived from the original on 14 December 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  42. ↑ "Pearson Completes Acquisition of Harcourt Assessment". Assessment & Information group of Pearson. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
  43. ↑ Nagel, David (16 May 2007). "Pearson To Acquire eCollege". Campus Technology. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  44. ↑ "M & F Worldwide Corp. Completes the Acquisition of Pearson's Data Management Business" (Press release). Pearson plc. 22 February 2008. Archived from the original on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
  45. ↑ Neilan, Catherine (29 July 2010). "Pearson buys Wall Street Institute for $92m in cash". The Bookseller. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  46. ↑ Browning, Jonathan; Saitto, Serena (22 July 2010). "Pearson Buys Sistema Learning Unit for $499 Million". Bloomberg. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  47. ↑ Sweney, Mark (4 May 2010). "Pearson sells IDC stake for $2bn". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  48. ↑ Gill, John (4 July 2011). "Royal Holloway to validate new Pearson degree". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  49. ↑ "FT owners plan college for business degrees". The Guardian. London. 14 August 2012. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  50. ↑ Halliday, Josh (12 December 2011). "Pearson to sell FTSE stake for £450m". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  51. ↑ Mark Sweney (18 January 2011). "Pearson buys controlling stake in TutorVista for $127m". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  52. ↑ "Penguin and Random House in merger talks". Financial Times. 25 October 2012.
  53. ↑ Holton, Kate (29 October 2012). "Random, Penguin merging to form leading publisher". Reuters. Archived from the original on 28 November 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  54. ↑ "Pearson's world-leading English learning business strengthens its position in the corporate market". GlobalEnglish. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2012.
  55. ↑ Young, Sarah (25 February 2013). "Pearson sees 2013 flat, begins restructuring plan". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  56. ↑ Gordon, Kathy (23 May 2013). "Pearson details restructuring". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
  57. ↑ Orihuela, Rodrigo; Schweizer, Kristen (25 July 2014). "Pearson cutting 4,000 jobs as first-half sales decline". Bloomberg. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  58. ↑ Henry Mance, Arash Massoudi and James Fontanella-Khan (23 July 2015). "Nikkei to buy FT Group for £844m from Pearson". Financial Times. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  59. ↑ "Pearson FT Press". InformIT. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  60. ↑ "Pearson sells Economist Group stake". BBC News. 12 August 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  61. 1 2 Omar Oakes (27 July 2015). "Pearson to sell Economist Group stake". Brand Republic. Retrieved 28 July 2015.
  62. ↑ Mongomery, Angus (5 January 2016). "? meets ! in new Pearson logo". Design Week. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  63. ↑ Cowdrey, Katherine (7 January 2016). "Pearson rebrand to reflect 100% focus on education". The Bookseller. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
  64. ↑ Dhamija, Anshul. "Byju's acquires TutorVista and Edurite from Pearson". Forbes India. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
  65. ↑ "Pearson sells 22% stake in Penguin Random. House". BBC News. 11 July 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  66. ↑ Sweney, Mark (4 August 2017). "Pearson to axe 3,000 jobs after slump at main US business". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
  67. ↑ Wood, Heloise (16 August 2017). "Pearson sells Global Education to Puxin for £62m". The Bookseller. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  68. ↑ Pearson Education Inc. "Pearson Launches Global Alumni Network to Strengthen Relationships Among Former Employees". PR Newswire (Press release). Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  69. ↑ Wan, Tony (18 February 2019). "Finally: Pearson Sells Its US K-12 Courseware Business—for $250 Million*". EdSurge. Retrieved 13 October 2019.
  70. 1 2 Calatayud, Adria (18 December 2019). "Pearson CEO to Retire and company will sell remaining Penguin Random House stake". MarketWatch. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  71. ↑ Pfeiffer, Thomas; Seal, Thomas (24 August 2020). "Pearson Names Ex-Disney Executive as CEO, Ending Long Search". MSN. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  72. ↑ "Pearson appoints Silicon Valley veteran Omid Kordestani as chair". Financial Times. 16 December 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  73. ↑ "Pearson hires former Twitter exec Omid Kordestani as Chair Designate". CityAM. 16 December 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  74. ↑ "Introducing our leaders". Pearson plc. Retrieved 18 May 2022.
  75. ↑ "Pearson reports 7% underlying sales growth as it acquires language learning platform Mondly". The Bookseller. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  76. ↑ Allen, Katie (23 May 2013). "Pearson makes "significant changes" to structure". The Bookseller. Retrieved 9 April 2017.
  77. ↑ "Qualifications Given – Zenos". Training Pages. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2019.
  78. ↑ "About Zenos". Archived from the original on 7 March 2012.
  79. ↑ "Ofsted Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2012.
  80. ↑ "Pearson announces plans to exit its UK adult training business, Pearson in Practice". Pearson in Practice. 7 January 2013. Archived from the original on 11 January 2013.
  81. ↑ "Training provider Pearson in Practice to transfer over to West Nottinghamshire College". West Nottinghamshire College. 21 February 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  82. ↑ "Vision Workforce Skills". West Nottinghamshire College. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  83. ↑ Kolowich, Steve (21 February 2013). "How EdX Plans to Earn, and Share, Revenue From Its Free Online Courses". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Archived from the original on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
  84. ↑ Galbraith, Marian (22 February 2013). "GED test headed for major overhaul". The Tullahoma News. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
  85. ↑ "About Us". Pearson VUE. Archived from the original on 13 December 2010. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
  86. ↑ "10th International Conference on Medical Regulation - Sponsors". BUKSA Strategic Conference Services. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  87. ↑ Mansell, Warwick (16 July 2012). "Should Pearson, a giant multinational, be influencing our education policy?". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  88. ↑ "Pearson Draws Criticism From New York to Texas... Justified? Or Unjustified?". wiredacademic.com. 24 October 2011. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
  89. ↑ Mark Sweney (5 May 2017). "Pearson shareholders reject chief executive's £1.5m pay package | Business". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
  90. ↑ Tarek, Alia (3 July 2015). "When Pearson US took a tax break – Courtesy of PwC". World Tax. Archived from the original on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
  91. ↑ "The Senior Management Team". Pearson Edexcel.
  92. ↑ "Edexcel launches investigation after A-level maths paper leaked online". BBC News. 15 June 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  93. ↑ Sweney, Mark (1 March 2011). "Pearson freezes stake held by Libyan Investment Authority". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
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