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Officially used writing systems in India
Category
Indic scripts
Arabic derived scripts
Alphabetical scripts
Related
The letters of the official scripts of the official languages of India
(Left to right, top row: Kannada, Gujarati, Perso-Arabic, Tamil;
middle row: Meitei, Devanagari, Assamese/Bengali;
bottom row: Malayalam, Odia/Oriya, Gurmukhi, Telugu)
Writing systems (including official and non-official) used by the Scheduled languages of India

The official scripts of the 22 official languages of the Republic of India include abugidas (pseudo-alphabets), alphabetical writing systems and abjads (Arabic-derived writing systems).

Abugida writing systems

There are ten abugida writing systems, used as the official scripts of India. All these abugidas belong to the Brahmic script family (Indic script family).

Bengali–Assamese script

The Eastern Nagari script or the Bengali–Assamese script is the official script of Assamese language, Bengali language and Meitei language (officially called Manipuri)[lower-alpha 1],[1] three of the 22 official languages of the Indian Republic.[2][3][4]

The Assamese writing system and Bengali writing system are virtually identical, except for 2 letters, that make Assamese different from Bengali in one letter for the /r/ sound, and an extra letter for the /w/ or /v/ sound. For writing Meitei language, the Bengali /r/ and the Assamese /w/ or /v/ are used, making its writing style unique from those of both Assamese and Bengali languages.[5][6][7]

The constitutional names and the native names (in Eastern Nagari and Latin transliterations) of the 3 official languages of the Indian Republic that use the Eastern Nagari writing system as their official scripts
Assamese

Being the official script for Assamese language, it is officially used in the Northeast Indian state of Assam.[8][9]

Bengali

Being the official script for Bengali language, it is officially used in the Indian state of West Bengal,[10] Tripura,[11] Assam (Barak Valley)[12] and Jharkhand.[13][14]

Meitei (Manipuri)

Being one of the 2 official scripts for Meitei language (besides Meitei script),[15][16] it is officially used in the Northeast Indian state of Manipur.[17]

It is important to note the following:

"Manipuri Language" means Meeteilon written in Meetei Mayek and spoken by the majority of Manipur population: Provided that the concurrent use of Bengali Script and Meetei Mayek shall be allowed in addition to English language, for a period upto 10(ten) years from the date of commencement of this Act.".

— Section 2 of the "Manipur Official Language Act, 1979", for clause (f)[18]

Devanagari script

The Devanagari script (देवनागरी, romanized: Devanāgarī) is the official script of Bodo, Dogri, Hindi, Konkani, Maithili, Marathi, Nepali, Sanskrit, Santali[lower-alpha 2] and Sindhi[lower-alpha 3] languages, 10 of the 22 official languages of the Indian Republic.

Bodo (Boro)

Being the official script for Bodo language, Devanagari is officially used in the Northeast Indian state of Assam (Bodoland Territorial Region), where Bodo enjoys the additional official language status.[19][20]

Dogri

Being the official script for Dogri language, Devanagari is used in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, preceded by the Jammu and Kashmir (state), where Dogri enjoyed the official language status.[21][22]

Hindi

The Constitution of India says:

The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script. The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals.

— Part XVII of the Indian Constitution[23]

Being the official script for Hindi, Devanagari is officially used in the Union Government of India as well as several Indian states where Hindi is recognised as their official language, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Mizoram, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand, and the Indian union territories of Delhi, Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.[24] Gujarat[25][26] and West Bengal also officially uses Devanagari as these 2 states recognises Hindi as their additional official languages.[27]

Konkani

Being the official script for Konkani language, Devanagari is officially used in the coastal Indian state of Goa, where Konkani is the official language.[28][29][30]

Maithili

Being the official script for Maithili language, Devanagari is officially used in the Indian state of Jharkhand, where Maithili enjoys the additional official language status.[31]

Marathi

Being the official script for Marathi language, Devanagari is officially used in the Indian states of Maharashtra[32] and Goa, where Marathi is their official language.[33] The Devanagari script that is used for writing Marathi language is in the Balbodh version.[34][35][36][37]

Nepali

Being the official script for Nepali language, Devanagari is officially used in the Indian state of Sikkim, where Nepali language enjoys the official language status.[38][39]

Sanskrit

Being the official script for Sanskrit language, Devanagari is officially used in the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh[40] and Uttarakhand, where Sanskrit is recognised as their official language.[41][42]

Santali

Being the official script for Santali language, besides the Ol Chiki script, Devanagari is officially used in the Indian state of Jharkhand and West Bengal, where Santali language enjoys the official language statuses.[43]

Gujarati script

Gujarati script (Gujarati: ગુજરાતી લિપિ, romanized: Gujarātī Lipī) is the sole official script used to write Gujarati language, the official language of the Western Indian state of Gujarat[44][45] and the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu.[46]

Gurmukhi script

The Gurmukhi script (Punjabi: ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ, romanized: Gurmukhī) is the sole official script of the Punjabi language, the official language of Punjab,[47] Haryana,[48] Delhi[49] and West Bengal[50] inside India.

Kannada script

The Kannada script (Kannada: ಕನ್ನಡ ಲಿಪಿ, romanized: Kannaḍa lipi) is the sole official script for Kannada language, the official language of the South Indian state of Karnataka.[51][52][53] Kannada script is highly mutually intelligible with Telugu script, due to which the two are sometimes collectively termed as the Telugu-Kannada script.[54][55]

Malayalam script

The Malayalam script (Malayalam: മലയാളലിപി, romanized: Malayāḷalipi) is the sole official script for Malayalam, the sole official language of the South Indian state of Kerala[56][57] and the Indian union territories of Lakshadweep[58] and Puducherry.[59]

Meitei script

The officially recognized twenty seven letters of the Meitei script (Meetei script) with their names in parentheses and their Latin equivalent letters within inverted commas; unlike other Indic scripts, each Meitei letter possess unique names and convey unique meanings, mostly the primary body parts of human being.

The Meitei script (Meitei: ꯃꯩꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ, romanized: Meitei Mayek) or the Meetei script (Meitei: ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ, romanized: Meetei Mayek) is one of the 2 official scripts (besides Bengali script) for Meitei language (officially called Manipuri), the sole official language of the Northeast Indian state of Manipur.[60][61] Starting from the year 2021, Meitei script was officially used by the Government of Manipur, along with the Bengali script, to write the Meitei language, as per "The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021".[62]

Odia script

The Odia script or the Oriya script (Odia: ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅକ୍ଷର, romanized: Odiā akṣara) is the official script for Odia language, the official language of the Indian states of Odisha,[63] Jharkhand[64] and West Bengal.[65][66][67]

Tamil script

The Tamil script (Tamil: தமிழ் அரிச்சுவடி, romanized: Tamiḻ ariccuvaṭi) is the official script for Tamil language, the official language of the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu[68][69] and the Indian union territory of Puducherry.[59][70]

Telugu script

The Telugu script (Telugu: తెలుగు లిపి, romanized: Telugu lipi) is the official script for Telugu language, the official language of the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana[71] and West Bengal[72] as well as the Indian union territory of Puducherry.[59] Telugu script is highly mutually intelligible with Kannada script, due to which the two are sometimes collectively termed as the Telugu-Kannada script.[73][74]

Alphabetic writing systems

There are two alphabetical writing systems used as the official scripts of India. One is indigenous to India and another is introduced to India.

Latin script

The Latin script (or Roman script) is the sole official script for English language (Indian English), one of the official languages of the Union Government of India as well as many states and union territories of India.[75][76][77]

Ol Chiki script

The Ol Cemet or the Ol Chiki script (ᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ, romanized: Ol Ciki) is the official script for Santali language, one of the additional official languages of the Indian states of Jharkhand and West Bengal.[78][79] It was invented by Pandit Raghunath Murmu in the year 1925.[80]

Abjad writing systems

The Arabic script or its derivatives like the Persian script or the Urdu script is used as the official scripts by Urdu, Sindhi[lower-alpha 4] and Kashmiri, 3 of the 22 official languages of the Indian Republic.

Urdu

Being the official script for Urdu language, this writing system is used in the Indian states and union territories of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory),[81][82] National Capital Territory of Delhi,[83] Bihar,[84] Uttar Pradesh,[85] Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh,[86][87] Telangana[88][89] and West Bengal, where Urdu enjoys the official language statuses.[90]

Kashmiri

Being the official script for Kashmiri language, this writing system is used in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, where Kashmiri enjoys the official language status.[91][92]

Sindhi

For Sindhi, although Perso-Arabic alphabet in Naskh script is the widely used writing system, Devanagari script is used for governmental purposes as well as enforced for education.[93]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Besides Bengali script, Meitei language also uses Meitei script as its official script simultaneously.
  2. ↑ Besides the Ol Chiki script, Santali language officially uses the Devanagari script simultaneously.
  3. ↑ Besides the Perso Arabic script, Sindhi language officially uses the Devanagari script simultaneously.
  4. ↑ Besides the Arabic script, Sindhi language also uses the Devanagari script as its official script simultaneously.

References

  1. ↑ "GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021". manipurgovtpress.nic.in.
  2. ↑ "Assamese alphabet, pronunciation and alphabet". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  3. ↑ "Bengali alphabet, pronunciation and language". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  4. ↑ "Manipuri language and alphabets". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  5. ↑ Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, The History and Culture of the Indian People: British paramountcy and Indian renaissance (Part 2), page 219, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1951
  6. ↑ Bernard Comrie, The World's Major Languages, page 419, Routledge, 2009, ISBN 9781134261567
  7. ↑ B. P. Mahapatra, Constitutional languages, page 39, Presses Université Laval, 1989, ISBN 9782763771861
  8. ↑ "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015)" (PDF). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. pp. 58–59. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  9. ↑ "Assamese alphabet, pronunciation and alphabet". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  10. ↑ "Multi-lingual Bengal". The Telegraph. 11 December 2012. Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  11. ↑ "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015)" (PDF). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. pp. 79–84. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  12. ↑ "Govt withdraws Assamese as official language from Barak valley". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 9 September 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  13. ↑ "Jharkhand gives second language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithili". The Avenue Mail. 21 March 2018. Archived from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.
  14. ↑ "Bengali alphabet, pronunciation and language". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  15. ↑ "GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021". manipurgovtpress.nic.in.
  16. ↑ "Manipuri language and alphabets". omniglot.com. Retrieved 2023-01-27.
  17. ↑ "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010)" (PDF). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. p. 78. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2012.
  18. ↑ "GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021". manipurgovtpress.nic.in.
  19. ↑ PTI (30 December 2020). "Assam Assembly Accords Associate Official Language Status To Bodo". NDTV. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  20. ↑ "THE ASSAM OFFICIAL LANGUAGE (AMENDMENT) ACT, 2020" (PDF).
  21. ↑ "The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020" (PDF). The Gazette of India. 27 September 2020. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
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  24. ↑ "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013)" (PDF). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  25. ↑ "The Gujarat Official Languages Act, 1960" (PDF). indiacode.nic.in. 1961. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
  26. ↑ Benedikter, Thomas (2009). Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 89. ISBN 978-3-643-10231-7. Archived from the original on 25 April 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
  27. ↑ "Multi-lingual Bengal". The Telegraph. 11 December 2012. Archived from the original on 25 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  28. ↑ "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013)" (PDF). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. p. 113. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  29. ↑ "The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987" (PDF). daman.nic.in. U.T. Administration of Daman and Diu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2015.
  30. ↑ "Konkani language | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
  31. ↑ "झारखंड : रघुवर सरकार कैबिनेट से मगही, भोजपुरी, मैथिली व अंगिका को द्वितीय भाषा का दर्जा". Archived from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
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  33. ↑ "42nd report: July 2003 – June 2004". Commissioner o fLinguistic Minorities. p. para 11.3. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2007.
  34. ↑ Masica, Colin P. (1993). The Indian Languages. Cambridge University Press. p. 437. ISBN 9780521299442. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014.
  35. ↑ Rao, Goparaju Sambasiva (1994). Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy. Academic Foundation. pp. 48 and 49. ISBN 9788171880577. Archived from the original on 7 December 2014.
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  38. ↑ "1977 Sikkim government gazette" (PDF). sikkim.gov.in. Governor of Sikkim. p. 188. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
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  46. ↑ "The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987" (PDF). indiacode.nic.in. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
  47. ↑ "Punjabi language | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
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  79. ↑ "Santali language | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2023-01-26.
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  84. ↑ Benedikter, Thomas (2009). Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India. Münster: LIT Verlag. p. 89. ISBN 978-3-643-10231-7. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
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