The team-oriented "bullpen", an example of open plan in use
A sea of cubicles, one type of open plan
An office landscape floor plan, another type of open plan
An information technology department in a French company in 2019

Open plan is the generic term used in architectural and interior design for any floor plan that makes use of large, open spaces and minimizes the use of small, enclosed rooms such as private offices. The term can also refer to landscaping of housing estates, business parks, etc., in which there are no defined property boundaries, such as hedges, fences, or walls.

Open-plan office designs (e.g., tables with no visual barriers) reduce short-term building costs, compared to cubicles or private offices, and result in persistently lower productivity, dramatically fewer face-to-face interactions among staff, and a higher number of sick days.[1] An open office plan may have permanently assigned spaces at a table, or it may be used as a flex space or hot desking program.

In residential design, open plan or open concept (the term used mainly in Canada)[2] describes the elimination of barriers such as walls and doors that traditionally separated distinct functional areas, such as combining the kitchen, living room, and dining room into a single great room.

Homes

Many pre-industrial homes were huts that consisted of a single room, but this was usually small. Already in the Middle Ages, however, there were some single-room hearth-heated hall houses, for example in England, that were large enough so they could develop into multi-room houses. Multi-room houses however didn't become popular until later when the country industrialized, as a result of which more people could afford them.

In the 1880s, small public rooms of the home with specific functions began to be replaced by larger rooms that fulfilled multiple uses, but kitchens, bedrooms, and bathrooms remained enclosed private spaces.[3] Larger rooms were made possible by advances in centralized heating that allowed larger spaces to be kept at comfortable temperatures.[3]

Frank Lloyd Wright was one of the early advocates for open plan design in houses,[4] expanding on the ideas of Charles and Henry Greene and shingle style architecture.[5] Wright's designs were based on a centralized kitchen open to other public spaces of the home where the housewife could be "more hostess 'officio', operating in gracious relation to her home, instead of being a kitchen mechanic behind closed doors."[6] Not having a dividing wall between the kitchen and a combined living-dining room became more popular especially in the United States in the 1970s.[7]

A home with this type of layout has one or more large, open rooms that function as multiple rooms within a single living space. The most common design is a great room that combines the kitchen, dining room, and living room into one shared space. Such floor plans usually work well in homes with a smaller area, while larger homes have more leeway to work with when integrating great rooms into a floor plan.[8] The removal of interior walls increases views and allows sunlight from windows in the exterior walls to spread throughout the house.

In the late 2010s, the open plan design became less common. Complaints about open plan designs include that they make it more difficult for different people to engage in different activities and make it difficult to hide clutter or a dirty kitchen.[9] Walls are useful to contain noise and smells and to provide privacy, and small rooms are more efficient to heat and cool (especially when kitchen appliances are in use).[7] A follow-on trend among relatively wealthy homeowners is to build a second "mess kitchen" where the actual activity of food preparation takes place, while entertaining happens in a clean kitchen that is part of the open concept space.[7][10]

Office spaces

Development of open-plan workspace types

Prior to the 1950s open-plan offices mostly consisted of large regular rows of desks or benches where clerks, typists, or technicians performed repetitive tasks.[11] Such designs were rooted in the work of industrial engineers or efficiency experts such as Frederick Winslow Taylor and Henry Ford. In the 1950s a German team named Quickborner developed the office landscape, which used conventional furniture, curved screens, large potted plants, and organic geometry to create work groups on large, open floors. Office landscape was quickly supplanted by office-furniture companies which developed cubicles based on panel-hung or systems furniture. Many terms (mostly derisive) have been used over time for offices using the old-style, large arrays of open cubicles.

An increase in knowledge work and the emergence of mobile technology during the late 20th-century led to an evolution in open-plan offices.[12][13] Some companies experimented with designs that provided a mix of cubicles, open workstations, private offices, and group workstations. In some cases, these are not assigned to one particular individual, but are available to any employee of the company on either a reservable or "drop-in" (first come, first served) basis. Terms for this strategy include hoteling, "alternative officing"[14] and "hot desking".

Michael Bloomberg used a team-oriented bullpen style – where employees can see and hear each other freely, but desks are grouped into teams – at his media company Bloomberg L.P. and for his staff while Mayor of New York City[15] (in office: 2002–2013).

Evaluation

A systematic survey of research upon the effects of open-plan offices found frequent negative effects in some traditional workplaces: high levels of noise, stress, conflict, high blood pressure and a high staff turnover.[16][17]

The noise level in open-plan offices greatly reduces productivity. Productivity in an open-office plan has been estimated to be one-third what the same workers would achieve in quiet rooms.[18] Noisy new technologies, like voice-activation and mobile phones, also decrease effectiveness in the open-plan setting.[19] One study found employees were less likely to share their views on phone calls in open offices, because they worry that their co-workers will overhear them and judge them negatively.[20] Employees worry that speaking out loud will distract their co-workers.[20]

Some design goals of open plan offices include letting everyone see what everyone else is doing at any given moment, reducing information silos by letting everyone overhear what everyone else is saying, and flattening organizational hierarchies.[21]

Although promoted as a way to encourage collaboration, speed decision-making, and increase the group's collective intelligence, open-plan offices result in a dramatic reduction in face-to-face interactions, as employees turn to digital communication, such as sending e-mail messages.[22] Open-plan offices have frequently been found to reduce the confidential or private conversations which employees engage in, and to reduce job satisfaction, concentration and performance, whilst increasing auditory and visual distractions.[23][13][24]

Open-plan offices elevate the risk of employees needing to take time off for sickness.[25][26] The more people working in a single room, the more sick time is needed.[25] People who work in open-office plans containing more than six people take over 160% as many sick days as those who work in private offices.[27] Different plans have slightly different risks; for example, men working in a flex space have a significantly increased risk for short-term illnesses (e.g., the common cold or influenza).[26] Easily spread respiratory diseases such as COVID-19 may militate against working in open-plan offices.[28]

Some negative aspects of open plan offices can be addressed with interior design, such as establishing separate places for face-to-face discussions or using materials that absorb noise.[29]

References

  1. ↑ Bodin Danielsson, Christina; Chungkham, Holendro Singh; Wulff, Cornelia; Westerlund, Hugo (2014-02-01). "Office design's impact on sick leave rates". Ergonomics. 57 (2): 139–147. doi:10.1080/00140139.2013.871064. ISSN 0014-0139.
  2. ↑ Definition of open-concept at Dictionary.com
  3. 1 2 Ward, Peter (2011-01-01). A History of Domestic Space: Privacy and the Canadian Home. UBC Press. pp. 37–. ISBN 9780774841825. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
  4. ↑ Schwartz, Tony; Gomes, Jean; McCarthy, Catherine (2011-02-01). Be Excellent at Anything: The Four Keys To Transforming the Way We Work and. Simon and Schuster. pp. 224–. ISBN 9781451639452. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
  5. ↑ Elliott, Lynn (May–June 2002). "Breaking Down Walls". Old-House Journal. Active Interest Media, Inc.: 50–53. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
  6. ↑ Schoenauer, Norbert (2003-06-24). 6,000 Years of Housing. W.W. Norton. pp. 384–. ISBN 9780393731200. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
  7. 1 2 3 The Case for Rooms
  8. ↑ "The Pros and Cons of Open Floor Plans | Case Design/Remodeling". 3 April 2012.
  9. ↑ "People in open-concept homes are realizing the walls were there for a reason". The Boston Globe.
  10. ↑ "The new home trend: two kitchens". House Beautiful. August 14, 2014.
  11. ↑ Duffy, F. (1997). The new office. London Conran Octopus
  12. ↑ Gillen, N. M. (2006). "The Future Workplace, Opportunities, Realities and Myths: A Practical Approach to Creating Meaningful Environments." In J. Worthington (Ed.), Reinventing the Workplace (2nd ed., pp. 61–78). Oxford: Architectural Press.
  13. 1 2 Davis, M. C., Leach, D. J., & Clegg, C. W. (2011). "The Physical Environment of the Office: Contemporary and Emerging Issues." In G. P. Hodgkinson & J. K. Ford (Eds.), International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (Vol. 26, pp. 193–235). Chichester, UK: Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781119992592.ch6
  14. ↑ "Cornell study".
  15. ↑ Nagourney, Adam. "Bloomberg Vows to Work at Center of Things", New York Times
  16. ↑ Vinesh Oommen (13 Jan 2009), "Why your office could be making you sick", Asia-Pacific Journal of Health Management, archived from the original on February 18, 2009
  17. ↑ Vinesh Oommen. "Why your office could be making you sick: study". Asia-Pacific Journal of Health Management. Archived from the original on 2016-01-21. Retrieved 2015-11-11.
  18. ↑ Treasure, Julian (16 October 2009). "The 4 ways sound affects us". TED.com. TED Talks. TED. Retrieved 2015-06-16. You are one third as productive in open-plan offices as in quiet rooms.
  19. ↑ Langston, Craig; Lauge-Kristensen, Rima (2013). Strategic Management of Built Facilities. Routledge. p. 137. ISBN 9781135138738. Retrieved 2015-06-16. [...] voice-activated technology and mobile phones are increasing office noise levels and decreasing the effectiveness of existing open-plan arrangements.
  20. 1 2 Wertz, Jia. "Open-Plan Work Spaces Lower Productivity And Employee Morale". Forbes.
  21. ↑ "Open Office Plans: Advantages, Disadvantages, & Research". Adventure Associates. June 4, 2015.
  22. ↑ Bernstein, Ethan S.; Turban, Stephen (2018-08-19). "The impact of the 'open' workspace on human collaboration". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 373 (1753): 20170239. doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0239. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 6030579. PMID 29967303.
  23. ↑ Kim, Jungsoo; de Dear, Richard (2013). "Workspace satisfaction: The privacy-communication trade-off in open-plan offices" (PDF). Journal of Environmental Psychology. 36: 18–26. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.06.007. S2CID 18616604.
  24. ↑ Elsbach, K. D.; Pratt, M. G. (2007). "Chapter 4: The Physical Environment in Organizations". The Academy of Management Annals. 1 (1): 181–224. doi:10.1080/078559809.
  25. 1 2 Mauss, Daniel; Jarczok, Marc N.; Genser, Bernd; Herr, Raphael (2022-06-09). "Association of open-plan offices and sick leave - a systematic review and meta-analysis". Industrial Health. 61 (3): 173–183. doi:10.2486/indhealth.2022-0053. ISSN 1880-8026. PMC 10269830. PMID 35675991.
  26. 1 2 Bodin Danielsson, Christina; Chungkham, Holendro Singh; Wulff, Cornelia; Westerlund, Hugo (2014). "Office design's impact on sick leave rates". Ergonomics. 57 (2): 139–147. doi:10.1080/00140139.2013.871064. PMID 24460745. S2CID 20019920.
  27. ↑ Pejtersen, Jan H; Feveile, Helene; Christensen, Karl B; Burr, Hermann (September 2011). "Sickness absence associated with shared and open-plan offices – a national cross sectional questionnaire survey". Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. 37 (5): 376–382. doi:10.5271/sjweh.3167. ISSN 0355-3140. PMID 21528171.
  28. ↑ Richtel, Matt (7 May 2020). "Goodbye open plan, hello cubicles: What will offices look like after Covid-19?". The Irish Times. Retrieved 28 May 2020.
  29. ↑ Candido C.; Chakraborty P.; Tjondronegoro D. (March 28, 2019). "The Rise of Office Design in High-Performance, Open-Plan Environments". Buildings. 100 (9): 100. doi:10.3390/buildings9040100. hdl:10072/386437. The majority of papers found in this Scopus search point to several shortcomings of open-plan offices, sometimes suggesting solutions to address dissatisfaction.
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