Stadio Olimpico
Stadio Olimpico
The Olimpico
Internal view of the venue
UEFA
Former namesStadio dei Cipressi (1928–53)
Stadio dei Centomila (1953–60)
AddressViale dello Stadio Olimpico
Rome
Italy
Coordinates41°56′02″N 12°27′17″E / 41.93389°N 12.45472°E / 41.93389; 12.45472
Elevation21 m (69 ft)
Public transitATAC tram line 2; bus lines 32, 69, 168, 188, 280, 301, 446, 628
OwnerSport e Salute[1][2]
OperatorItalian National Olympic Committee
TypeStadium
Genre(s)sporting events
Capacity70,634[3]
Record attendance78,886 (12 May 1974, Lazio – Foggia 1-0)[4]
Field size105 × 68 m
Field shapeRectangular
SurfaceGrass
Scoreboard2, atop of Northern and Southern stands
Current useAssociation football venue
Athletics venue
Rugby union venue
Concert venue
Construction
Broke ground1928
Built1928-53
Opened17 May 1953 (1953-05-17)[5]
Renovated1988–90, 2007–08
Construction cost3,400,000,000 ITL (1953)
233,000,000,000 ITL (1988-90)
17,000,000 € (2007–08)
ArchitectE. Del Debbio (1928)
L. Moretti (1933–37)
C. Valle (1951)
A. Vitellozzi (1951–53, 1988–90)
M. Clerici (1988–90)
BuilderSperoni (1928)
Structural engineerA. Frisa, A. Pintonello (1927)
C. Roccatelli (1951–53)
P. Teresi, A.M. Michetti, M. Majowiecki (1988–90)
General contractorCo.Ge.Far. (1988–90)
Tenants
S.S. Lazio
A.S. Roma
Italy (football)
Italy (rugby union)
1953-present
1953-present
1953-present
1954-present
Website
Stadio Olimpico Tour

Stadio Olimpico (English: Olympic Stadium) is an Italian multi-purpose sports venue located in Rome. It is the largest sports facility of the city and the second-largest of Italy – after Milan's Meazza Stadium – seating more than 70,600 spectators.[3] In the past it used to host up to one hundred thousand people and for this reason was also called Stadio dei Centomila (Stadium of the 100,000). It is also called colloquially l'Olimpico (The Olympic) and is owned by Sport e Salute, a government agency for the management of sports venues,[1][2] whereas its operator is the Italian National Olympic Committee.

The Olimpico stands in the northwestern sector of the city in the architectural complex known as Foro Italico, built since 1928 by Enrico Del Debbio and expanded in 1937 by Luigi Moretti. The Second World War interrupted further extensions; after the Liberation of Rome in June 1944, the stadium was used by the Allies as vehicle storage and also as seat of Anglo-American military competitions. After the war, the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI), appointee operator of the venue, completed the building of the stadium, which was officially opened on 17 May 1953 with an international football game between Italy and Hungary. Ever since its opening the stadium is the venue of the city's two principal professional football clubs, S.S. Lazio and A.S. Roma. It switched its name to Olimpico once Rome was handed in 1955 the organization of the 17th Summer Olympics to take place in 1960. Before 1990 the venue was almost entirely unroofed except for the Monte Mario Grandstand (Italian: Tribuna Monte Mario); in 1990 the Olimpico was rebuilt for the 1990 FIFA World Cup and completely roofed.

With regard to international association football, the Olimpico was amongst the venues which hosted the 1968 and 1980 European Championships and the 1990 FIFA World Cup and where the final of the said tournaments took place, plus the matches a group and one of the quarter-finals of the 2020 European Championship. As for club football, instead, the venue hosted two finals of the European Cup, in 1977 and 1984, and two of the renewed UEFA Champions' League in 1996 and 2009. Since 2008 the Olimpico regularly hosts the Coppa Italia final with the exception of 2020. With regard to other sports, the Olimpico hosted the opening and closing ceremonies of the aforementioned 1960 Olympics together with its track-and-field events, the 1974 European Athletics Championships, the 1987 World Championships in Athletics and the 1975 Universiade. In 2024 it will host the European Athletics Championships for the second time. Since 1980 is a regular host of the Golden Gala and, since 2012, is the usual home venue of the Italian rugby union team in the Six Nations championship.

After its 1990 renewal the stadium is also a concert venue: the record attendance for a single musical event was set in 1998 when 90,000 spectators (of whom 82,000 paying audience) attended a concert of Claudio Baglioni.[6][7]

History

Stadio dei Cipressi

In the 1909 city planning designed by the architect Edmondo Sanjust there were no sports venues planned in the northwestern sector of Rome.[8] The Fascist regime, which saw sport as an effective propaganda vector, in 1926 imposed changes to the urbanistic plan to include an area where to build an huge sports complex.[9] The 85-hectars area was basically a swamp at the bottom of Monte Mario, on the right bank of the river Tiber,[10] in the nascent quarter Della Vittoria.[9]

The Foro Italico sports complex was commissioned by Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB), a youth organisation established by the Fascist government; the building works started in 1928 under the supervision of the architect Enrico Del Debbio,[9][11] and the Stadio dei Cipressi was amongst the venues partially completed in time to celebrate the 10th anniversary of the rise of Fascism in Italy (22 October 1922). The new stadium was opened to the public on 22 October 1932, though still unable to host the 100,000 planned spectators. Its main terrace leaned on the slope of Monte Mario; since the ground was marshy due to the rainwater that came down from the slopes of the hill, to create the playing field the ground was raised by 4 metres using the 2 million cubic meters of soil excavated for the foundations.[12] The facility was more suitable for large gatherings than for sporting competitions, since its pitch's surface was about 20,000 square metres (approx. 200 m length × 100 width).[12]

The stadium in 1941 during a celebration of the Tripartite Pact

The official opening took place the following 4 November, on the 14th anniversary of the Italian victory in World War I, with a gymnastics exhibition organized by the youth's Fascist associations.[10]

Since the regime intended to apply for the organization of the 1940 Summer Olympics (which eventually never took place),[12] starting from the 1933 the Stadio dei Cipressi was subjected to extensions which project was entrusted to Luigi Moretti, Angelo Frisa and the engineer Achille Pintonello,[13] who designed a concrete structure[13] which hosted a main football pitch and secondary pitches for basketball and weightlifting.[14] The renewed stadium was opened on 9 May 1937, 1st anniversary of the Italian Empire. At that time the Stadio dei Cipressi might host no more than 60,000 spectators, but there was already a project to raise that capacity up to 100,000.[14] After the adsorption of the ONB by GIL (Gioventù Italiana del Littorio, National Fascist Party's youth branch), the latter became owner of the stadium and of the rest of the sports complex.[15]

In spite of being a multisports venue, Stadio dei Cipressi was never used differently than a place for military exhibitions and mass gatherings: in 1938 it hosted a parade to welcome the German dictator Adolf Hitler during his state visit in Rome[16] and, later, to host a gymnastics exhibition organized by GIL.[17]

During the Second World War, in September 1941 the stadium hosted a military celebration of the Tripartite Pact, the political / military alliance between Italy, Germany and Japan.[18]

Any planned extension of the stadium was interrupted with the arrival of the war in Rome in 1943 and the following fall of Fascism; when in 1944 the Anglo-American forces entered in Rome the stadium was used by the Allied troops as vehicle storage and as venue for military sports events.[19]

Stadio dei Centomila

After the war, the Italian National Olympic Committee (CONI) was appointed as operator of the site.[20] CONI chairman Giulio Onesti announced that the renewal works would end in 1950.[20]

The renewal project was entrusted to engineer Carlo Roccatelli and to architect Cesare Valle, at that time both members of the Superior Council of Public Works.[21]

The management of the stadium by CONI was complicated by a complex bureaucratic matter: after the fall of the Fascism, the Badoglio government abolished the existing Fascist organizations and reassigned all their estates to a newly established agency named Commissariato della Gioventù Italiana (Commission for the Italian Youth), with the provision that after the end of the war and the return to normal administration the Commission would fold after the assignment of the estates either to the Defence Office or the Education Department according to their nature and purpose.[22] Nonetheless, the Commission was never discontinued and it retained the ownership of the Foro Italico, included the stadium.[22]

The matter was the subject of a fierce political battle: the Communist Party, through its house organ, the newspaper l'Unità, accused the governance of the Commission, led by Giovanni Valente – a member of Christian Democracy politically close to Amintore Fanfani – of misuse of the complex to establish a sports organization parallel to CONI, meant to favour the sports clubs close to Azione Cattolica, a lay Catholic association.[23][24] Later in the decade l'Unità accused Valente to have mortgaged the complex for three billion lire (approx. 1,500,000 €) to finance the project of ENAL (a statutory corporation of assistence to working people of which Valente itself was director) to establish a parallel betting pool alternative to Totocalcio (organized by CONI).[25] The complex affair found a solution in 1976 when the Commission was finally suppressed[26] and all its estates were picked up by the State.[27]

Annibale Vitellozzi replaced Roccatelli in 1951 after the latter's death[13] and finished the stadium in 1953 at a cost of 3,400,000,000 lire (approx 1,700,000 €).[28]

Final of the 1954 rugby union European Cup Italy v France

The new stadium was a 33,500 square metres[28] concrete structure clad with travertine.[13] It was composed of two parallel stands of equal length (approx. 140 metres), Tevere grandstand (Italian: Tribuna Tevere) on the eastern side and Monte Mario grandstand (Italian: Tribuna Monte Mario) on the western side,;[13] the northern and southern stands (respectively, in Italian, Curva Nord and Curva Sud) were shaped as two hemicycles of 95 metres radius.[13] The athletics track was 507 metres long.[28][13] The stadium was 319 metres long and 189 wide.[13] Its height from the pitch to the top was about 18 metres, howewer the structure was only 13 metres high above the ground level, being the pitch about 4.5 metres below it.[13] The latter solution was adopted to prevent the stadium from overwhelming the panorama of the complex and match it in consistent way with the rest of the other buildings of the Foro Italico complex.[13]

The attendance could access through 10 gates (two per each hemycicle stand and three for each straight stand); the whole stadium was unroofed except for the Monte Mario Grand Stand,[28] atop of which was realised an iron structure 80 metres long composed by 40 cubicles 2-metres long each for the radio and TV commentators.[28] In the said grandstand was also created a press room equipped with 54 phone boots plus teletype, wirephoto and telegraph.[28] 572 seats (of which 276 roofed) were reserved for the press.[28]

The Olimpico on a 1950s colour postcard

The Stadio dei Centomila (Stadium of the 100,000 because of its highest expected capacity) was officially opened on 17 May 1953 by the then President of Italy Luigi Einaudi.[29] The sports events which took place that day were the International Cup's football match between Italy and Hungary then the finish of the sixth stage (from Naples to Rome) of the Giro d'Italia. Hungary won 3–0 with a goal by Nándor Hidegkuti – first ever scorer in the stadium – and a double of Ferenc Puskás.[30] After the match the crowd attended the finish of the cycling race, won by Giuseppe Minardi.[31]

The following Sunday the stadium hosted its first ever club football match, the game of the 35th matchday of 1952-53 Serie A between SS Lazio and Juventus FC, won 1–0 by the latter with a goal from Pasquale Vivolo.[32] In the following matchday, the final one of the league, also AS Roma debuted in the new stadium with a draw 0–0 against SPAL.[33] Since then the Olimpico is the home venue of both clubs.

In 1954 Italy hosted the fifth rugby union European Cup, and the Stadio dei Centomila was appointed as venue for its final which took place between Italy and France; in front of an estimated crowd of about 25,000 attendees France won 39–12.[34][35]

The 1960 Olympics

Opening Ceremony of the 1960 Olympic Games

In 1955 the International Olympic Committee appointed Rome as host city of the 17th Summer Olympics which would be held in 1960.[36] That appointment made more urgent the completion of some works to make the stadium – which name "Dei Centomila" was being slowly replaced by "Olimpico" – compliant for the event. Works were relatively minimal, having been the stadium built recently: the seats for the press were raised from 572 to 1,126,[28] and four lighting towers were put in place for evening events providing illumination amounting to 250 lx.[28] Further, two electronic scoreboards were installed atop of the northern and southern stands; they started to operate on 18 October 1959 on the occasion of a league derby won 3–0 by AS Roma.[37] The stadium was also provided with an autonomous power plant able to produce 375,000 watts.[28]

Wilma Rudolph wins the 100 metres sprint race. In the 3rd place the Italian Giusy Leone

On 25 August 1960 the stadium hosted the opening ceremony of the 17th Summer Olympics.[38] Amongst the feats that took place in the stadium during the Games, there were the three gold medals of the American sprinter Wilma Rudolph, in the 100 metres (with the world record),[39] in the 200 metres[40] (with the world record in the semifinal heat)[40] and in the 4×100 relay (also with world record) together with her teammmates Martha Hudson, Lucinda Williams and Barbara Jones.[41]

Other remarkable performances in track-and-field were the gold medal with the world record in the 400 metres by the American Otis Davis and the victory in the 1500 metres by the Australian Herb Elliott;[42] also the gold medal of the Unified German Team in the men's 4×100 relay (Bernd Cullmann, Armin Hary, Walter Mahlendorf and Martin Lauer) and eventually the Soviet gold by Lyudmila Shevtsova, whom on the occasion equalled the record she already held.[41]

The post-Olympics

Helmut Haller and Tarcisio Burgnich during the Scudetto play-off Bologna v Inter

After the Games the Olimpico kept on being used primarily as association football venue. Aside from hosting the home games of SS Lazio and AS Roma, the stadium was appointed as seat of the first ever (and, to date, only) play-off for the Scudetto in 1963–64: in that season Bologna FC and FC Inter had ended the Italian League level on points and a tie-breaker was needed to assign the title. Bologna won their 7th (and, to date, latest) Scudetto beating Inter 2–0 with an own goal of Giacinto Facchetti and a goal by Harald Nielsen.[43]

Luigi Riva scores against the Yugoslav goalkeeper Ilija Pantelić in the replay of Euro 1968 final

In 1960 UEFA established the European Championship which final tournament's host would be chosen amongst one of the four countries that reached the semi-finals. Italy wasn't able to reach that stage in the first two editions but in 1968 it joined the Final Four together with England, Yugoslavia and the U.S.S.R., and was appointed by UEFA to host the final tournament.[44] Whereas Florence and Naples hosted the semi-finals, the Olimpico was appointed as seat of the title game, which saw the home team facing Yugoslavia. For the first (and to date only) time in the history of the tournament, was necessary a replay: on 8 June 1968 the match, indeed, ended 1–1 with a goal of Dragan Džajić equalled in the last minutes by the Italian Angelo Domenghini.[45] Two days later, Italy beat Yugoslavia 2–0 with one goal each by Luigi Riva and Pietro Anastasi and were crowned European champion.[46]

Juventus's captain Sandro Salvadore in action against Independiente in 1973

In 1973 Juventus FC, runner-up of 1972–73 European Cup, was invited to represent UEFA in the Intercontinental Cup against the Argentine CA Independiente, upon refusal of the European champions AFC Ajax to take part to the Cup.[47] Since both teams' schedules were busy to arrange a 2-leg match, the Italian football federation suggested to play a one-off game in the Olimpico as neutral venue, a solution on which both clubs agreed.[48]

Pietro Mennea wins the 200 metres at the 1974 European Championships

On 28 November 1973, in front to an attendance of 22,000, Independiente won 1–0 with a goal by Ricardo Bochini.[49]

In 1974 the stadium was the seat of the 11th European Athletics Championships, which witnessed the rise of two world-class Italian athletes, the sprinter Pietro Mennea and the high-jumper Sara Simeoni, respectively winner of the 200 metres[50] and runner-up in the 100 metres[51] and the 4×100 relay,[52] and bronze in the high-jump with 1.89 metres.[52]

Another relevant event for which the Olimpico was chosen were the 8th University Games,[53] originally assigned to Belgrade that was, however, unable to hold the Games because of financial issues that hit Yugoslavia in late 1974.[54] Since there was no time for organizing a complete multisports event, the edition held in Rome featured only the track-and-field games, and again Pietro Mennea was amongst the leading athletes by winning both the 100[55] and the 200 metres,[56] while in the long-distance running stood out Franco Fava, winner of the 5000[56] and the 10000 metres.[57]

The 1959 scoreboard atop of the Southern Stand (here in April 1974)

In 1977 Rome got to host for the first time the final of the European Cup, which was to be held between Borussia Mönchengladbach and Liverpool FC, both seeking for their first ever title.[58] The Cup went to the English side who won 3–1 thanks to one goal each by Terry McDermott, Tommy Smith and Phil Neal whereas the Danish Allan Simonsen scored the temporary equaliser for the German team. At the Olimpico Liverpool became the 2nd English and the 3rd British overall side to be crowned European champion.[59]

Giancarlo De Sisti celebrates after scoring the winning goal in the 1974-75 derby Roma v Lazio 1-0

The 1980 edition of the European Championship was a 8-team final tournament which host was appointed by UEFA before the start of the qualifying round. The country appointed to host the first edition of the renewed competition was Italy.[60][61] The Olimpico hosted the opening ceremony of the competition, which featured also an exhibition of Calcio storico fiorentino, a Medieval form of association football played in Florence,[62] to which followed the inaugural game between the incumbent European champions Czechoslovakia and West Germany, won 1–0 by the latter with a goal by Karl-Heinz Rummenigge.[63] Again Czekoslovakia featured in the stadium during the group stage, with a win 3–1 over Greece;,[64] then Italy drew 0–0 against Belgium, a result which prevented the home side from reaching the final.[65] The fourth and last game hosted in the Olimpico was the Championship final, held on 22 June 1980 where Belgium faced West Germany, which achieved the title by winning the match 2–1 with a double by Horst Hrubesch which made vain the single goal of the Belgian René Vandereycken.[66]

The 1980s were the last decade of the unroofed Olimpico: in 1981 it hosted the 3rd IAAF World Cup, an international track and field sporting event held between national and continental teams,[67] and in 1987 the 2nd World Championships in Athletics during which the American sprinter Carl Lewis bettered his 100 metres' world record (9"93) and Stefka Kostadinova established the new record for women's high jump to 2,09 metres, as to 2023 still unbeaten and amongst the longest lasting sports records.[68][69]

Mid-way between those athletics events came the 1984 European Cup final, which the local attendance attended massively since AS Roma was one of the two contestants for the title – the other being Liverpool FC, already winner in the same venue in 1977. The game took place on 30 May 1984 in front of an attendance of 69,000 and was the first European Cup final to be decided via the penalty shootout: after the extra-time the match was still levelled 1–1 thanks to the goals of Phil Neal and Roberto Pruzzo.[70] Liverpool won the shootout 4–2 and conquered their 4th European Cup overall.[70]

Just one week before that final, FIFA had chosen Italy to host the 14th World Cup which would take place in 1990; in the bid submitted by the Italian football federation to FIFA, Rome was chosen as the seat of the tournament's final.[71][72]

The stadium renewal for the 1990 World Cup

In the five years that followed the appointment of Italy as World Cup's host, the debate about the future of Rome's sports venue sparked a fierce dispute, mostly political. The three main proposals suggested for the venues were the extention of the Stadio Flaminio,[13] the building of a new stadium in the south-western sector of the city close the business district EUR,[13] or the possible renewal of the Olimpico.[13] The Stadio Flaminio's renewal was discarded almost soon because there was no space for any extention;[13] also the idea of building of a new stadium was quickly abandoned because the whole process would have taken too long.[13] Against the latter solution were also authoritative voices from the world of architecture, who deprecated the custom of building large structures always in "state of emergency" (thus too late for debating about their utility or usability in the area they were built)[73] and out of any respect of the urban planning.[73] Thus the only feasible proposal was the renewal of the Olimpico, which project the National Olympic Committee entrusted the architets Vitellozzi (already designer of the 1953 structure) and Clerici and the engineers Teresi and Michetti.[13] The plan presented in early 1987 consisted in the realization of a roofed venue able to host 85,825 spectators through a 6-metres raising of the grandstands Tevere and Monte Mario and rebuilding of the Northern and Southern stands. The light towers would be removed and replaced by a light plant integrated in the frame of the roof. At that stage, the expected extimated cost of the renewal was 35–40 billion lire (17.5 – 20 million €).[74]

CONI appointed the joint venture CO.GE.FAR. as general contractor, which was ready to start the works but in November 1987 three major environmental Italian organizations – Italia Nostra, Legambiente and WWF Italia – filed an appeal to Lazio's Administrative Regional Court, holding that the planned 40-metres pillars for the roof's sustainment would have caused a landscape and environmental damage.[75] On January 1988 the Court upheld the appeal and ordered to stop the works.[76]

Aerial view of the roofed Olimpico

Precautionally, fearing other court appeals, CONI ordered to stop any work in the Olimpico, including those which were not subject of any legal dispute.[77]

New judiciary issues came to further slow the works: the worksite in the Southern Stand was seized by the court under suspicion of lack of compliance with work safety rules.[78] The Ministry of Culture, eventually, demanded for a new project which took in count the issues raised by the environmental organizations. The architects lowered the height of the pillars and created helical stairs inside each of them to reach the highest stands, and after those changes to the project the appeal was retreated.[79][13] That allowed the works to restart when there was little more one and half year left until the World Cup's start.

In the following months the works went on in small steps in order to prevent the structure from being completely unusable, since the SS Lazio and AS Roma were still playing there during the 1988–89 league; at the end of season, though, was no longer possible to continue the works in an operating stadium, thus the two clubs had to migrate for one year to the neighbouring Stadio Flaminio: the last ever match played by both in the old stadium was the 30th matchday's derby which ended in a goalless draw 0–0 in front of 41,633 spectators (ticket revenue was about 1.15 billion lire, approx. 590,000 €).[80][81]

The renewed stadium, completed in April 1990, was certified for 85,000 seating attendance, and was released to FIFA at the end of the following May, two weeks late on the scheduled date,[82] barely ten days before the start of the World Cup.

Ultimately the new Olimpico, far from being the product of a renewal, was the outcome of an almost complete demolition and rebuilding which left almost nothing of the old structure apart from a portion of the façade of Tevere grand stand, the only architectural element survived after the works.[13] The Northern and Southern stands were rebuilt 9 metres closer to the short sides of the pitch; Monte Mario grandstand was extended and encompassed the brand new press centre built for the recent 1987 World Championships in Athletics – and which by, on the original plan, should have been kept.[13]

The roofing structure is composed by a 13-metres high outer steel ring which rests at an height of 29 metres above the ground on 12 steel pillar and the four external concrete stair blocks which serve also as pillar; radial bearing and stabilizing cables which hold an inner steel ring covering a projection of 45 metres.[13][83] The roof itself is a teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene) and glass fiber membrane which is hung from the 88 steel radial cables linking the external and internal ring.[13][83] The expertise for the whole roofing structure, which alone cost about 160 billion lire (approx 80,000,000 €),[84] was provided by the engineering firm Majowecki of Bologna.[83]

A later analysis of each cost item and price revision which affected the whole tender, determined that the total cost for the renewal of the Olimpico summed up to approx 450 billion lire (225,000,000 €).[85] According to the experts appointed by the judges of Rome's Court of Appeal, this figure is tainted by possible irregularities in the tender, since the contract was appointed to the provider which proposed the highest price in spite of its works' lowest quality standards amongst all the participants to the tender.[86]

Italia '90 and the post-World Cup

During the World Cup the Olimpico hosted six games equally shared between the group stage and the knockout stage. The matches of the group stage were three wins of Italy, against Austria,[87] the United States,[88] and Czekoslovakia.[89]

In the subsequent knockout stage were still the Azzurri to feature in the Olimpico, first in the round of 16 when they beat Uruguay 2–0,[90] then in the quarter-final, when it came to Ireland to be beaten[91] The following game to be hosted in the Olimpico was the final, which on 8 July 1990 featured Argentina (who beat the host Italy in the Naples' semifinal) and West Germany, which eventually won the Cup by winning the game with a goal scored by Andy Brehme on penalty kick when there were six minutes remaining.[92] Incidentally, the Olimpico was the first venue to see a player sent off during a World Cup final: more precisely the red card showed were two, both to Argentine players, Pedro Monzón and Gustavo Dezotti.[93]

At the end of its very first season in the renewed Olimpico, AS Roma reached the 1990–91 UEFA Cup final which, incidentally, was an Italian derby against Inter; at that time the UEFA Cup was the only European clubs' competition which required a 2-leg final and in the first leg held at Stadio Meazza in Milan Inter won 2–0. The Olimpico hosted the 2nd leg which AS Roma won 1–0 in front of a crowd of 70,900, but the score was not sufficient to achieve the big target because Inter won 2–1 on aggregate.[94] To hint the level of that match, five of the German footballers who had won the WC one year before on that very same pitch were playing the UEFA Cup final: the aforementioned Andy Brehme, Lothar Matthäus e Jürgen Klinsmann for Inter, Thomas Berthold and Rudi Völler for AS Roma.[94]

In September 1995 the Olimpico hosted both the opening and closing ceremony of the 1st Military World Games and also its track-and-field events.[95] Later in the year, it hosted for the first time since 1986 (and third overall) the Italian rugby union team which took on the incumbent world champion South Africa. Aside from the aforementioned 1954 European Cup final, indeed, the only other match that until then saw Italy performing at the Olimpico was in 1986 when the team drew 15-all against England XV in front of an attendance of 40,000.[96] In spite of being, at the time, the Stadio Flaminio their usual venue in Rome, Italy accepted to play at the Olimpico because at the match was associated a charity fundraising for the benefit of children's aid organizations, which suggested to adopt a larger venue which would grant a higher revenue.[97] At their first ever match after the win of World Cup, South Africa won 40–21 but, with 15 minutes still to play, Italy was leading 21–17.[98] Attendance was approximately 40,000 and the tickets' prices were between 5,000 and 30,000 lire (2.5–15 €),[97]

Few months later Rome hosted for the third time the final of the European Cup which had, meanwhile, changed name to UEFA Champions League. Like 12 years before, an Italian club was involved, Juventus FC, which faced the Dutch side AFC Ajax.[99] Exactly like in 1984 the match ended up in a draw 1–1 with goals by Fabrizio Ravanelli and Jari Litmanen, thus the tie-breaker from the penalty spot was needed. Juventus won the shootout 4–2 (like Liverpool in 1984) and their 2nd title of European clubs' champions.[100]

In the new millennium even the age-old issue of the stadium's ownership was resolved. Since 1976 the estate was owned by the Ministry of Finance, later Ministry of Economy, which in 2002 established Coni Servizi, a government agency for the management of public sports venues.[101] Subsequently the Ministry transferred to the newborn entity the ownership of the whole Foro Italico on 3 February 2004.[1][102] Finally, in 2019 Coni Servizi was renamed in Sport e Salute, which is the name of the current owner of the stadium.[2]

2007–2008 renewal

2009 Champions League final: Henry faces Rio Ferdinand while goalkeeper Edwin van der Sar watches over carefully

In october 2006 Rome was chosen to host the 2009 Champions League final. That appointment, the fourth overall to Rome, pushed CONI to speed the already planned works of maintenance and renewal of the stadium, 16 years after its substantial rebuilding.[103]

The shape and structure itself of the stadium were unaffected, however relevant changes were operated in the Authority Room in the Monte Mario grandstand,[104] plus the seat were replaced by more comfortable ones (48 cm wide the ones installed in the Northen and Southern stands, 50 the ones in the Tevere grandstand and 54 those in the hospitality area in the Monte Mario grandstand); VIP areas in the Monte Mario grandstand. The mentioned works would reduce the capacity of the stadium of about 5,000 seats. Further, a new 600-square metres press room was built, and, together with the doubling of the area of the current locker rooms, a third one was built to host the away team during the home matches of Lazio and Roma, assignees of one separate locker room each.[105]

Two brand new digital high-definition scoreboards were also installed atop of the Northern and the Southern stands to replace the older ones; the benches were moved slightly afar from the pitch and the partially removed the plexiglas barriers between the stands and the pitch. The certified capacity after these works was 70,634, which made the Olimpico the second most capient stadium of Italy after stadio Giuseppe Meazza in Milan.[3]

The 2009 Champions League final was held on 27 May 2009 and contested by FC Barcelona and Manchester Utd. The game took place in front of an attendance of 62,467 and was won 2–0 by the Spanish side which scorers were Samuel Eto'o and Lionel Messi.[106][107]

Since 2008 Coppa Italia, Italy's association football Italian Cup, is assigned through a single-leg final to be played on neutral venue which has ever since always been the Olimpico,[108] aside from 2021, when the final took place in Reggio Emilia because of the COVID-19 pandemic.[109]

The Olimpico in June 2021 hosting the Italy v Switzerland game of the 2020 European Championship

To celebrate the 60th anniversary of the European Championship, UEFA declared that the 2020 edition would have no host country and that the tournament would be hosted in 11 cities around UEFA member associations as a one-off event.[110] Rome was appointed the hosting of three matches of the group stage including the opening game of the tournament, and one of the quarter-finals.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemics, the tournament was postponed to June and July 2021.[111] On 11 June 2021 took place in the Olimpico the opening ceremony of the Championship and its inaugural game, contested by Italy and Turkey; the Azzurri won 3–0 in front of a reduced attendance of 16,000 for public health reasons.[112] Following that first win, Italy beat Switzerland, again 3–0,[113] and Wales 1–0.[114] The fourth and last match hosted at the Olimpico in the tournament was the quarter final contested by Ukraine and England: the latter won 4–0 with one goal each by Jordan Henderson and Harry Maguire plus a Harry Kane's double.[115]

In August 2022, the European Athletic Association appointed Rome as host city of the 26th European Athletics Championships to be held in June 2024, 50 years after the Olimpico hosted the event for the most recent time.[116]

On 22 March 2023, the quarter-final of Women's Champions League held between AS Roma and FC Barcelona was attended by a crowd of 39,459, establishing the new attendance record for a women's association football match in Italy.[117]

As for December 2023, Italy national football team played 53 matches at the Olimpico in a 70-year span, the most recent of which is the 5–2 win in the EURO 2024 qualifying game against North Macedonia.[118]

Non-football recurrent sports events

Golden Gala

Colombian multiathlete Caterine Ibargüen at 2017 Golden Gala

In 1980, the then Italian Athletics Federation president Primo Nebiolo created a recurrent summer athletics event to be held at the Olimpico, which was named Golden Gala.[119] The event came in the middle of a heated political debate at international level because the several domestic olympic boards were divided about whether to follow or less the U.S. Olympic Committee in the boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics because of the Soviet involvement in the Afghanistan war[119] Aware of those political controversies, Nebiolo stated that the event he created had not to be seen as an "alternative Olympiad"[119] though it featured world-class athletes coming from both geopolitical blocks of that era.

The first edition of the Golden Gala took place on 5 August 1980, barely few days after the closing of the Soviet Olympics, and featured many of those first-class Italian athletes prevented from going to Moscow because of their staus of enlisted in the armed forces and corps of the State, like i.e. Mariano Scartezzini, constable of Guardia di Finanza, who won the 3000 metres steeplechase with the Italian record.[120] Amongst the civilian athletes who featured in Moscow was instead Pietro Mennea who won the 200 metres running faster than in the gold medal final won in the U.S.S.R. few days before.[120] About 74,000 spectators attended the event, of whom 54,000 paying. The difference of figures is due to the fact that a couple of hours into the event, the organizators chose to open the gates of the two curves to the ticketless attendance and let them attend the event for free.[121]

The Golden Gala didn't take place in 1981 because of the aforementioned IAAF World Cup. It returned in 1982 and ever since it is a steady date in the international calendar.[122] It didn't feature in the Olimpico only during the years of its renewal for the 1990 FIFA World Cup, in which it migrated to Florence and Verona. Since 2013 the Golden Gala is named after Pietro Mennea, who died that year in March.[123] Aside from being a steady event of the Italian athletics, since 2010 the Golden Gala is a date of the Diamond League, the World Athletics's world tour.[124]

Six Nations and the use as rugby union venue

Olimpico's frozen pitch before the 2012 Six Nations match against England

Since 2000 and for the following 11 seasons, Italy played its Six Nations home matches at Stadio Flaminio, a 24,000 spectators city-owned venue built to host the football tournament at the 1960 Olympics and which lays on the opposite bank of the Tiber river few hundreds metres far from the Olimpico. However, such capacity was insufficient to match Six Nations Rugby's guidelines for the stadiums.[125] At first, the Italian Rugby Federation planned to expand Stadio Flaminio to a 40,000 seat venue,[126][127] and, in the meantime, use the Olimpico since 2012 as temporary venue until the end of Flaminio's renewal.[126][127]

However, the renewal works never started because, in the meantime, the heirs of Pier Luigi Nervi were granted in court the intellectual property rights over the building, thus giving them veto power over every planned change they wouldn't approve.[128] The Italian Rugby Federation thus resolved to give Roma Capitale back the management rights of the venue and to ask for the permanent use of the Olimpico.[129][130][131]

The Olimpico debuted in the Six Nations on 11 February 2012 during an unusual icy weekend: the pitch was frozen because of the snowfall that hit Rome in the previous 24 hours. The first guest in the new venue were England that won 19–15 after having trailed for almost one hour.[132]

After the 2023 Six Nations are 39 the test matches played by Italy in the venue since their first in 1954; aside from the 30 in the 12 tournament seasons so far played, Italy played at the Olimpico 4 matches before their admission to the Six Nation and 5 after 2000, Apart from the Six Nations sides, the most frequent guest at Olimpico are the All Blacks, that played there four test matches.[133]

Music events

Concert stage of 1998 Claudio Baglioni's tour Da me a te

With the roofing, the Olimpico became a suitable venue for concerts. The first act overall to perform in the stadium were Miles Davis and Pat Metheny jointly in July 1991 in front an extimated crow of 20,000.[134] The first Italian artist to feature at the Olimpico was instead Zucchero Fornaciari in June 1993 during his tour l'Urlo, attended by 10,000 spectators.[135]

The record attendance for musical events belongs to Claudio Baglioni during a stage of his tour Da me a te. On 6 June 1998, the first of his two concerts in Rome sold 82,000 tickets;[6] aside from that, 8,000 spectators were admitted for free to reach a total attendance of 90,000.[136]

U2 at the Olimpico during their 2010's 360° Tour

The record was made possible because the then CONI president Mario Pescante allowed the artist to install a 112-metre long and 72 wide stage on the pitch, since CONI had already planned the replacement of the grass turf soon after the concert,[6] thus the attendance did not seat only in the southern stand, as usual, but in every stand of the stadium.[6][136]

The most present performer overall is the Italian singer-songwriter Vasco Rossi with 23 concerts between 1991 and his most recent in 2023.[137] Amongst the most recurrent acts is also Luciano Ligabue who performed 13 times at the Olimpico between 1996 and 2023.[138]

With regard to non-Italian acts, instead, as for 2023 the record of concerts at the Olimpico belongs to the British group Depeche Mode, who performed five times between 2006 and 2023, the most recent as stages of their Global Spirit Tour[139] and Memento Mori World Tour.[140]

The Irish band U2 follows with 4 concerts between 2005 and the most recent as part of their Joshua Tree Tour 2017.[141]

Also relevant, though not a part of any tour, the performances of David Bowie and Tina Turner at 1996 Rome's Live Rock Festival, held in the southern stand of the Olimpico,[142] and the Rome's stage of R.E.M.'s 2005 Around the Sun Tour.[143]

Relevant sports events

Competitions

Matches

Average attendances

The table below reports the average season attendance at league matches held at the Stadio Olimpico for Lazio and Roma.[144]

The Olimpico's certified attendance record stands at 78,886 set on 12 May 1974 for the game of the 29th matchday of the 1973-74 Serie A between Lazio and Foggia.[4] The home side won the match 1-0 and, accordingly, their first Scudetto one matchday in advance.[145] For that season, SS Lazio's seasonal ticket holders were 18,392,[4] to whom were added the paying spectators for that matchday who were 60,494,[4][145] reaching a total attendance of 78,886.[4]

Notable international association football matches

UEFA Euro 1968

8 June 1968 3rd place play-off England  2–0  Soviet Union Rome
18:45 UTC+2 B. Charlton 39'
Hurst 63'		 Report Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 68,817
Referee: István Zsolt (Hungary)
8 June 1968 Final Italy  1-1  Yugoslavia Rome
21:15 UTC+2 Domenghini 80' Report 39' Džajić Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 68,817
Referee: Gottfried Dienst (Switzerland)
10 June 1968 Final (replay) Italy  2-0  Yugoslavia Rome
21:15 UTC+2 Riva 12'
Anastasi 31'		 Report Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 32,886
Referee: J.M. Ortiz de Mendíbil (Spain)

UEFA Euro 1980

11 June 1980 Group 1 Czechoslovakia  0-1  West Germany Rome
17:45 UTC+2 Report 57' Rummenigge Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 10,500
Referee: Alberto Michelotti (Italy)
14 June 1980 Group 1 Greece  1-3  Czechoslovakia Rome
20:30 UTC+2 Anastopoulos 14' Report 6' Panenka
26' Vizek
63' Nehoda		 Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 7,614
Referee: Pat Partridge (England)
18 June 1980 Group 2 Italy  0-0  Belgium Rome
20:30 UTC+2 Report Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 42,318
Referee: António Garrido (Portugal)
22 June 1980 Final Belgium  1-2  West Germany Rome
20:30 UTC+2 Vandereycken 75' (P) Report 10', 88' Hrubesch Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 47,860
Referee: Nicolae Rainea (Romania)

1990 FIFA World Cup

9 June 1990 Group A Italy  1-0  Austria Rome
21:00 UTC+2 Schillaci 78' Report Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 73,303
Referee: José R. Wright (Brazil)
14 June 1990 Group A Italy  1-0  United States Rome
21:00 UTC+2 Giannini 11' Report Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 73,423
Referee: Edgardo Codesal (Mexico)
19 June 1990 Group A Italy  2-0  Czechoslovakia Rome
21:00 UTC+2 Schillaci 9'
R. Baggio 78'		 Report Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 73,303
Referee: Joël Quiniou (France)
24 June 1990 Round of 16 Italy  2-0  Uruguay Rome
21:00 UTC+2 Schillaci 65'
A. Serena 83'		 Report Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 73,303
Referee: George Courtney (England)
30 June 1990 Quarter-finals Republic of Ireland  0-1  Italy Rome
21:00 UTC+2 Report 38' Schillaci Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 73,303
Referee: Carlos Silva Valente (Portugal)
8 July 1990 Final West Germany  1-0  Argentina Rome
20:00 UTC+2 Brehme 85' (p) Report Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 73,603
Referee: Edgardo Codesal (Mexico)

UEFA Euro 2020

11 June 2021 Group A Turkey  0-3  Italy Rome
21:00 UTC+2 Report Demiral 53' (o.g.)
Immobile 66'
Insigne 79'		 Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 12,916
Referee: Danny Makkelie (Netherlands)
16 June 2021 Group A Italy  3-0   Switzerland Rome
21:00 UTC+2 Locatelli 26', 52'
Immobile 89'		 Report Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 12,445
Referee: Sergei Karasev (Russia)
20 June 2021 Group A Italy  1-0  Wales Rome
18:00 UTC+2 Pessina 39' Report Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 11,541
Referee: Ovidiu Hațegan (Romania)
3 July 2021 Quarter-finals Ukraine  0-4  England Rome
21:00 UTC+2 Report Kane 4', 50'
Maguire 46'
J. Henderson 63'		 Stadium: Stadio Olimpico
Attendance: 11,880
Referee: Felix Brych (Germany)

Notable international rugby union matches

1954 European Cup final 24 April 1954 Italy  12-39  France Stadio dei Centomila, Rome  
16:00 CET Try:
Gabrielli rugby ball 14'
Lanfranchi rugby ball 77'
Pen:
Dari rugby goalposts icon 23', 59'		 Report Try:
rugby ball 9', 20' M. Prat
rugby ball 43' Lepatey
rugby ball 55', 68' Murillo
rugby ball 72' Larréguy
rugby ball 80' Boniface
Con:
rugby goalposts icon 9', 20', 43', 68', 72', 80' J. Prat
Pen:
rugby goalposts icon 11', 17' J. Prat		 Attendance: 25,000
Referee: Peter Cooper (England)
1995 South Africa tour of Europe 12 November 1995 Italy  21-40  South Africa Stadio Olimpico, Rome  
15:00 UTC+1 Try:
Arancio rugby ball 49'
Orlandi rugby ball 54'
Con:
Domínguez rugby goalposts icon 54'
Pen:
Domínguez rugby goalposts icon 4', 20', 42'		 Report Try:
rugby ball 15' Mulder
rugby ball 26' penalty try
rugby ball 71' F. Pienaar
rugby ball 78' H. le Roux
Con:
rugby goalposts icon 15', 26', 71', 78' Stransky
Pen:
rugby goalposts icon 12', 57', 60', 66' Stransky		 Attendance: 35,000
Referee: Steve Lander (England)
2013 Six Nations 3 February 2013 Italy  23-18  France Stadio Olimpico, Rome  
16:00 UTC+1 Try:
Parisse rugby ball 4'
Castrogiovanni rugby ball 56'
Con:
Orquera rugby goalposts icon 4', 56'
Pen:
Orquera rugby goalposts icon 17'
Drop:
Orquera rugby goalposts icon 14'
Burton rugby goalposts icon 68'		 Report Try:
rugby ball 11' Picamoles
rugby ball 33' Fall
Con:
rugby goalposts icon 33' Michalak
Pen:
rugby goalposts icon 27', 49' Michalak		 Attendance: 57,547
Referee: Nigel Owens (Wales)
2013 Six Nations 16 February 2013 Italy  22-15  Ireland Stadio Olimpico, Rome  
15:30 UTC+1 Try:
Venditti rugby ball 48'
Con:
Orquera rugby goalposts icon 48'
Pen:
Orquera rugby goalposts icon 13', 21', 69', 80'
García rugby goalposts icon 35'		 Report Pen:
rugby goalposts icon 5', 40', 52', 57', 63' P. Jackson		 Attendance: 74,174
Referee: Wayne Barnes (England)

References

Footnotes

  1. 1 2 3 "Decreto 3 febbraio 2004. Conferimento di beni immobili patrimoniali dello Stato, ai sensi dell'art. 8, comma 6, del decreto-legge 8 luglio 2002, n. 138, convertito in legge, con modificazioni, nella legge 8 agosto 2002, n. 178" [Decree of 3 February 2004: assignment of the estate owned by the State]. Official Gazette of the Italian Republic. Rome: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato (39). 17 February 2004. Retrieved 14 June 2023. Ravvisata l'opportunità di individuare tra gli immobili da conferire in proprietà alla CONI Servizi S.p.A. quelli facenti parte del complesso del Foro Italico, in Roma, non aventi requisiti storico-artistici e quindi suscettibili di alienazione ai sensi del decreto del Ministro del tesoro, del bilancio e della programmazione economica […]
  2. 1 2 3 "Decreto del Presidente del consiglio dei ministri 17 giugno 2021. Modalità di attuazione del trasferimento di beni immobili destinati al Comitato olimpico nazionale italiano (CONI)" [Prime Minister's decree of 17 June 2021: implementation of the transfer of real estate assigned to the Italian National Olympic Committee]. Official Gazette of the Italian Republic. Rome: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato (214 serie generale). 7 September 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2023. […] conseguentemente, ogni richiamo alla Coni Servizi S.p.a. contenuto in disposizioni normative vigenti deve intendersi riferito alla Sport e Salute S.p.a. […]
  3. 1 2 3 "Impianti di serie A – stagione 2017/2018" [Serie A venues season 2017/2018] (PDF) (in Italian). Rome: Osservatorio Nazionale sulle Manifestazioni Sportive del Ministero dell'Interno. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Giorgio Bicocchi. "Lazio-Foggia 1974. Il Guinness dell'Olimpico" (in Italian). Rome: Centro studi Nove Gennaio Millenovecento. Archived from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  5. ↑ Gianni Puccini (17 May 1953). "In 100.000 allo Stadio Olimpico" [100,000 at the Olympic Stadium] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 4. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Marinella Venegoni (6 June 1998). "Baglioni, strada facendo c'è il record all'Olimpico" [Baglioni, along the way there's the attendance record at the Olympic Stadium]. La Stampa (in Italian). Turin. p. 13. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  7. ↑ Mario Luzzatto Fegiz (21 May 2015). "Tutto Baglioni in concerto" [All Baglioni in concert]. Corriere della Sera. Milan. Archived from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  8. ↑ (Rossi & Gatti 1991, pp. 12–15)
  9. 1 2 3 (Rossi & Gatti 1991, pp. 44–48)
  10. 1 2 "Il popolo italiano esalta oggi nella Vittoria le gloriose virtù della stirpe auspicio del sicuro domani" [The Italian people today hails in the Victory the glorious virtues of the lineage as a hope for a bright tomorrow]. La Stampa (in Italian). Turin. 4 November 1932. p. 1. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  11. ↑ Diego Angeli (23 October 1932). "Dove sorge il Foro Mussolini" [Where does the Foro Mussolini stands]. La Stampa. Turin. p. 3. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  12. 1 2 3 "Lo Stadio dei Cipressi" [The Stadium of Cypresses]. Stampa Sera (in Italian). Turin. 27 October 1932. p. 3. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 (Rossi & Gatti 1991, pp. 351–53)
  14. 1 2 "Le nuove opere che l'O.N.B. inaugurerà al Foro Mussolini" [The new venues to be opened by ONB at the Foro Mussolini]. La Stampa (in Italian). Turin. 16 April 1937. p. 2. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  15. ↑ "Regio decreto-legge 27 ottobre 1937-XV, n. 1839. Istituzione della Gioventù italiana del Littorio" [Royal decree of 27 October 1937: Establishment of the Italian Youth of the Lictor]. Official Gazette of the Kingdom of Italy. Rome: Ministero di Grazia e Giustizia (262): 4058. 12 November 1937. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January 2024. Le istituzioni, le scuole, le accademie, i collegi appartenenti all'Opera nazionale Balilla, passano, nella attuale situazione di fatto e di diritto, alla Gioventù italiana del Littorio [All the institutions, schools, academies, colleges owned by Opera Nazionale Balilla are taken over, in the state as they are, by the Italian Youth of the Lictor]
  16. ↑ "La fervida attesa di Roma" [The ardent waiting of Rome]. La Stampa (in Italian). Turin. 3 May 1938. p. 2. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  17. ↑ "Il Duce assiste allo Stadio Olimpiaco al saggio conclusivo del X Campo DUX" [Duce attends the final gymnastics exercises of the X Campo DUX]. il Littoriale (in Italian). 29 August 1938. p. 1. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  18. ↑ "L'opera di un anno per la creazione di un nuovo ordine" [The work of a year for the establishment of a new order]. La Stampa (in Italian). Turin. 28 September 1941. p. 6. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  19. ↑ "Con cavalleresca emulazione gli Atleti Alleati hanno concluso le gare al "Foro d'Italia"" [With great chivalry the Allied forces have closed the games at the Foro d'Italia]. Corriere dello Sport. Rome. 17 July 1944. p. 1. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  20. 1 2 "Stadio dei Centomila costruito a rate" [Stadio dei Centomila built in small steps]. Stampa Sera (in Italian). Turin. 14 October 1949. p. 4. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  21. ↑ Gabriele Isman (24 August 2010). "Così le Olimpiadi hanno cambiato Roma" [Thus the Olympics transformed Rome]. la Repubblica (in Italian). Rome. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  22. 1 2 Bruno Roghi (24 January 1951). "Il CONI è entrato allo Stadio cappello in mano e borsa aperta" [CONI entered the stadium hat in hand with open pockets]. La Stampa (in Italian). Turin. p. 4. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  23. ↑ Arrigo Morandi (20 July 1951). "Governo, scuola, C.O.N.I e sport" [Government, school, CONI and sports] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 4. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  24. ↑ Arrigo Morandi (14 September 1951). "I beni ex-GIL" [The ex-GIL estate] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  25. ↑ Flavio Gasparini; Antonio Perria (9 February 1958). "Ipoteca di tre miliardi sugli impianti del Foro italico per finanziare la speculazione clericale ENAL-Lotto" [Three-billion mortgage over the Foro Italico complex to finance the clerical speculation Enal-Lotto] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 1. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  26. ↑ "Commissariato per la Gioventù Italiana" (in Italian). Ministero della Cultura. Retrieved 12 June 2023.
  27. ↑ "Tabella dei beni immobili di proprietà della Gioventù Italiana trasferiti al demanio ai sensi dell'articolo 2" [List of the estate owned by the Gioventù Italiana transferred to the State according to the Article 2]. Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana (in Italian). Rome: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato. 117 (13): 373. 16 January 1976. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 (1960 Olympics).
  29. ↑ Gianni Puccini (17 May 1953). "In 100.000 allo Stadio Olimpico" [100,000 at the Olympic Stadium] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 4. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  30. ↑ Giuseppe Signori (18 May 1953). "Ungheria – Italia 3–0" [Hungary 3:0 Italy] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 3. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  31. ↑ Attilio Camoriano (18 May 1953). "Minardi vince la Napoli-Roma" [Minardi wins the Naples – Rome stage] (PDF). l'Unità. Rome. p. 6. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  32. ↑ Vittorio Finizio (25 May 1953). "Juventus – Lazio 1–0 (1–0)". Corriere dello Sport (in Italian). Rome. p. 1. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  33. ↑ "Roma – Spal 0–0". Corriere dello Sport (in Italian). Rome. 1 June 1953. p. 1. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  34. ↑ "Cronache dello sport" [Sports reports]. La Stampa (in Italian). Turin. 25 April 1954. p. 4. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  35. ↑ Remo Gherardi (25 April 1954). "Ai "tricolori" di Francia la Coppa Europa di rugby" [To the Tricolours of France the rugby union European Cup] (PDF). l'Unità. Rome. p. 7. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  36. ↑ "Deciso stamane: Olimpiadi a Roma" [Decided this morning : the Olympics to Rome]. Stampa Sera (in Italian). Turin. 16 June 1955. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
  37. ↑ Alberto Marchesi (19 October 1959). "Un derby sdrammatizzato dal tabellone luminoso" [A derby lightened up by the new scoreboard]. Corriere dello Sport. Rome. p. 2.
  38. ↑ "Aperti i giochi olimpici" [The Olympic Games have been opened] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. 26 August 1960. p. 1. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  39. ↑ "Le medaglie di ieri: sei USA e tre URSS" [Yesterday's medals : six for the USA and three for the USSR] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. 3 September 1960. pp. 1–2. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  40. 1 2 Remo Gherardi (6 September 1960). "Rudolph: splendido bis nei 200 m" [Rudolph wonderfully repeats herself on the 200 metres] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  41. 1 2 ""Mondiale" delle ragazze USA: 44"4" [World record of the USA girls: 44"4] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. 8 September 1960. p. 6. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  42. ↑ "In nessuno stadio del mondo si erano mai viste cose simili" [In no stadium such things were seen before] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. 7 September 1960. p. 5. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  43. ↑ Vittorio Pozzo (8 June 1964). "Bologna – Inter 2 a 0. I rossoblù campioni d'Italia" [Bologna v Inter 2–0: The Red and Blues are Italian champions]. Stampa Sera (in Italian). Turin. p. 7. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  44. ↑ Albert Barham (10 May 1968). "Mullery a challenge to Stiles". The Guardian. London. p. 23. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  45. ↑ Albert Barham (10 June 1968). "England were the most effective team in Rome". The Guardian. London. p. 15. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  46. ↑ "Italy are the new champions of Europe". The Guardian. 11 June 1968. p. 15. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  47. ↑ "Juventus Independiente forse finale Intercoppa" [Juventus v Independiente probable Inter-Cup final]. Stampa Sera (in Italian). Turin. 26 October 1973. p. 12. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  48. ↑ "Juventus, sì all'Independiente" [Juventu say "yes" to Independiente]. Stampa Sera. Turin. 31 October 1973. p. 12. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  49. ↑ Giovanni Arpino (29 November 1973). "È già Natale per i Gauchos" [For the Gauchos is already Christmas]. La Stampa (in Italian). Turin. p. 18. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  50. ↑ Oreste Pivetta (7 September 1974). "Vince Mennea, festa all'Olimpico" [Mennea wins, the Olympic stadium celebrates] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 12. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  51. ↑ Oreste Pivetta (4 September 1974). "Borzov "brucia" Mennea e Bieler nei 100" [Borzov freezes Mennea and Bieler in the 100 metres] (PDF) (in Italian). Rome. p. 12.
  52. 1 2 Oreste Pivetta (9 September 1974). "10 ori alla Germania Democratica!" [10 gold medals to the DDR!] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 6. Retrieved 16 June 2023.
  53. ↑ "I Giochi mondiali di atletica a Roma" [The athletics University Games to Rome] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. 26 February 1975. p. 10. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  54. ↑ "Jugoslavia: rinuncia definitiva alle Universiadi" [Yugoslavia definitely resigns the organization of the Universiads] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. 29 November 1974. p. 10. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  55. ↑ Remo Musumeci (20 September 1975). "Mennea sfreccia nei 100 metri" [Mennea sprints in the 100 metres] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 12. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  56. 1 2 Remo Musumeci. "Mennea: disinvolto bis nei 200. Fava: esaltante bis nei 5.000" [Mennea: comfortable sprint in the 200 metres. Fava: brilliant extra in the 5,000 metres] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 9. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  57. ↑ Remo Musumeci (19 September 1975). "A Fava i 10.000 m. Bottiglieri-record" [Fava wins the 10,000 metres. Bottiglieri marks a record] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 10. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  58. ↑ David Lacey (25 May 1977). "Up, up and away". The Guardian. London. p. 24.
  59. ↑ David Lacey (26 May 1977). "Smith goal ends an era with triumph". The Guardian. London. p. 22.
  60. ↑ "In Italia le finali della Coppa Europa di calcio del 1980" [To Italy the 1980 Euro final tournament] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. 14 November 1977. p. 14. Retrieved 10 January 2023.
  61. ↑ "No breathing space for the new England manager". The Guardian. London. 14 November 1977. p. 18.
  62. ↑ Loris Ciullini (12 June 1980). "Menicucci è tornato all'Olimpico" [Menicucci back to the Olympic Stadium] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 19. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  63. ↑ Giuliano Antognoli (12 June 1980). "RFT, primo passo verso il titolo?" [FRG, first step to the title?] (PDF). l'Unità. Rome. p. 19. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  64. ↑ Loris Ciullini (15 June 1980). "La Cecoslovacchia punta alla "piccola" finale" [Czechoslovakia eyes the bronze final] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 15. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  65. ↑ Bruno Panzera (19 June 1980). "Azzurri bocciati, Belgio in finale" [Azzurri rejected. Belgium reaches the final] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  66. ↑ Giuliano Antognoli (23 June 1980). "Il Belgio non blocca la marcia della RFT" [Belgium cannot stop FRG's march] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 9. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  67. ↑ Remo Musumeci (4 September 1981). ""Coppa" tutta da vivere" [A must-see Cup] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 10. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  68. ↑ Ronaldo Pergolini (31 August 1987). "Olimpico, nasce la fantatletica" [Olimpico, the athletics fiction is born] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 9. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  69. ↑ Evelyn Watt (28 May 2023). "Atletica leggera, tutti i record del mondo: l'elenco completo" [Track and field, the complete list of world records] (in Italian). International Olympic Committee. Archived from the original on 17 June 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  70. 1 2 David Lacey (31 May 1984). "Kennedy exacts full penalty". The Guardian. London. p. 24.
  71. ↑ Bruno Perucca (20 May 1984). "L'Italia soffia il Mundial all'URSS" [Italy snatch World Cup to U.S.S.R.]. La Stampa (in Italian). Torino. p. 26. Retrieved 13 January 2023.
  72. ↑ "Italy to host World Cup". The Guardian. London. 21 May 1984. p. 24.
  73. 1 2 Piero Ostilio Rossi (5 February 1987). "Ecco perché farlo alla Magliana sarebbe comunque un "tradimento"" [That's why building [the Stadium] at Magliana would be a treason anyway] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). p. 19. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  74. ↑ Rosanna Lampugnani (11 April 1987). "L'Olimpico cambia look per i Mondiali: ci saranno 85mila posti tutti coperti" [Look change for the Olimpico: 85,000 roofed seats] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  75. ↑ "Ancora un ricorso al TAR" [A new appeal to the Administrative Court] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. 22 November 1987. p. 14. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  76. ↑ Roberto della Seta (28 January 1988). "Stop per lo stadio Olimpico. In perìcolo la finale mondiale" [A stop for the Olimpico: now the final is put at risk] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 26. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  77. ↑ Ronaldo Pergolini (4 February 1988). "E il Coni ora blocca tutti i lavori dell'Olimpico" [And now CONI stops any works in the Olimpico] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 26. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  78. ↑ Rossella Ripert (7 September 1988). ""Il Mundial non vale la vita"" [The World Cup is not worth one's life] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  79. ↑ "Tutto ok per lo stadio. Parola del CONI" [Everything is ok for the stadium, CONI guarantees] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. 28 October 1988. p. 20. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  80. ↑ "Roma – Lazio, un incasso quasi record" [Roma v Lazio, almost record revenue]. La Stampa (in Italian). Turin. 29 May 1989. p. 21. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  81. ↑ Massimo Gramellini (29 May 1989). "All'Olimpico un derby color invidia" [At the Olimpico a derby coloured envy]. Stampa Sera (in Italian). Turin. p. 24.
  82. ↑ Renato Pallavicini (30 May 1990). "Una "corona" piena di spine" [A crown plenty of thorns] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 27. Retrieved 18 June 2003.
  83. 1 2 3 Rita Finzi; Massimo Majowiecki (August 1990). "Stadio Olimpico 90: una copertura sospesa" [Stadio Olimpico 90 : A Floating Roof] (PDF). Acciaio (in Italian): 311–14. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  84. ↑ "Roma – Copertura Stadio Olimpico" [Rome – Roofing of Stadio Olimpico] (PDF) (in Italian). MJW Structures. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  85. ↑ Enrico Turcato (4 June 2020). "Facciamo i conti: i Mondiali dello spreco, spesi 1248 miliardi per gli stadi" [Let's do the math: the World Cup of waste, 1,248 billion € spent on stadiums]. Eurosport (in Italian). Archived from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  86. ↑ "Mondiali 1990. Stadio Olimpico, appalto irregolare" [1990 World Cup: Stadio Olimpico, irregular tender]. la Gazzetta dello Sport (in Italian). Milan. 20 March 1997. Retrieved 22 June 2023.
  87. ↑ Ronaldo Pergolini (10 June 1990). "Ci pensa Totò" [Totò fixes it] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 23. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  88. ↑ Ronaldo Pergolini (15 June 1990). "Giannini, poi il buio" [Giannini, then the dark] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 27. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  89. ↑ Gianpaolo Ormezzano (20 June 1990). "L'Italia vince e diverte" [Italy win and entertain]. La Stampa (in Italian). Turin. p. 1. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  90. ↑ Ronaldo Pergolini (26 June 1990). "Un Serena per amico" [A Serena as friend] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 25. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  91. ↑ Ronaldo Pergolini (1 July 1990). "Schillaci ci prende gusto" [Schillaci is enjoying it] (PDF). Rome. p. 23. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  92. ↑ Ronaldo Pergolini (9 July 1990). "Brutta, sporca e cattiva" [Ugly, dirty and bad] (PDF). l'Unità. Rome. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  93. ↑ David Lacey (9 July 1990). "Argentina finally punished". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 December 2023.
  94. 1 2 Giorgio Gandolfi (24 May 1991). "Trap, coppa dell'addio" [Trap, farewell Cup]. La Stampa. Turin. p. 29. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  95. ↑ Marco Ventimiglia (31 August 1995). "Giochi militari a Roma. Seimila atleti in marcia" [Military Games in Rome, 6,000 athletes moving on] (PDF) (in Italian). Rome. p. 34. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
  96. ↑ Remo Musumeci (11 May 1986). "L'Italia pareggia 15 a 15 con la grande Inghilterra" [Italy draws 15–15 against the great England] (PDF). l'Unità. Rome. p. 22. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  97. 1 2 Antonio Conti (12 November 1995). "Italia – Sudafrica, polemica per i biglietti omaggio" [Italy v South Africa, controversy over the free tickets]. La Stampa (in Italian). Turin. p. 35. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
  98. ↑ Corrado Sannucci (13 November 1995). "Cinque minuti in paradiso" [Five minutes in heaven]. la Repubblica (in Italian). Rome. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
  99. ↑ Roberto Beccantini (8 December 1995). "Juve-Ajax, arrivederci a Roma per la finale" [Juve v Ajax, see you together in Rome for the final]. La Stampa. Turin. p. 37. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  100. ↑ Marco Ansaldo (23 May 1996). "Mai vittoria così di rigore". La Stampa. Turin. p. 50. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  101. ↑ "Testo del decreto-legge 8 luglio 2002, n. 138 (in Gazzetta Ufficiale – serie generale – n. 158 dell'8 luglio 2002), coordinato con la legge di conversione 8 agosto 2002, n. 178 (in questo stesso supplemento ordinario alla pag. 5), recante: «Interventi urgenti in materia tributaria, di privatizzazioni, di contenimento della spesa farmaceutica e per il sostegno dell'economia anche nelle aree svantaggiate»". Official Gazette of the Italian Republic. Rome: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato (187 S.G.): 31. 10 August 2002. Art. 8. Riassetto del CONI […] È costituita una società per azioni con la denominazione «CONI Servizi S.p.a.» […] (Art. 8. Reorganization of CONI […] A new public limited company is established with the denomination "Coni Servizi Spa"
  102. ↑ Roberto Stracca (7 February 2004). "Il Coni è "padrone" dello stadio Olimpico: delusi i club romani" [Coni is "owner" of the Olympic Stadium: disappointment amongst Lazio and Roma]. Corriere della Sera. Milan. p. 54. Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  103. ↑ "CONI: Finale di Champions 2009 allo Stadio Olimpico, riconoscimento per lo sport italiano" [CONI: "2009 UEFA Champions League final is a reward to the whole Italian sport"]. Rome: Italian National Olimpic Committee. 4 October 2006. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  104. ↑ "Lavori per la ristrutturazione dei locali adibiti a Sale Autorità e Sale Onore presso la Tribuna Monte Mario dello Stadio Olimpico in Roma" [Renewal works of the Authority Room in the Monte Mario granstand of Stadio Olimpico in Rome]. Official Gazette of the Italian Republic. Rome: Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato. 42 5ª SS. 9 April 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  105. ↑ "Presentato il piano ristrutturazione per la Champions League 2009" [The new plan for the Champions League final presented]. Quotidiano Nazionale. Bologna. 8 May 2007. Archived from the original on 18 June 2023. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  106. ↑ Kevin McCarra (27 May 2009). "Manchester United fold without a fight as Barcelona claim Champions League". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  107. ↑ Phil McNulty (27 May 2009). "Barcelona 2–0 Man Utd". BBC. London. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  108. ↑ "Comunicato ufficiale n. 139 del 6 dicembre 2007" (PDF) (in Italian). Milan: Professionals National League. 6 December 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 December 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  109. ↑ Matteo Pinci; Franco Vanni (29 March 2021). "La Coppa Italia a Reggio Emilia: un trasloco da un milione di euro" [Coppa Italia to Reggio Emilia: a one-million worth relocation]. la Repubblica (in Italian). Rome. La finale di Coppa Italia non si disputerà a Roma. Per la prima volta dal 2008, quando si tornò a giocarla in gara unica, l'ultimo atto della coppa nazionale traslocherà [Coppa Italia final will not be held in Rome. For the first time since 2008 - that is, since the final is played again as a single match - the final act of the tournament is going to relocate]
  110. ↑ "Regulations of the UEFA European Football Championship 2018–20". Nyon: UEFA. 9 March 2018. Archived from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  111. ↑ Franco Vanni (17 March 2020). "Coronavirus, è ufficiale: l'Uefa rinvia gli Europei al 2021" [Now it's official: UEFA postpone to 2021 the European Championship]. la Repubblica (in Italian). Rome. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  112. ↑ "Euro 2020, Italia spettacolo al debutto, 3–0 alla Turchia all'Olimpico" [Euro 2020, brilliant Italy debuts at the Olimpico with a 3–0 over Turkey]. ANSA (in Italian). Rome. 12 June 2021. Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  113. ↑ "L'Italia batte la Svizzera 3–0. Azzurri già agli ottavi" [Italy beat Switzerland 3–0 and qualifies for the round of 16]. ANSA (in Italian). Rome. 16 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  114. ↑ Jacopo Manfredi (20 June 2021). "Europei, Italia-Galles 1–0: Pessina regala il primo posto agli azzurri" [European Championship, Italy v Wales 1–0: Pessina gives Italy the lead of the group]. la Repubblica (in Italian). Rome. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  115. ↑ David Hytner (3 July 2021). "England rout Ukraine 4–0 to surge into Euro 2020 semi-final with Denmark". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  116. ↑ "Roma 2024 European Athletics Championships dates announced". Lausanne: European Athletic Association. 18 August 2022. Archived from the original on 18 August 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  117. ↑ "Roma-Barcellona è stata la partita con più tifosi nella storia del calcio femminile italiano" [Roma v Barcelona is the most attended match of the Italian women's football history] (in Italian). Zürich: FIFA. 23 March 2023. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  118. ↑ "Elenco Gare" [Match list] (in Italian). Rome: Italian Football Federation. Retrieved 2 December 2023.
  119. 1 2 3 "L'atletica italiana vuole andare a Mosca" [Italian athletics wants to go to Moscow] (PDF). l'Unità. Rome. 30 April 1980. p. 14. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  120. 1 2 Remo Musumeci (6 August 1980). "Mennea meglio che a Mosca: 20"01" [Mennea better than in Moscow: 20"01] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  121. ↑ Remo Musumeci (7 August 1980). "Quei quattro formidabili record" [Those four astonishing records] (PDF). l'Unità. Rome. p. 13. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  122. ↑ Remo Musumeci (14 September 1982). "RDT sovrana ad Atene, azzurri bravini ma con troppi problemi" [DDR reign in Athens. Azzurri pretty good but with too many problems] (PDF). l'Unità. Rome. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  123. ↑ "Golden Gala intitolato a Mennea" [Golden Gala named after Mennea]. Italian Athletics Federation. 22 March 2013. Archived from the original on 25 March 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  124. ↑ "IAAF to launch global Diamond League of 1 Day Meetings". World Athletics. 2 March 2009. Archived from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  125. ↑ Michela Giachetta (21 January 2007). "Per ristrutturare lo stadio Flaminio 18 mesi di lavori" [18-months works to renew Stadio Flaminio]. il Giornale (in Italian). Milan. Archived from the original on 16 February 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
  126. 1 2 "Il Sei Nazioni 2012 allo stadio Olimpico" [2012 Six Nations at the Olimpico]. la Gazzetta dello Sport (in Italian). Milan. 12 July 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  127. 1 2 Claudia Voltattorni (12 July 2011). "Stadio Flaminio addio, il 6 Nazioni trasloca all'Olimpico" [Goodbye Stadio Flaminio. The Six Nations relocates to the Olimpico]. Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Milan. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 17 December 2011.
  128. ↑ "Allarme degrado al Flaminio. Gli eredi di Nervi: "Stadio in rovina"" [Decay alarm at the Flaminio. Nervi's heirs: "The stadium is in ruin"]. Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Milan. 20 April 2012. Archived from the original on 20 June 2012.
  129. ↑ "Pancalli, "Stadio Flaminio alla Figc? Parola fine a uno stato di degrado"" [Pancalli, "Stadio Flaminio at FIGC? Full stop to a state of decay"]. Adnkronos. Rome. 27 February 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  130. ↑ "Estratto dal verbale delle deliberazioni della Giunta Capitolina – Deliberazione n. 36" [Roma Capitale, Resolution no 36]. Roma Capitale. 26 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  131. ↑ "Stadio Flaminio in concessione alla Federcalcio". il Tempo. Rome. 27 February 2014. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2014.
  132. ↑ Nicola Melillo (11 February 2012). "Italia, un regalo di troppo. L'Inghilterra passa 15–19" [Italy waste too much. England win 15–19]. la Gazzetta dello Sport. Milan. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  133. ↑ Paolo Pacitti; Francesco Volpe (2022). "Le città azzurre (The Azzurri's cities)". Rugby 2023 (in Italian). Rome: Zesi. pp. 346–47.
  134. ↑ Luca Gigli (25 July 1991). "Elettrico jazz all'Olimpico con Davis e Pat Metheny" [Electric jazz at the Olimpico with Davis and Metheny] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 21. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  135. ↑ Alba Solaro (23 June 1993). "Ma la stagione rock non "ingrana"" [But the rock season struggles to start] (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. p. 20. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  136. 1 2 Mario Luzzatto Fegiz (21 May 2015). "Tutto Baglioni in concerto" [All Baglioni in concert]. Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Milan. Archived from the original on 27 May 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  137. ↑ "Vasco a Roma: "Città meravigliosa ed eterna"" [Vasco in Rome : "Wonderful and eternal city"]. Rai News (in Italian). Rome. 17 June 2023. Archived from the original on 21 June 2023. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  138. ↑ Luca Landoni (4 July 2023). "Scaletta Ligabue a Roma-Stadio Olimpico, 14 luglio 2023". RadioMusik (in Italian). Milan. Archived from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  139. ↑ Carlo Moretti (26 June 2017). "Depeche Mode, trionfo all'Olimpico di Roma" [Depeche Mode triumph at the Olimpico]. la Repubblica (in Italian). Rome. Retrieved 11 June 2023.
  140. ↑ "Roma, Depeche Mode in concerto all'Olimpico: ecco la scaletta, lo show alle 21:30" [Rome: Depeche Mode at the Olimpico, here the track list]. Corriere della Sera. Milan. 12 July 2023. Archived from the original on 12 July 2023. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
  141. ↑ Andrea Annaratone (14 July 2017). "U2 a Roma con The Joshua Tree Tour 2017: ecco la scaletta del concerto" [U2 in Rome with their Joshua Tree Tour. Here comes the track list]. Vanity Fair (in Italian). Milano: Condé Nast. ISSN 1723-6673. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
  142. ↑ "David Bowie arriva a Roma" [David Bowie comes to Rome]. La Stampa (in Italian). Turin. 9 July 1996. p. 20. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  143. ↑ Gino Castaldo (10 June 2005). "R.E.M.: in quelle canzoni ombre di metropoli, scenari dell'America" [R.E.M.: in those songs there are shades of metropolis and scenarios of America]. la Repubblica (in Italian). Rome. Retrieved 21 June 2023.
  144. ↑ "Football stadium attendance" (in Italian). StadiaPostcards. Retrieved 9 June 2023.
  145. 1 2 "Gli incassi della stagione" (PDF). l'Unità (in Italian). Rome. 13 May 1974. p. 7. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
  146. ↑ Both teams played at Stadio Flaminio.
  147. ↑ The whole season was played behind closed door because of COVID-19 pandemic.

Bibliography

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