Pando, a colony of quaking aspen, is one of the oldest-known clonal trees. Recent estimates of its age range up to 14,000 years old. It is located in Utah, United States.

This is a list of the oldest-known trees, as reported in reliable sources. Definitions of what constitutes an individual tree vary. In addition, tree ages are derived from a variety of sources, including documented "tree-ring" (dendrochronological) count core samples, and from estimates. For these reasons, this article presents three lists of "oldest trees," each using varying criteria.

There are three tables of trees, which are listed by age and species. The first table includes trees for which a minimum age has been directly determined, either through counting or cross-referencing tree rings or through radiocarbon dating. Many of these trees may be even older than their listed ages, but the oldest wood in the tree has rotted away. For some old trees, so much of the center is missing that their age cannot be directly determined. Instead, estimates are made based on the tree's size and presumed growth rate. The second table includes trees with these estimated ages. The last table lists clonal colonies in which no individual tree trunks may be remarkably old but in which the organism as a whole is thought to be very old.

The current record-holders for individual, non-clonal trees are the Great Basin bristlecone pine trees from California and Nevada, in the United States. Through tree-ring cross-referencing, they have been shown to be almost five millennia old.[1]

A clonal colony can survive for much longer than an individual tree. A colony of 48,000 quaking aspen trees (nicknamed Pando), covering 106 acres (43 ha) in the Fishlake National Forest of Utah, is considered one of the oldest and largest organisms in the world. Recent estimates set the colony's age at several thousand (up to 14,000) years, although tree ring samples date individual stems at rarely more than 130 years.[2][3][4][5][6] A colony of Huon pine trees covering 2.5 acres (1.0 ha) on Mount Read (Tasmania) is estimated to be around 10,000 years old, as determined by DNA samples taken from pollen collected from the sediment of a nearby lake. Individual trees in this group date to no more than 4,000 years old, as determined by tree ring samples.[7]

Trees with verified ages

NameAge
(years)		 Year GerminatedSpeciesLocationCountryNotes
Unnamed tree (not in a confirmed database), near Prometheus5,065+ ca. 3,065 BCEGreat Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva		Wheeler Peak, NevadaUnited States[8]
Prometheus
(WPN-114)		4,900+ 2,900+ BCEGreat Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva		Wheeler Peak, NevadaUnited StatesCut down by Donald Rusk Currey in 1964.[9]
Methuselah4,855[nb 1] 2,832 BCEGreat Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva		White Mountains (California)United StatesIt is the oldest known living (non-clonal) tree in the world.[11]
Alerce Milenario or Gran Abuelo3,652–5,484 1,630+ BCEPatagonian cypress
Fitzroya cupressoides		Cordillera Pelada, Los RíosChileAlive.[11][12] New unconfirmed estimation of 5,484 years would make it the oldest (non-clonal) tree in the world.[13] Located within Alerce Costero National Park.[14]
CBR263,266 1,245 BCEGiant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		Sierra Nevada, CaliforniaUnited StatesDead.[11]
D-213,220 1,199 BCEGiant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		Sierra Nevada, CaliforniaUnited StatesDead.[11]
D-233,075 1,054 BCEGiant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		Sierra Nevada, CaliforniaUnited StatesDead.[11]
CMC 33,033 1,012 BCEGiant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		Sierra Nevada, CaliforniaUnited StatesDead.[11]
Scofield Juniper2,675 654 BCESierra juniper
Juniperus grandis[15]		Sierra Nevada, CaliforniaUnited StatesDead.[11]
BLK2272,648 626 BCEBald cypress
Taxodium distichum		Three Sisters Cove, Black River (North Carolina)United States[16]
CB-90-112,466 443 BCERocky Mountain bristlecone pine
Pinus aristata		Central ColoradoUnited States[11][17]
Panke Baobab2,419 398 BCEAfrican baobab
Adansonia digitata		Matabeleland NorthZimbabweDead in 2011; the oldest non-clonal angiosperm ever documented.[18]
Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi2,310 287 BCESacred fig
Ficus religiosa		Anuradhapura, North Central ProvinceSri LankaA sapling claimed to be from the Bodhi tree, the legendary tree under which the Buddha is said to have become enlightened. It was brought to its current location and planted at around 288 BCE by Sanghamitra, daughter of Emperor Ashoka. It is the oldest living human-planted tree in the world with a known planting date.[19]
 ?2,230 209 BCEQilian juniper
Juniperus przewalskii		Delingha, Qinghai ProvinceChina[11]
 ?2,200 179 BCECoast redwood
Sequoia sempervirens		Northern CaliforniaUnited StatesDead.[11]
Bennett Juniper2,200 179 BCESierra juniper
Juniperus grandis[15]		Sierra Nevada, CaliforniaUnited States[11]
SHP 72,110 89 BCEFoxtail pine
Pinus balfouriana		Sierra Nevada CaliforniaUnited States[11]
BLK2322,089 68 BCEBald cypress
Taxodium distichum		Three Sisters Cove, Black River (North Carolina)United States[16]
 ?1,950 74Subalpine larch
Larix lyallii		Kananaskis, AlbertaCanada[11][20]
CRE 1751,889 133Rocky Mountain juniper
Juniperus scopulorum		Northern New MexicoUnited States[11]
Miles Juniper1,835 189Sierra juniper
Juniperus grandis		Sierra Nevada, CaliforniaUnited States[11][21]
Jōmon Sugi1,812 212Sugi
Cryptomeria japonica		Yakushima IslandJapan[22]
KET 39961,726 298Limber pine
Pinus flexilis		Ketchum, IdahoUnited States[11][23]
BFR-461,697 325Limber pine
Pinus flexilis		Wasatch Mountains, UtahUnited States[11]
FL1171,685 339Northern whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis		OntarioCanada[11][24]
ERE1,670 352Limber pine
Pinus flexilis		Northern New MexicoUnited States[11]
RCR 11,666 356Foxtail pine
Pinus balfouriana		Sierra Nevada, CaliforniaUnited States[11]
 ?1,661 361Limber pine
Pinus flexilis		South Park (Park County, Colorado)United States[11]
BBL 21,649 373Foxtail pine
Pinus balfouriana		Sierra Nevada, CaliforniaUnited States[11]
BCK 691,657 376Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum		Bladen County, North CarolinaUnited States[11][25]
 ?1,636 386Nootka cypress
Callitropsis nootkatensis		Vancouver IslandCanada[11]
FL1011,567 455Northern whitecedar
Thuja occidentalis		OntarioCanada[11]
 ?1,542 480Limber pine
Pinus flexilis		Central ColoradoUnited States[11]
Italus1,235 788Heldreich's pine
Pinus heldreichii		Pollino National ParkItalyAlive. Oldest tree in Europe with verified age (radiocarbon calibrated tree-ring procedure).[26]

Trees with estimated ages

Note: The ages of the trees in this list are speculative and only serve as estimates.

NameAge
(years)		SpeciesLocationCountryNotes
"The Sisters" or "Sisters Olive Trees of Noah" 6,000[27] Olive
Olea europaea		 Bchaaleh, North Governorate Lebanon Folk legend also ascribes The Sisters as the source of the olive branch returned to Noah's Ark at the waning of the Biblical Flood.[28][29][30] The trees still produce olives.
Alerce Milenario or Gran Abuelo 5,484 Patagonian cypress
Fitzroya cupressoides }		 Cordillera Pelada, Los Ríos Chile A new 2022 estimation of 5,484 years expands on a previous minimum age based on incomplete tree rings of 3,652.[13][14]
 ?[nb 2]5,075Great Basin bristlecone pine
Pinus longaeva		White Mountains (California)United StatesTree cored by Edmund Schulman, age determined by Tom Harlan. However, core is missing and date is unconfirmed.[11]
Llangernyw Yew4,000–5,000Common yew
Taxus baccata		Llangernyw, ConwyUnited KingdomGirth of 10.75 m. Situated in the churchyard of St Dygain's Church in Llangernyw village, Wales. One of the 50 Great British Trees.
Sarv-e Abarkuh4,500Mediterranean cypress
Cupressus sempervirens		Abarkuh, YazdIranAlso called "Zoroastrian Sarv".[31][32]
Gümeli Porsuğu4,115Yew
Taxus baccata		ZonguldakTurkeyAlive, found in 2016.[33][34]
The Ancient Yew4,000Yew
Taxus baccata		Tisbury, WiltshireUnited Kingdom37 feet in circumference. Situated in the churchyard of St John's, Tisbury. Carbon dated by David Bellamy.[35]
The Senator3,500Pond cypress
Taxodium ascendens		Longwood, FloridaUnited StatesDied in January 2012 from human-caused fire.[36][37]
Oliveira do Mouchão (KNJ1/601) 3,350 European olive tree

Olea europea L. var. europaea

 Mouriscas, Abrantes Portugal Alive.[38][39]
Great Camphor of Takeo3000+Cinnamomum camphora
"Camphor Tree"		Takeo, SagaJapanA large Camphor tree reputed to be over 3,000 years old.[40] Worshipped at a Shinto shrine dedicated to the tree, dating back to the 700s C.E.[41] Alive.
The President3,200Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		Sierra Nevada, CaliforniaUnited StatesAlive.
Fortingall Yew3,000Common yew
Taxus baccata		Fortingall, PerthshireUnited KingdomAlive. Possibly the oldest tree in Britain.[42][43]
Alishan Sacred Tree3,000Formosan cypress
Chamaecyparis formosensis		Alishan National Scenic Area, ChiayiTaiwanCollapsed on July 1, 1997, following heavy rainstorms.[44]
S'Ozzastru3,000–4,000Olive
Olea europaea		Luras, SardiniaItaly[45]
Patriarca da Floresta3,020Jequitibá-rosa

Cariniana legalis

 Santa Rita do Passa Quatro, São PauloBrazilAlive. Probably the oldest non-conifer in Brazil. Its name translates as "Patriarch of the Forest". Located at the Vassununga State Park.[46]
Raintree3,000Great Basin bristlecone pineSpring Mountains, NevadaUnited StatesGreat Basin Bristlecone Pine located near Kyle Canyon in the Spring Mountain range in Southern Nevada, USA. Estimated 3000 years old but never cored.
Oliveira de Santa Iria de Azóia2,850Olive
Olea europaea		Santa Iria de Azóia, Loures, LisbonPortugalMagnificent Olive tree, probably the last one from a large olive grove. Studied by UTAD University and now classified "Public interest tree" by the Portuguese National Forest Authority; Tree ID[47]
Mother of the Forest2,520Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		Sierra Nevada, Calaveras Big Trees State Park, CaliforniaUnited StatesDead.
Sarv Zibad2,500Mediterranean cypress
Cupressus sempervirens		Sarv Zibad, KhorasanIranAlso called "holly Sarv".[31][32]
General Sherman 2,300–2,700 Giant sequoia
Sequoiadendron giganteum		 Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park, California United States Alive with a height of 83.8 meters (275 ft), a diameter of 11 m (36 ft) at its base, and an estimated bole volume of 1,487 m3 (52,513 cu ft), it is the largest known living single-stem tree, and among the tallest, widest, and longest-lived of all trees on the planet.[48][49]
Kayano Ōsugi2,300Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica		Yamanaka Onsen, IshikawaJapanGirth of 9.6 m. One of the four trees believed to be sacred in the precincts in a Shinto shrine. Its name translates as "Great Sugi of Kayano".
Oliveira de Santa Luzia2,210Olive
Olea europaea		Santa Luzia, Tavira, AlgarvePortugalAlive.[50]
Jōmon Sugi2,170–7,200Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica		YakushimaJapanGirth of 16.4 m. Exact dating is made difficult by the rotten core of the trunk. Its name is a reference to the Jōmon period of Japanese prehistory.[51][52][53]
Koca Katran2,022Lebanon cedar
Cedrus libani		AntalyaTurkeyAlive.[54]
Ballyconnell Yew2,000–5,000Yew
Taxus baccata		Ballyconnell, AnnaghIrelandOldest tree in Ireland.
Elia Vouvon2,000–5,000Olive
Olea europaea		Kolymvari, CreteGreeceIts name translates as "Olive Tree of Vouves".[55]
Castagnu dê Centu Cavaddi2,000–4,000Sweet chestnut
Castanea sativa		SicilyItalyIts name translates as the "Hundred Horse Chestnut".
Ulleungdo Hyangnamu2,000–3,000Chinese juniper
Juniperus chinensis		Ulleung-gun, GyeongbukSouth KoreaGirth of 4.5 m. One of the main branch was broken in 1985 by typhoon "Brenda".
Lady Liberty2,000Bald cypress
Taxodium distichum		Longwood, FloridaUnited StatesSometimes called the "Companion Tree" to 'Senator".
Tnjri2,000Oriental plane
Platanus orientalis		Martuni RegionArtsakh (de facto) / Azerbaijan (de jure)Oldest tree in de facto Republic of Artsakh, de jure a part of Azerbaijan. Its trunk is hollow. Also known as "Sose's Tree".
Stara Maslina2,000Olive
Olea europaea		Stari Bar, BarMontenegro
The Pechanga Great Oak Tree2,000Coast live oak
Quercus agrifolia		Temecula, CaliforniaUnited StatesOldest oak tree in the United States, possibly in the world.
Tejo Milenario2,000+Yew
Taxus baccata		Cazorla, JaénSpainOldest tree in Spain.[56]
 ?2,000Olive
Olea europaea		Exo Hora, ZakynthosGreece[57]
 ?2,000Yew
Taxus		Sochi, Krasnodar KraiRussiaA grove known to possess several 2,000-year-old specimens.[58]
Houkisugi at Nakagawa2,000Japanese cedar
Cryptomeria japonica		Nakagawa Settlement, Yamakita, KanagawaJapan
Methuselah1,800Coast redwood
Sequoia sempervirens		Woodside, CaliforniaUnited States[59]
Araucaria Madre1,800Araucaria araucanaAraucaníaChileLocated in Parque Nacional Conguillío. 1,800 rings account for at least 1,800 years.[60]
Granit oak1,700Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur		GranitBulgaria
Kongeegen1,500–2,000Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur		Jægerspris Nordskov, ZealandDenmark[61]
Stelmužė Oak1,500–2,000Pedunculate oak
Quercus robur		Stelmužė, ZarasaiLithuaniaOldest tree in the Baltic states. Supposedly oldest oak in Europe.
Vilémovice Yew1,500–2,000Common yew
Taxus baccata		VilémoviceCzech Republic345 cm (136 in) in circumference.[62]
Aubépines1,500Common hawthorn
Crataegus monogyna		Saint-Mars-sur-la-Futaie, MayenneFranceOldest tree in France.[63]
Jardine Juniper1,500Rocky Mountain juniper
Juniperus scopulorum		Logan Canyon, UtahUnited States[64]
Árbol del Tule1,433–1,600Montezuma cypress
Taxodium mucronatum		Santa María del Tule, OaxacaMexicoStoutest tree trunk in the world. Its name translates as the "Tule Tree".
Baikushev's pine1,300white fir
Pinus heldreichii		Pirin MountainsBulgariaOldest known coniferous tree in Bulgaria. It is named after its discoverer, forest ranger Kostadin Baikushev.
Te Matua Ngahere1,200–4,000Kauri
Agathis australis		Waipoua Forest, NorthlandNew ZealandOldest tree in New Zealand. Its name translates as "Father of the Forest".
Algarrobo Abuelo1,200+Algarrobo
Prosopis chilensis		Villa de Merlo, San Luis ProvinceArgentinaPossibly oldest algarrobo in Argentina.

Clonal trees

As with all long-lived plant and fungal species, no individual part of a clonal colony is alive (in the sense of active metabolism) for more than a very small fraction of the life of the entire clone. Some clonal colonies may be fully connected via their root systems, while most are not actually interconnected, but are genetically identical clones which populated an area through vegetative reproduction. Ages for clonal colonies, often based on current growth rates, are estimates.

NameAge
(years)		SpeciesLocationCountryNotes
Antarctic Beech less than 70 million years[65] Antarctic beech
Nothofagus moorei		 Repeater Station Road, Springbrook National Park, Queensland Australia Three individuals approximately 2000 years old are the parent trees to others in the surrounding forest; they grow clones by coppicing new shoots radially, forming a ring at the base of the parent tree trunk.[66]
Wollemi Pines 60+ million years Wollemi pine
Wollemia nobilis		 Wollemi National Park, New South Wales Australia According to Cris Brack and Matthew Brookhouse at the ANU Fenner School of Environment & Society: "Once you accept that a common, genetically identical stock can define a tree, then the absolute “winner” for oldest tree (or the oldest clonal material belonging to a tree) [in Australia] must go to the Wollemi pine (Wollemia nobilis). It may be more than 60 million years old. The Wollemi pine clones itself, forming exact genetic copies. It was thought to be extinct until a tiny remnant population was discovered in Wollemi National Park in 1994... There is also substantial evidence that the tree has been cloning itself and its unique genes ever since it disappeared from the fossil record more than 60 million years ago."[67]
Unknown43,600–130,000King's lomatia
Lomatia tasmanica		Southwest National Park, TasmaniaAustraliaLomatia tasmanica is an endangered species with only one population, consisting of several hundred genetically identical individuals. Although it flowers occasionally, fruit production has never been observed, and it propagates vegetatively. Fossilized leaves are dated as at least 43,600 years old, found in sediments with a maximum age of 130,000.[68]
Pandoless than 14,000[3]–80,000[69]Quaking aspen
Populus tremuloides		Fishlake National Forest, UtahUnited StatesCovers 107 acres (0.43 km2) and has around 47,000 stems (aged up to 130 years), which continually die and are renewed by its roots. Is also the heaviest-known organism, weighing 6,000 tonnes.
Jurupa Oak[70]13,000[71]Palmer oak
Quercus palmeri		Jurupa Mountains, CaliforniaUnited StatesQuercus palmeri Engelm. = Quercus dunnii Kellogg.[71]
Old Tjikko9,550Norway spruce
Picea abies		Fulufjället National Park, DalarnaSwedenThe tree's stems live no more than 600 years, but its root system's age[72][73] was established using carbon dating and genetic matching.[74] Elsewhere in the Fulu mountains, 20 spruces have been found older than 8,000 years.[75]
Old Rasmus9,500Norway spruce
Picea abies		Sonfjället, HärjedalenSweden[76]
Mongarlowe mallee3,000–13,000Mongarlowe mallee
Eucalyptus recurva		Mongarlowe, New South WalesAustraliaAlive. A critically endangered species, known only from 6 wild individuals, first described in the 1980s. Based on the size and growth rate of its lignotuber, the largest single specimen is estimated to be 3,000 years old. However, it is possible that two other specimens are actually the result of a split in the original rootstock, and based on their spread of 26m would be estimated at 13,000 years old, potentially the oldest single tree on earth.[77]
unknown3,000[78]–10,000[79]Huon pine
Lagarostrobos franklinii		Mount Read, TasmaniaAustraliaSeveral genetically identical males that have reproduced vegetatively. Although single trees in this stand may be around 3 to 4 thousand years old, the stand itself as a single organism has existed for 10,000 years.[7]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ It is uncertain when Methuselah's age was determined, but "it seems likely the tree had 4,789 rings (crossdated) in the summer of 1957".[10] The age given here is based on this reference point.
  2. ↑ Not named yet

References

  1. ↑ Farmer, Jared (2022). Elderflora: A Modern History of Ancient Trees. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-09785-2.
  2. ↑ Rogers, Paul C.; McAvoy, Darren J. (2018-10-17). "Mule deer impede Pando's recovery: Implications for aspen resilience from a single-genotype forest". PLOS ONE. 13 (10): e0203619. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1303619R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203619. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 6192553. PMID 30332420.
  3. 1 2 Ding, Chen; Schreiber, Stefan G.; Roberts, David R.; Hamann, Andreas; Brouard, Jean S. (2017-07-05). "Post-glacial biogeography of trembling aspen inferred from habitat models and genetic variance in quantitative traits". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 4672. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.4672D. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-04871-7. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5498503. PMID 28680120.
  4. ↑ Grant, Michael C. (1 October 1993). "The Trembling Giant". Discover Magazine. Archived from the original on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
  5. ↑ "Botanical Record-Breakers". W.P Armstrong. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2008.
  6. ↑ "SPECIES: Populus tremuloides". USDA - United States Forest Service. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2008.
  7. 1 2 "Native Conifers of Tasmania". Paks and Wildlife Service, Tasmania. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
  8. ↑ "The Prometheus Story - Great Basin National Park (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 2023-04-28. another bristlecone in the same area, proved to be 5,065 years old.
  9. ↑ Salzer, Matthew; Baisan, Christopher (May 13–17, 2013). Dendrochronology of the "Currey Tree". Second American Dendrochronology Conference. University of Arizona, Tucson.
  10. ↑ "Pinus longaeva". Gymnosperm Database. 2020-01-17. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 "OldList, A Database Of Old Trees". Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research. May 2019. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  12. ↑ Lara, Antonio; Villalba, Ricardo (21 May 1993). "A 3620-Year Temperature Record from Fitzroya cupressoides Tree Rings in Southern South America". Science. 260 (5111): 1104–1106. Bibcode:1993Sci...260.1104L. doi:10.1126/science.260.5111.1104. PMID 17806339. S2CID 46397540.
  13. 1 2 "Is the world's oldest tree growing in a ravine in Chile?". Science Journal. 2022.
  14. 1 2 "Parque Nacional Alerce Costero". Conaf.cl (in Spanish). National Forest Corporation. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2014.
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  17. ↑ Brunstein, F. Craig; Yamaguchi, David K. (Aug 1992). "The Oldest Known Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pines (Pinus aristata Engelm.)". Arctic and Alpine Research. 24 (3): 253–256. doi:10.2307/1551666. JSTOR 1551666. S2CID 128446269.
  18. ↑ Adrian Patrut et al. (2018) The demise of the largest and oldest African baobabs. Nature Plants 4: 423–426. doi:10.1038/s41477-018-0170-5
  19. ↑ "Oldest-known human-planted tree". Guinness world records. 2011.
  20. ↑ Worrall, John (1990). "Subalpine Larch: Oldest Trees in Canada?". The Forestry Chronicle. 66 (5): 478–479. doi:10.5558/tfc66478-5.
  21. ↑ Miles, D.H.; Worthington, M.J. (17–21 June 1998). "Sonora Pass junipers from California USA: construction of a 3,500-year chronology". In Stravinskiene, V.; Juknys, R. (eds.). Dendrochronology and Environmental Trends - Proceedings of the International Conference. Kaunas, Lithuania: Vytautas Magnas University Department of Environmental Sciences.
  22. ↑ Suzuki, Eizi; Tsukahara, Jun (1987). "Age structure and regeneration of old growth Cryptomeria japonica forests on Yakushima Island". Journal of Plant Research. 100 (3): 223–241. doi:10.1007/BF02492832. S2CID 25942726.
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  28. ↑ "Epic Olive Trees - Olive Oil Times". www.oliveoiltimes.com. Retrieved 2021-07-01.
  29. ↑ "The World's Oldest Living Olive Trees Are Lebanese « Time Olive Trees". Retrieved 2021-07-01.
  30. ↑ "Olive trees of Bchaaleh are the oldest olive trees in Lebanon – LebanonUntravelled.com". Retrieved 2021-07-01.
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  36. ↑ Pavuk, Amy. "'The Senator' Catches Fire". Orlando Sentinel. Times Newspaper. Archived from the original on 31 January 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
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  38. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-04. Retrieved 2016-11-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
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  40. ↑ "A town with sacred camphor trees and a new-style library". Retrieved 2022-09-15.
  41. ↑ "武雄神社とは". Retrieved 2022-09-15.
  42. ↑ Bevan-Jones, Robert (2004). The ancient yew: a history of Taxus baccata. Bollington: Windgather Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-0-9545575-3-9.
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