Ōtomo no Yakamochi
Chūnagon Yakamochi by Kanō Tan'yū, 1648
Chūnagon Yakamochi by Kanō Tan'yū, 1648
Born718
Died785
OccupationStatesman, warrior, poet
Notable worksMan'yōshū

Ōtomo no Yakamochi (大伴 家持, 2 April 718, - 1 May 785) was a Japanese statesman and waka poet in the Nara period. He was one of the Man'yō no Go-taika, the five great poets of his time,[1] and was part of Fujiwara no Kintō's Thirty-six Poetry Immortals (三十六歌仙, sanjūrokkasen).

Ōtomo was a member of the prestigious Ōtomo clan. Like his grandfather and father before him, Yakamochi was a well-known politician, and by Enryaku rose to the position of chūnagon (中納言), his highest bureaucratic position.

The Otomo Clan

The Otomo clan was a powerful clan that flourished from the 5th to 9th centuries.

They are said to have descended from Ame-no-Oshihi-no-Mikoto, who served as a precursor to Amaterasu's grandson, Ninigi no Mikoto, and together with the Monobe clan were responsible for the military affairs of the Yamato kingdom and were also active in politics.

Genealogy

Father: Otomo Tabito Mother: Tambirou-no-musume Wife: Otomo Sakanoue Oiratume Children of unknown birth mother Male: Otomo Naganushi

Biography

Ōtomo was born into the Ōtomo clan; his grandfather was Ōtomo no Yasumaro and his father was Ōtomo no Tabito.[1] The Ōtomo clan were warriors and bureaucrats in the Yamato Court, and Yakamochi served as a provincial governor (国司, kokushi) in several provinces. He was the nephew of Ōtomo no Sakanoue no Iratsume, who was also poet and a favorite of Prince Hozumi.[1] When Tabito died in 731,[2] Ōtomo became the head of the Ōtomo family.[3]

In 738, he met Udoneri, and in 740 at the behest of Emperor Shōmu went to Dazaifu (Kyūshū) to suppress the rebellion of Fujiwara no Hirotsugu. In 745 he became a jōgoika (従五位下). In July of the following year, he became governor of Etchū Province, a post he lasted in until 751. By this time he was already the author of 220 waka. In 751 he was promoted to shōnagon (小納言) and returned to the capital.

In 754 he was appointed military commander (兵部少輔, heibu shōsuke), and the following year concerned himself with the garrison (防人, sakimori) at Nanba, a time that is described in the Sakimori Songs Collection in the Man'yōshū. Yakamochi did not take part in the Tachibana no Naramaro rebellion (橘奈良麻呂の変, tachibana no naramaro no ran). Instead, he conspired with Fujiwara no Yoshitsugu, Isonokami Yakatsugu and Saeki no Imaemishi to plot the assassination of Fujiwara no Nakamaro. Afterwards Yoshitsugu took sole responsibility for the affair, but due to suspicions about Yakamochi's involvement he was transferred to the governorship of Satsuma Province.

In 777, he rose to the governorship of Ise Province. According to the records of the Ise Shrine (伊勢神宮, ise jingū), he served in this post for about five years. In 780 he was promoted to councillor (参議, sangi). Fearing suspicion and banishment from the capital for aiding in Hikami no Kawatsugu's rebellion (氷上川継の乱, hikami no kawatsugu no ran), he remained quiet and was promoted to chūnagon (中納言) in 783.

He died in 785[2] by drowning in Mutsu Province while attending to his concurrent post as shōgun. Soon after his death, Fujiwara no Tanetsugu was assassinated; suspecting that Yakamochi was involved in the affair, his burial was denied and he was posthumously disgraced and excommunicated. His son was stripped of rank and forced into exile, and it was only in 806 that he regained his rank.

Poetic works

A theory holds that Yakamochi was the compiler[4] (or the final compiler[2]) of the Man'yōshū, the first poetry anthology created in Japanese history, for which he not only wrote several poems but also transcribed, rewrote, and refashioned an unknown number of ancient poems and folklore. About 481 of the poems included in the anthology were his works.[1] He was the most prolific and prominent writer of his time, and had a great influence on the Shika Wakashū as well. The famous Gunka song Umi Yukaba used one of his most famous and outstanding poem as lyrics, and was considered Japan's second anthem during wartime. It was the anthem of the Japanese navy, serving as the send-off song for sailors at the beginning of the war in 1937.[5] It also formed part of the Japanese military appropriation of high culture for the historical justification of its existence.[5]

He wrote a eulogy (banka) for Prince Asaka (安積皇子 Asaka-no-miko).

Statue of Otomo Yakamochi

In 1981, a statue of Otomo Yakamochi was installed in the station square at the north exit of JR Takaoka Station to commemorate the first Takaoka Manyo Festival. Later, when the statue was temporarily removed and repaired in conjunction with the JR Takaoka Station area development project, there were opinions to move the statue to the Fushiki district, where the Koshinokufu, Yakamochi's post, existed, but in the end it was decided to install it again at the north exit of the station as a symbol of Takaoka Station.

In addition, a statue of Otomo Yakamochi exists near the Kawauchi Historical Museum and in front of Kawauchi Station in Satsumasendai City, Kagoshima Prefecture, where he was assigned as the Satsuma provincial governor, as one of the "historical statues to tell to the future"

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Frédéric, Louis (2002). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 764. ISBN 0-674-00770-0.
  2. 1 2 3 Shirane, Haruo (2012). Traditional Japanese Literature: An Anthology, Beginnings to 1600. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-231-15730-8.
  3. ↑ Katō, Shūichi (1997). A History of Japanese Literature: From the Man'yōshū to Modern Times. Surrey, UK: Japan Library. p. 37. ISBN 1-873410-48-4.
  4. ↑ Vovin, Alexander (2009). Man'yōshū (Book 15): A New Translation Containing the Original Text, Kana Transliteration, Romanization, Glossing and Commentary. Kent: Global Oriental. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-906876-03-6.
  5. 1 2 Earhart, David C. (2015-06-01). Certain Victory: Images of World War II in the Japanese Media: Images of World War II in the Japanese Media. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-47515-6.

6.https://skima-shinshu.com/ootomoshi/ 7.https://rekishigaiden.com/yakamochi/

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