Velvet roll-rim
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Agaricomycetes
Order:
Boletales
Family:
Tapinellaceae
Genus:
Tapinella
Species:
T. atrotomentosa
Binomial name
Tapinella atrotomentosa
(Batsch) Šutara (1992)
Synonyms[1]
  • Agaricus atrotomentosus Batsch (1783)
  • Paxillus atrotomentosus (Batsch) Fr. (1833)
  • Rhymovis atrotomentosa (Batsch) Rabenh. (1844)
  • Sarcopaxillus atrotomentosus (Batsch) Zmitr. (2004)
Tapinella atrotomentosa
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Gills on hymenium
Cap is depressed
Hymenium is decurrent
Stipe is bare
Spore print is buff
Ecology is saprotrophic
Edibility is inedible

Tapinella atrotomentosa, commonly known as the velvet roll-rim or velvet-footed pax, is a species of fungus in the family Tapinellaceae. Although it has gills, it is a member of the pored mushroom order Boletales. August Batsch described the species in 1783. It has been recorded from Asia, Central America, Europe and North America. Tough and inedible, it grows on tree stumps of conifers. The mushroom contains several compounds that act as deterrents of feeding by insects.

Taxonomy

Tapinella atrotomentosa was originally described as Agaricus atrotomentosus by German naturalist August Batsch in his 1783 work Elenchus Fungorum,[2] and given its current name by Josef Šutara in 1992.[3] It is commonly known as the "velvet-footed pax",[4] and the "velvet rollrim".[5] Historical synonyms include Paxillus atrotomentosus by Elias Magnus Fries (1833),[6] Rhymovis atrotomentosa by Gottlob Ludwig Rabenhorst (1844),[7] and Sarcopaxillus atrotomentosus by Ivan Zmitrovich (2004).[1][8] The variety bambusinus was described from Trinidad in 1951 by British mycologists Richard Eric Defoe Baker and William Thomas Dale.[9]

The species name is derived from the Latin words atrotomentosus, meaning "black-haired".[10] It is still commonly seen under its old name Paxillus atrotomentosus in guidebooks.[11] Tapinella atrotomentosa and its relative T. panuoides were placed in a separate genus Tapinella on account of their habit of growing on (and rotting) wood, and microscopic differences including much smaller spore size, lack of cystidia, and differing basidia.[3] Their off-centre stipe also distinguished them from other members of the genus Paxillus,[12] and genetic analysis confirmed them as only distantly related.[13]

Description

The fruit body is squat mushroom with a cap up to 28 cm (11 in) across, sepia- or walnut brown in colour with a rolled rim and depressed centre. The stem is covered with dark brown or black velvety fur. The gills are cream-yellow and forked, while the thick stipe is dark brown and juts out sidewards from the mushroom.[14] The flesh is yellowish,[15] and has been described as appetising in appearance, and is little affected by insects;[16] the taste however is acrid.[15] The spore print is yellow and the spores are round to oval and measure 5-6 μm long.[17]

Distribution and habitat

It is a saprobic fungus found growing on tree stumps of conifers in North America, Europe,[18] Central America (Costa Rica),[19] east into Asia where it has been recorded from Pakistan[20] and China.[21] The fruit bodies appear in summer and autumn, even in drier spells when other mushrooms are not evident.[16]

Toxicity

Although Tapinella atrotomentosa mushrooms are not generally considered edible,[10] they have been used as a food source in parts of eastern Europe.[18] The species contains toxins which may cause gastrointestinal upset.[22] There have been cases of poisoning reported in European literature.[23] Linus Zeitlmayr reports that young mushrooms are edible, but warns than older ones have a foul bitter or inky flavour and are possibly poisonous.[17] The bitter flavour is allegedly improved by boiling the mushrooms and discarding the water, but is indigestible to many.[16]

Tests on the chemical composition and free amino acid levels of the mushroom suggest that they are not considerably different from other edible gilled mushrooms such as Armillaria mellea.[24]

Chemistry

Tapinella atrotomentosa has a wound-activated defence mechanism whereby injured fruit bodies convert chemicals known as leucomentins into atromentin, butenolide, and the feeding deterrent osmundalactone.[25] Atromentin had previously been identified as the pigment producing the brown colour of the cap,[26] but was not characterized as a chemical defence compound until 1989.[27] Other compounds produced by the fungus include the orange-yellow flavomentins and violet spiromentin pigments.[28] A novel dimeric lactone, bis-osumundalactone, was isolated from the variety bambusinus.[29]

Several phytoecdysteroids (compounds related to the insect moulting hormone ecdysteroid) have been identified from the fungus, including paxillosterone, 20,22-p-hydroxybenzylidene acetal, atrotosterones A, B, and C, and 25-hydroxyatrotosterones A and B.[30]

References

  1. 1 2 "Tapinella atrotomentosa (Batsch) Šutara, Ceská Mykologie, 46 (1-2): 50, 1992". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2013-05-28.
  2. ↑ Batsch AJGK. (1783). Elenchus Fungorum (in Latin and German). Magdeburg, Halle: Apud Joannem Jacobum Gebauer. p. 89, plate 8:32.
  3. 1 2 Šutara J. (1992). "The genera Paxillus and Tapinella in Central Europe". Ceská Mykologie. 46 (1–2): 50–56.
  4. ↑ Bessette A. (2007). Mushrooms of the Southeastern United States. Syracuse University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-8156-3112-5.
  5. ↑ Holden L. (July 2014). "English Names for fungi 2014". British Mycological Society. Retrieved 2015-11-17.
  6. ↑ Fries EM. (1838). Epicrisis Systematus Mycologici seu Synopsis Hymenomycetum (in Latin). Uppsala: Typographia Academica. p. 317.
  7. ↑ Rabenhorst L. Deutschlands Kryptogamenflora (in German). Vol. 1 (2 ed.). Leipzig. p. 453.
  8. ↑ Zmitrovich IV, Malysheva VF, Malysheva EF, Spirin WA (2004). "Pleurotoid fungi of Leningrad Region (with notes on rare and interesting East-European taxa)". Folia Cryptogamica Petropolitana. 1: 1–124 (see p. 53).
  9. ↑ Baker RE, Dale WT (1951). Fungi of Trinidad and Tobago. Mycological Papers. Vol. 33. Kew: Commonwealth Mycological Institute. p. 92.
  10. 1 2 Nilson S, Persson O (1977). Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill-Fungi). Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin. pp. 120–21. ISBN 0-14-063005-8.
  11. ↑ Buczacki S, Shields C, Ovenden D (2012). Collins Fungi Guide: The most complete field guide to the mushrooms and toadstools of Britain & Ireland. HarperCollins UK. ISBN 978-0007413430.
  12. ↑ Høiland K (1987). "A new approach to the phylogeny of the order Boletales (Basidiomycotina)". Nordic Journal of Botany. 7 (6): 705–18. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1987.tb02038.x.
  13. ↑ Bresinsky A; Jarosch M; Fischer M; Schönberger I; Wittmann‐bresinsky B. (1999). "Phylogenetic relationships within Paxillus s. I. (Basidiomycetes, Boletales): Separation of a Southern Hemisphere genus". Plant Biology. 1 (3): 327–33. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.1999.tb00260.x. ISSN 1435-8603.
  14. ↑ Breitenbach J, Kränzlin F (1991). Fungi of Switzerland 3: Boletes & Agarics, 1st Part. p. 90. ISBN 3-85604-230-X.
  15. 1 2 Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
  16. 1 2 3 Haas H. (1969). The Young Specialist Looks at Fungi. Burke. p. 56. ISBN 0-222-79409-7.
  17. 1 2 Zeitlmayr L. (1976). Wild Mushrooms: An Illustrated Handbook. Hertfordshire, UK: Garden City Press. pp. 75–76. ISBN 0-584-10324-7.
  18. 1 2 Roberts P, Evans S (2011). The Book of Fungi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-226-72117-0.
  19. ↑ Gómez-Pignataro LD. (1992). "Los Basidiomicetes de Costa Rica: V. Paxillaceae Agaricales, Boletineae" [Basidiomycetes from Costa Rica. V. Paxillaceae Agaricales, Boletineae]. Brenesia (in Spanish) (38): 105–13. ISSN 0304-3711.
  20. ↑ Sarwar S, Khalid AN (2013). "Preliminary Checklist of Boletales in Pakistan" (PDF). Mycotaxon: 1–12.
  21. ↑ Zang M, Zeng XL (1978). "A preliminary study of the family Paxillaceae of Yunnan and Tibet China". Weishengwu Xuebao (in Chinese). 18 (4): 279–86. ISSN 0001-6209.
  22. ↑ Miller Jr., Orson K.; Miller, Hope H. (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford, CN: FalconGuide. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.
  23. ↑ Musselius SG, Ryk AA, Lebedev AG, Pakhomova GV, Golikov PP, Davydov BV, Donova LV, Zimina LN, Platonova GA, Selina IE, Skvortsova AV (2002). "K voprosu o toksichnosti gribov vida svinushka tonkaia i tolstaia" [Toxicity of mushrooms Paxillus involutus and Paxillus atrotomentosus]. Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia (in Russian) (2): 20–35. PMID 12226995.
  24. ↑ Zhuk YT, Papilina VA. "Food value of the fungi Lactarius necator, Lactarius deliciosus and Paxillus atrotomentosus growing in western Siberia USSR". Rastitel'nye Resursy (in Russian). 18 (2): 256–59. ISSN 0033-9946.
  25. ↑ Spiteller P. (2002). "Chemical defence strategies of higher fungi". Chemistry: A European Journal. 14 (30): 9100–10. doi:10.1002/chem.200800292. PMID 18601235.
  26. ↑ Kögl F, Becker H, Detzel A, De Voss G (1928). "Untersuchungen über Pilzfarbstoffe. VI. Die Konstitution des Atromentins". Liebigs Annalen der Chemie (in German). 465 (1): 211–42. doi:10.1002/jlac.19284650111.
  27. ↑ Holzapfel M, Kilpert C, Steglich W (1989). "Pilzfarbstoffe, 60 Über Leucomentine, farblose Vorstufen des Atromentins aus dem Samtfußkrempling (Paxillus atrotomentosus)". European Journal of Organic Chemistry (in German). 1989 (8): 797–801. doi:10.1002/jlac.198919890227.
  28. ↑ Besl H, Bresinsky A, Geigenmüller G, Herrman R, Kilpert C, Steglich W (1989). "Pilzfarbstoffe, 61 Flavomentine und Spiromentine, neue Terphenylchinon-Derivate aus Paxillus atrotomentosus und P. panuoides (Boletales)". Liebigs Annalen der Chemie (in German). 1989 (8): 803–10. doi:10.1002/jlac.198919890228.
  29. ↑ Hashimoto T, Arakawa T, Tanaka M, Asakawa Y (2002). "A novel dimeric lactone bis-osmundalactone from the Japanese inedible mushroom Paxillus atromentosus var. bambusinus". Heterocycles. 56 (1–2): 581–88. doi:10.3987/com-01-s(k)66. ISSN 0385-5414.
  30. ↑ Vokáč K, Buděšínský M, Harmatha J, Píš J (1998). "New ergostane type ecdysteroids from fungi. Ecdysteroid constituents of mushroom Paxillus atrotomentosus". Tetrahedron. 54 (8): 1657–66. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(97)10373-8.
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