Orange-lined triggerfish
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Tetraodontiformes
Family: Balistidae
Genus: Balistapus
Tilesius, 1820
Species:
B. undulatus
Binomial name
Balistapus undulatus
M. Park, 1797
On the Great Barrier Reef

The orange-lined triggerfish (Balistapus undulatus) is a demersal triggerfish. Although Balistapus is a monotypic genus, it is closely related to the genus Balistoides.[1]

Description

The orange-lined triggerfish has a dark brown to dark green body with orange lines that start behind the head and cover the rest of its body.[2] Their maximum body size is about 30 centimeters.[2] Its body has a stocky appearance, oval shape, and is compressed laterally.[3] The head is large and is about one third of the body length.[3] The mouth is small and terminal and it has strong teeth.[3]

The first dorsal fin has three spines, one of which is longer and stronger than the other.[3] It is erectile and kept in a dorsal furrow at rest.[3] The second dorsal fin is similar in shape and size to the anal fin, which is symmetrically opposed to it.[3] The pelvic fin is reduced to a ventral protrusion.[3] They also typically have a large block spot by their peduncular spines, and the caudal fin is orange.[2][4]

In general, males tend to be larger and lack a concave snout, and also lose the lines on his snout as he matures.[4] Females and juveniles are smaller and have a concave snout.[5]

Distribution and habitat

While other balistoid fishes, such as the filefish and leatherjacks, are typically found all across the Indo-western Pacific, the triggerfish are typically found in coral reefs ecosystems, coral lagoons, and external reef slopes within this area, as well off the coast of East Africa, the Red Sea, and Japan.[6][7][4] They tend to stay around their burrows and dens within the reef.[8] Within coral reefs, the orange-lined triggerfish are more versatile than other triggerfish species and can be found at depths up to 50 meters, although studies have found that they prefer depths of 2 to 8 meters.[9][4] No relationship between the area of the reef and depth has been found in juveniles, and adults were found to vary their depth based on the region; in general, the species was found to have a broad distribution across the reef.[9] There is also a difference between the types of substrata that the adults and juvenile orange-lined triggerfish prefer: the adults were found to prefer rock and branching coral, while the juvenile fish were found to prefer softer surfaces.[9]

Ecological role and feeding

Orange-lined triggerfish feeding on a coral reef

The orange-lined triggerfish is an omnivorous feeder that can, because of its strong and heavy teeth, tackle a variety of benthic prey.[8] Observed food items include cnidarians, molluscs, ctenophores, crustaceans, other fish, algae, and echinoderms.[4][8] This species in particular, given its broad diet and distribution, is a crucial component in coral reef ecosystems through top-down control and especially through consumption of sea-urchins. The orange-lined triggerfish is a main and dominant predator of the burrowing urchin (Echinometra mathaei) in East African marine parks.[10] Before being protected, the population was overfished, which allowed the burrowing sea urchin population to grow rapidly.[10] In these ecosystems, the burrowing sea urchin affects coral reef health, the presence of other grazers and algae, and erosion.[10] With all three of these influences intertwined, the burrowing sea urchin has the ability to degrade coral reef ecosystems if they are not being controlled by predators, such as the orange-lined triggerfish.[10] When compared to other predators of the burrowing sea urchin in the East African marine parks, the orange-lined triggerfish was found to consume more burrowing sea urchins than others, which exemplifies this species' influence on coral reef ecosystems.[10]

Behaviour

This triggerfish is diurnal, solitary, and territorial. It can be aggressive with other fish. It erects its first dorsal spine to intimidate opponents and predators.

References

  1. ↑ McCord, Charlene L.; Westneat, Mark W. (January 2016). "Phylogenetic relationships and the evolution of BMP4 in triggerfishes and filefishes (Balistoidea)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 94 (Pt A): 397–409. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.09.014. PMID 26408967.
  2. 1 2 3 "FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Home". Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Lieske, Edward; Myers, Robert (15 January 2002). Coral Reef Fishes: Caribbean, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean Including the Red Sea. Princeton Pocket Guides (Revised ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691089959. LCCN 2001086162.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2015). "Balistapus undulatus" in FishBase. February 2015 version.
  5. ↑ Matsuura, Keiichi (30 December 1976). "Sexual Dimorphism in a Triggerfish, Balistapus undulatus". Japanese Journal of Ichthyology. 23 (3): 171–174. doi:10.11369/jji1950.23.171. Archived from the original on 23 October 2019.
  6. ↑ Santini, Francesco; Sorenson, Laurie; Alfaro, Michael E. (October 2013). "A new multi-locus timescale reveals the evolutionary basis of diversity patterns in triggerfishes and filefishes (Balistidae, Monacanthidae; Tetraodontiformes)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 69 (1): 165–176. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.05.015. PMID 23727054.
  7. ↑ Raick, Xavier; Lecchini, David; Kéver, Loïc; Colleye, Orphal; Bertucci, Frédéric; Parmentier, Éric (10 January 2018). "Sound production mechanism in triggerfish (Balistidae): a synapomorphy" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental Biology. 221 (1): jeb168948. doi:10.1242/jeb.168948. PMID 29170259. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 April 2019.
  8. 1 2 3 Hiatt, Robert W.; Strasburg, Donald W. (January 1960). "Ecological Relationships of the Fish Fauna on Coral Reefs of the Marshall Islands". Ecological Monographs. 30 (1): 65–127. doi:10.2307/1942181. JSTOR 1942181.
  9. 1 2 3 Bean, Kyi; Jones, Geoffrey P.; Caley, M. Julian (2002). "Relationships among distribution, abundance and microhabitat specialisation in a guild of coral reef triggerfish (family Balistidae)" (PDF). Marine Ecology Progress Series. 233: 263–272. Bibcode:2002MEPS..233..263B. doi:10.3354/meps233263. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 December 2012.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 McClanahan, T.R (July 2000). "Recovery of a coral reef keystone predator, Balistapus undulatus, in East African marine parks" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 94 (2): 191–198. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(99)00176-7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 October 2019.
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