Share of over-fifteen-year-old population who reportedly have never drunk alcohol (interactive version). Global average is 45%.
Share of over-fifteen-year-old population who haven't drunk alcohol in the past year (interactive version). Only Luxembourg has a <10% rate of last-year abstinence, and only Luxembourg, Ireland and Switzerland a <20% rate. In most countries, it exceeds a third.
Teetotalism is the practice or promotion of total personal abstinence from the consumption of alcohol, specifically in alcoholic drinks. A person who practices (and possibly advocates) teetotalism is called a teetotaler or teetotaller, or is simply said to be teetotal. Globally, almost half of adults do not drink alcohol (excluding those who used to drink but have stopped).[1] A number of temperance organisations have been founded in order to promote teetotalism and provide spaces for non-drinkers to socialise.[2]
Etymology
According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the tee- in teetotal is the letter T, so it is actually t-total, though it was never spelled that way.[3] The word is first recorded in 1832 in a general sense in an American source, and in 1833 in England in the context of abstinence. Since at first it was used in other contexts as an emphasised form of total, the tee- is presumably a reduplication of the first letter of total, much as contemporary idiom might say "total with a capital T".[4]
The teetotalism movement was first started in Preston, England, in the early 19th century.[5] The Preston Temperance Society was founded in 1833 by Joseph Livesey, who was to become a leader of the temperance movement and the author of The Pledge: "We agree to abstain from all liquors of an intoxicating quality whether ale, porter, wine, or ardent spirits, except as medicine."[6] Today, a number of temperance organisations exist that promote teetotalism as a virtue.[7]
Richard Turner, a member of the society Preston Temperance Society, is credited with using the existing slang word, "teetotally", for abstinence from all intoxicating liquors.[4] One anecdote describes a meeting of the society in 1833, at which Turner in giving a speech said, "I'll be reet down out-and-out t-t-total for ever and ever."[6][8] Walter William Skeat noted that the Turner anecdote had been recorded by temperance advocate Joseph Livesey, and posited that the term may have been inspired by the teetotum;[9] however, James B. Greenough stated that "nobody ever thought teetotum and teetotaler were etymologically connected."[10]
A variation on the above account is found on the pages of The Charleston Observer:
Teetotalers.—The origin of this convenient word, (as convenient almost, although not so general in its application as loafer,) is, we imagine, known but to few who use it. It originated, as we learn from the Landmark, with a man named Turner, a member of the Preston Temperance Society, who, having an impediment of speech, in addressing a meeting remarked, that partial abstinence from intoxicating liquors would not do; they must insist upon tee-tee-(stammering) tee total abstinence. Hence total abstainers have been called teetotalers.[11]
According to historian Daniel Walker Howe (What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848, 2007) the term was derived from the practice of American preacher and temperance advocate Lyman Beecher. He would take names at his meetings of people who pledged alcoholic temperance and noted those who pledged total abstinence with a T. Such persons became known as Teetotallers.
Reasons
Some common reasons for choosing teetotalism are psychological, religious, health,[12] medical, philosophical, social, political, past alcoholism, or sometimes it is simply a matter of taste or preference. When at drinking establishments, teetotalers (or teetotallers) either abstain from drinking totally or consume non-alcoholic beverages such as water, juice, tea, coffee, non-alcoholic soft drinks, virgin drinks, mocktails, and alcohol-free beer.
Most teetotaler organisations also demand from their members that they do not promote or produce alcoholic intoxicants.[13][14]
Religion
An allegorical map on temperance, accompanied by a lengthy poem. The "Religion Channel" was a strong current away from "Misery Regions" and the "Reprobate Empire", 1846.
Abstention from alcohol is a tenet of a number of religious faiths, such as Islam; Hinduism; Jainism; the Swaminarayans; Sikhism; Baháʼís; Meivazhi-ites; Guta RaMwari; the Assemblies of God; the Seventh-day Adventist Church and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
In Islam, the Arabic word "Khamr" (Arabic: خمر) refers to wine. Muslim countries have low rates of alcohol consumption. However the majority of Muslims do not drink and believe consuming alcohol is forbidden (haram).[15][16]
Similarly, one of the five precepts of Buddhism is abstaining from intoxicating substances that disturb the peace and self-control of the mind, but it is formulated as a training rule to be assumed voluntarily rather than as a commandment.
Many Christian groups, such as Methodists and Quakers, are often associated with teetotalism due to their traditionally strong support for temperance movements, as well as prohibition. And a number of Christian denominations forbid the consumption of alcohol, or recommend the non-consumption thereof, including certain Anabaptist denominations such as the Mennonites (both Old Order Mennonites and Conservative Mennonites), Church of the Brethren, Beachy Amish and New Order Amish, in addition to Latter-Day Saints, Seventh-day Adventists, and Holiness Pentecostals. Many members of these religious groups are also required to refrain from selling such products. A free translation of the New Testament, the Purified Translation of the Bible (2000), translates in a way that promotes teetotalism. However, the term 'wine' (and similar terms) being consumed by God's people occurs over two hundred times in both the Old and New Testament.[17]
With respect to Methodism, the Church of the Nazarene and Wesleyan Methodist Church, both denominations in the Wesleyan-Arminian tradition, teach abstinence from alcohol.[18][19] Members of denominations in the conservative holiness movement, such as the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection and Evangelical Wesleyan Church, practice temperance and teetotalism, thus abstaining from alcohol and other drugs.[20] The Book of Discipline of the Immanuel Missionary Church, a Methodist denomination, states:[21]
Temperance is the moderate use of that which is beneficial, and a total abstinence from that which is harmful. Therefore no member shall be permitted to use or sell intoxicating liquors, tobacco, or harmful drugs, or to be guilty of things which are only for the gratification of the depraved appetite, and are unbecoming and inconsistent with our Christian profession (I Cor. 10:31). —General Standards, Immanuel Missionary Church[21]
Uniformed members of the Salvation Army ("soldiers" and "officers") make a promise on joining the movement to observe lifelong abstinence from alcohol. This dates back to the early years of the organisation, and the missionary work among alcoholics.
Conservative Anabaptist denominations, such as the Dunkard Brethren Church, teach:[22]
Members of the Dunkard Brethren Church shall abstain from the use of intoxicating or addictive substances, such as narcotics, nicotine, marijuana, or alcoholic beverages (except as directed by a physician). Using, raising, manufacturing, buying or selling them by Christians is inconsistent with the Christian lifestyle and testimony. Members of the Dunkard Brethren Church who do so should be counseled in love and forbearance. If they manifest an unwilling or arbitrary spirit, they subject themselves to the discipline of the church, even to expulsion in extreme cases. We implore members to accept the advice and counsel of the church and abstain from all of the above. Since members are to be examples to the world (Romans 14:20–21) indulgence in any of these activities disqualifies then for Church or Sunday School work or as delegates to District or General Conference.[22]
With respect to Restorationist Christianity, members of certain groups within the Christian Science and Latter Day Saint movements abstain from the consumption of alcohol.
Eastern Orthodox Church, the Roman Catholic Church, the Lutheran Churches, Oriental Orthodox Churches, and the Anglican Communion all require wine in their central religious rite of the Eucharist (Holy Communion). Churches in the Methodist tradition require that "pure, unfermented juice of the grape" be used in the sacrament of Holy Communion.[23]
In the Gospel of Luke (1:13–15), the angel that announces the birth of John the Baptist foretells that "he shall be great in the sight of the Lord, and shall drink neither wine nor strong drink; and he shall be filled with the Holy Ghost, even from his mother's womb".
Some Christians choose to practice teetotalism throughout the Lent season, giving up alcoholic beverages as their Lenten sacrifice.[24][25]
Research on non-drinkers
Dominic Conroy and Richard de Visser published research in Psychology and Health which studied strategies used by college students who would like to resist peer pressure to drink alcohol in social settings. The research hinted that students are less likely to give in to peer pressure if they have strong friendships and make a decision not to drink before social interactions.[26]
A 2015 study by the Office for National Statistics showed that young Britons were more likely to be teetotalers than their parents.[27]
According to Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health, published by WHO in 2011, close to half of the world's adult population (45 percent) are lifetime abstainers. The Eastern Mediterranean Region, consisting of the Muslim countries in the Middle East and North Africa, is by far the lowest alcohol consuming region in the world, both in terms of total adult per capita consumption and prevalence of non-drinkers, i.e., 87.8 per cent lifetime abstainers.[1]
Notable teetotalers
The following is an alphabetical list of notable people who are now or were teetotalers during their lifetime. Some have abstained their entire lives, and others only became abstainers after a period of alcohol use. Members of religions that ban alcohol are not included.
Business
- Anil Ambani – Indian businessman[28]
- Mukesh Ambani – Indian business magnate, chairman, managing director, and the largest shareholder of Reliance Industries Ltd. (RIL)[29]
- Joseph Cyril Bamford – British businessman[30]
- P. T. Barnum – American showman and politician of the 19th Century remembered today for his popular circus.[30]
- Warren Buffett – American business magnate, investor, and philanthropist[31]
- John Cadbury – English founder of Cadbury[32]
- Michael Eavis – co-creator of the Glastonbury Festival[33]
- Larry Ellison – American founder of Oracle Corporation[31]
- Ashok Hinduja – Indian businessman[34]
- Gopichand Hinduja – Indian-born British billionaire businessman and co-chairman of the Hinduja Group[34]
- Prakash Hinduja – Indian-born Swiss businessman[34]
- S. P. Hinduja – Indian-born British billionaire businessman, investor, and philanthropist[34]
- Jon Huntsman Sr. – American founder of Huntsman Corporation[31]
- David Murdock – American chairman of Dole Food Company[31]
- William R. Wilkerson – American real estate developer, nightclub owner, and founder of The Hollywood Reporter[35]
Fashion
- Emmanuelle Alt – French fashion editor[36]
- Tyra Banks – American television personality, model, businesswoman, producer, actress, and writer[31]
- Naomi Campbell – English model, actress, singer, and businesswoman[37]
- Tom Ford – American fashion designer and filmmaker[38]
- Karl Lagerfeld – German fashion designer, creative director, artist and photographer[39]
- Anna Wintour – British-American media executive, who has served as editor-in-Chief of Vogue since 1988[40][41][42]
Historical figures
- Crazy Horse – Lakota war leader of the Oglala band in the 19th century who led a war party to victory in the Battle of the Little Bighorn[43]
- Frederick Douglass – American social reformer, abolitionist, orator, writer, and statesman[44]
- Neal Dow – American Prohibition advocate and mayor of Portland from 1851-1852 & 1855-1856[45]
- Nathan Bedford Forrest – Confederate Army general during the American Civil War and the first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan[46]
- Mahatma Gandhi – Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist and political ethicist who employed nonviolent resistance to lead the successful campaign for India's independence from British rule[47]
- Che Guevara – Argentine Marxist revolutionary and major figure of the Cuban Revolution[48][49][50]
- Lucy Webb Hayes – wife of Rutherford B. Hayes and first lady of the United States from 1877 to 1881[51]
Literature and journalism
- Isaac Asimov – American writer and professor of biochemistry[52]
- Emil Cioran – Romanian philosopher and essayist[53]
- Arthur C. Clarke – English science-fiction writer, science writer, futurist, inventor, undersea explorer, and television series host[54]
- Lauren B. Davis – Canadian writer[55]
- A. A. Gill – British journalist, critic, and author who was a restaurant reviewer for The Sunday Times[56]
- Franz Kafka – Bohemian Jewish novelist and short-story writer[57]
- H. P. Lovecraft – American writer of weird, science, fantasy, and horror fiction[58]
- Cormac McCarthy – American writer[59]
- Jordan Peterson - writer, psychologist, public intellectual[60]
- Marilyn vos Savant – American magazine columnist[61]
- Teša Tešanović – Serbian journalist and TV host[62]
- Lasantha Wickrematunge – Sri Lankan journalist and politician[63]
Military
- Jacob L. Devers – American general in the United States Army who commanded the 6th Army Group in the European Theater of World War II[64]
Music
- 50 Cent – American rapper, actor, television producer, and businessman[65][66]
- Erol Alkan – English DJ and producer [67]
- Benny Andersson - Swedish musician, singer, composer and producer best known as a member of the musical group ABBA
- Illayaraja – Indian musician, composer, arranger, conductor, orchestrator, instrumentalist, lyricist and singer
- Ryan Adams – American singer-songwriter, record producer, artist and poet[68]
- Akon – Senegalese American singer, songwriter, record producer, and entrepreneur[69]
- Fiona Apple – American singer and songwriter[70]
- Julien Baker – American singer, songwriter and musician[71]
- Jon Batiste – American singer, songwriter, musician, television personality, and former bandleader for The Late Show with Stephen Colbert[72]
- Susan Boyle – Scottish singer[73]
- Ian Brown – English singer and multi-instrumentalist[74]
- Jason Aalon Butler – American musician and political activist[75]
- Julian Casablancas – American singer, best known as the lead vocalist and primary songwriter of rock band The Strokes[76]
- Max Cavalera – Brazilian musician, singer and songwriter[77]
- Daniel Cavanagh – English guitarist and singer who formed the band Anathema[78]
- Chuck D – American rapper, singer and songwriter[79]
- Eric Clapton – English rock and blues guitarist, singer, and songwriter[80]
- Adam Clayton – English-born Irish musician and bassist of the rock band U2[81]
- John Coltrane – American jazz saxophonist and composer[82]
- Alice Cooper – American heavy metal rock singer[83]
- Bethany Cosentino – American recording artist, best known as the lead singer of Best Coast[84]
- Graham Coxon – English musician, singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, painter, and a founder of the rock band Blur[85]
- Dave Dobbyn – New Zealand musician, singer–songwriter and record producer[86]
- Eric Dolphy – American jazz alto saxophonist, bass clarinetist, and flutist[87]
- Fatboy Slim – English musician, DJ, and record producer[88]
- Lee Gaze – Welsh musician and lead guitarist of No Devotion[89]
- Robin Gibb – British singer and songwriter for the Bee Gees[90]
- Ben Gibbard – American singer, songwriter and guitarist, best known as the lead vocalist and guitarist for Death Cab for Cutie[91]
- Gucci Mane – American rapper and record executive[92]
- Gerhard Gundermann – German singer-songwriter and rock musician[93]
- Rob Halford – English heavy metal singer, best known as the lead vocalist of Judas Priest[94][95]
- Stuart Hamblen – American singing cowboy, actor, radio show host, songwriter, and presidential candidate[96]
- Calvin Harris – Scottish DJ, record producer, singer, and songwriter[97]
- Davey Havok – American singer and musician who is the lead vocalist for AFI, Blaqk Audio, XTRMST, and Dreamcar[98][99]
- Jennifer Hudson – American singer, actress, and talk show host[100]
- José José – Mexican singer[101]
- Andy Hurley – American musician and drummer for Fall Out Boy[102]
- Ice-T – American rapper, songwriter, actor, and producer[103][104][105]
- J Mascis – American singer, guitarist, and songwriter for Dinosaur Jr.[106]
- Jessie J – English singer[107]
- Jme – British grime MC, songwriter, record producer, and DJ[108][109]
- Elton John – British singer, pianist, and composer[110]
- John 5 – American guitarist for Rob Zombie and Marilyn Manson[111]
- Eric Johnson – American guitarist, vocalist, and composer[112]
- Mike Kerr – English singer, songwriter, and bassist for rock band Royal Blood[113]
- Kendrick Lamar – American rapper, songwriter, and record producer[114]
- Mike Lewis – Welsh musician and former rhythm guitarist for Lostprophets[89]
- Jennifer Lopez – American singer, actress, and dancer[31]
- John Mayer – American singer, songwriter and guitarist[115]
- A. R. Rahman – Indian music composer, record producer, singer and songwriter
- Royce da 5'9" – American rapper, songwriter, and record producer[116]
- Gene Simmons – Israeli-American musician, singer, and songwriter for heavy metal rock band Kiss[117]
- Dee Snider – American singer and songwriter and lead singer of the heavy metal band Twisted Sister[118]
- Lindsey Stirling – American violinist[119]
- Jeff Tweedy – American songwriter, musician, author, and record producer, best known as the lead singer of Wilco[120]
- Varg Vikernes – Norwegian black metal musician[121][122]
- Dave Wakeling – English singer, songwriter, and musician, best known for his work with the band the Beat (known in North America as the English Beat) and General Public[123]
- Paul Weller – English singer-songwriter[124]
- Pharrell Williams – American rapper, record producer, singer, songwriter, and entrepreneur[125]
- Angus Young – Australian musician, best known as the co-founder, lead guitarist, songwriter and sole constant original member of the heavy metal band AC/DC[126][127]
- Rob Zombie – American singer, songwriter, filmmaker, and voice actor[128]
Politics
- Ashok Gehlot – Indian politician, former Chief Minister of Rajasthan[129]
- Shinzo Abe – former Prime Minister of Japan[130]
- Prince Andrew, Duke of York – member of the British royal family[131]
- Reubin Askew – American politician, who served as the 37th governor of Florida from 1971 to 1979[132]
- Ted Baillieu – former Australian politician who was Premier of Victoria from 2010 to 2013[133]
- John Bercow – former British politician and Speaker of the House of Commons[134]
- Hilary Benn – British Labour Party politician who has been the Member of Parliament for Leeds Central since a by-election in 1999[135]
- Tony Benn – British politician, writer and diarist who served as a Cabinet minister in the 1960s and 1970s[136]
- Joe Biden – 46th President of the United States[137]
- Cory Booker – American politician, attorney, and author who has served as the junior United States senator from New Jersey since 2013[138]
- George N. Briggs – 19th Governor of Massachusetts, from 1844 to 1851[139]
- George W. Bush – 43rd President of the United States[140][141]
- Pedro Castillo – 63rd President of Peru[142]
- Tyler Cowen – economist, political writer, and blogger[143]
- Morarji Desai – Indian independence activist and politician who served as the 4th Prime Minister of India between 1977 and 1979[144]
- John Diefenbaker – 13th prime minister of Canada[145]
- Tommy Douglas – 7th premier of Saskatchewan, first leader of the NDP[146]
- Edwin Edwards – 50th governor of Louisiana for four terms[147]
- Doug Ford – 26th premier of Ontario[148]
- George Galloway – British politician, broadcaster, and writer[149]
- David Lloyd George – former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom[150]
- Juan Vicente Gómez – Venezuelan military general and ruler of Venezuela from 1908 to 1935[151]
- Félix Houphouët-Boigny – first president of Ivory Coast[152]
- Paul Kagame – Rwandan politician and fourth President of Rwanda since 2000[153]
- A. P. J. Abdul Kalam – 11th President of India[154]
- Narendra Modi – 14th Prime minister of India[155][156]
- Vyacheslav Molotov – Soviet politician (1890–1986), Statesman and Diplomat[157]
- Nicolas Sarkozy – former President of France[158]
- Yoshihide Suga – former Prime Minister of Japan[159][160]
- Rishi Sunak – Prime Minister of the United Kingdom[161][162]
- Donald Trump – 45th President of the United States of America[137]
Religion
- Albert Barnes – American theologian, clergyman, abolitionist, temperance advocate, and author[163]
- Hugh Bourne – joint founder of Primitive Methodism[164]
- William M. Branham – American Christian minister and faith healer[165]
- Jerry Falwell – American Baptist pastor, televangelist, and conservative activist[166][31]
- James the Just – early leader of the Jerusalem Church of the Apostolic Age[167]
- John the Baptist – itinerant preacher active in the area of Jordan River in the early 1st century AD[168]
- Jiddu Krishnamurti – Indian philosopher, speaker and writer[169]
- Adrian Rogers – American Southern Baptist pastor and conservative author[170]
Science and exploration
- Buzz Aldrin – American former astronaut, engineer, and fighter pilot[171]
- John Wesley Powell – American geologist, U.S. army soldier, and explorer, best known as the leader of the first scientific expedition into the Grand Canyon[172]
- Richard Feynman – American physicist, Nobel laureate, known for quantum electrodynamics and science communication[173]
Sports
- Tony Adams – English football manager and former professional player[174]
- Dick Advocaat – Dutch former football player and coach[175]
- Nathan Aké – Dutch football player[176]
- Ludwig Augustinsson – Swedish professional footballer[177]
- Gareth Bale – Welsh former footballer[178]
- Don Bradman – Australian international cricketer[32]
- Trevor Brooking – former England international footballer, manager, pundit and football administrator[179]
- Djibril Cissé – French professional footballer[180]
- Johnny Chan – Chinese-American professional poker player[181]
- Graham Cornes – former Australian rules footballer, coach, and media personality[182]
- Owen Coyle – Scottish professional football manager and former player[183]
- Bryan Danielson – American professional wrestler[184]
- Christopher Del Bosco – American-born, Canadian freestyle skier[185]
- Brett Favre – American former football quarterback[186]
- Darren Fletcher – Scottish football coach and former professional player[187]
- Len Ganley – Northern Irish snooker referee[188]
- Robert Griffin III – former American football quarterback for the Washington Redskins[189]
- Benson Henderson – American former professional mixed martial artist[190]
- Jack Hobbs – English professional cricketer[191]
- Bhuvneshwar Kumar – Indian international cricketer and a former limited overs vice captain[192]
- Mike McDaniel – American NFL head coach of the Miami Dolphins[193]
- Cristiano Ronaldo – Portuguese footballer[194][195]
- Neville Southall – retired Welsh footballer[196]
- Fallon Sherrock – Female English darts player[197]
Theatre, film, and television
- Simon Amstell – British comedian and television presenter[198][199]
- Guillermo Arriaga – Mexican author, screenwriter, director and producer[200]
- Amitabh Bachchan – Indian actor, film producer, television host, occasional playback singer and former politician[201]
- Jason Bateman – American actor, director, and producer[202]
- Kate Beckinsale – English actress and model[203]
- Ron Bennington – American radio personality and comedian[204]
- John Boyega – English actor[205]
- Frankie Boyle – Scottish comedian and writer[206]
- Russell Brand – English comedian, actor, radio host and YouTuber[207]
- Gerard Butler – Scottish actor and film producer[208]
- Jim Carrey – Canadian-American actor and comedian[209]
- Kim Cattrall – British and Canadian actress[210]
- Dan Castellaneta – American actor, comedian, and screenwriter[211]
- Billy Connolly – Scottish actor, retired comedian, artist, writer, musician, and presenter[212]
- Dane Cook – American stand-up comedian and film actor[213]
- Bradley Cooper – American actor and filmmaker[214]
- Tom Cruise – American actor and producer[215]
- Kristin Davis – American actress and producer[216]
- Kat Dennings – American actress[217][218]
- Robert Downey, Jr. – American actor[219]
- Eliza Dushku – American actress[220]
- Colin Farrell – Irish actor[221]
- Craig Ferguson – Scottish-American comedian, actor, writer, and television host[222][223]
- Jane Fonda – American actress, activist, and former fashion model[224][225]
- Michael J. Fox – Canadian-American retired actor.[226][227]
- James Franco – American actor and filmmaker[228]
- Laura Fraser – Scottish actress[229]
- Freddie Frinton – English comedian[230]
- Vincent Gallo – American actor, director, writer, producer, musician, and model[231]
- Janeane Garofalo – American comedian, actress, and former co-host on Air America Radio's The Majority Report[232][233]
- Joe Gatto – American comedian and actor[234]
- Michelle Gayle – British actress, singer, songwriter, and writer[235]
- Bobcat Goldthwait – American comedian, actor, director and screenwriter[236]
- Richard E. Grant – Swazi-English actor and presenter[237]
- Kathy Griffin – American comedian and actress[238]
- Chris Hardwick – American comedian, actor, television and podcast host, writer, and producer[239][240]
- Tom Hardy – English actor, producer, and screenwriter[241]
- Tom Holland – English actor[242]
- Anthony Hopkins – Welsh actor[243]
- Bryce Dallas Howard – American actress and director[244]
- Dave Hughes – Australian stand-up comedian, television and radio presenter[245]
- Barry Humphries – Australian comedian, actor, author and satirist[246]
- Sam Hyde – American comedian[247]
- Samuel L. Jackson – American actor[248][249]
- Gillian Jacobs – American actress and director[250][251]
- Ken Jennings – American game show host, author, and former game show contestant[252]
- Penn Jillette – American magician, entertainer, and member of Penn and Teller[253][254]
- Griff Rhys Jones – Welsh comedian, writer, actor, and television presenter[255]
- Val Kilmer – American actor[219]
- John Larroquette – American actor[256]
- Ewan McGregor – Scottish actor[257]
- Brennan Lee Mulligan - American writer and performer[258]
- Gary Oldman – English actor and filmmaker[259]
- Daniel Radcliffe – English actor[260]
- Martin Shaw – English actor[261]
- Teller – American magician, entertainer, and member of Penn and Teller[253][262]
- Alicia Witt – American actress and musician[263]
Visual art
- Carol M. Highsmith – American photographer, author, and publisher[264]
See also
- Alcoholics Anonymous
- Blue ribbon badge
- Catch-my-Pal
- Christianity and alcohol
- List of Temperance organizations
- Theobald Mathew (temperance reformer)
- Native American temperance activists
- Pioneer Total Abstinence Association
- Sobriety
- Straight edge
- Temperance bar
- Woman's Christian Temperance Union
- Word of Wisdom
References
- 1 2 "Global status report on alcohol and health 2018". Who.int.
- ↑ Blocker, Jack S. (2003). Alcohol and Temperance in Modern History: An International Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-57607-833-4.
- ↑ "Online Etymology Dictionary – T, page 5". Retrieved 30 April 2007.
- 1 2 Kruth, Rebecca; Curzan, Anne (22 September 2019). "TWTS: Why "teetotaler" has nothing to do with tea". Michigan Radio. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
- ↑ Road to Zion – British Isles, BYU-TV; "BYUtv - Road to Zion: British Isles: Part One". Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 15 February 2011.
- 1 2 Gately, Iain (May 2009). Drink: A Cultural History of Alcohol. New York: Gotham Books. p. 248. ISBN 978-1-592-40464-3.
- ↑ Cox, David J.; Stevenson, Kim; Harris, Candida; Rowbotham, Judith (12 June 2015). Public Indecency in England 1857–1960: 'A Serious and Growing Evil'. Routledge. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-317-57383-8.
- ↑ Quinion, Michael. "Teetotal". Worldwidewords.org. Retrieved 22 April 2012.
- ↑ An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, by Walter William Skeat; published by Clarendon Press, 1893
- ↑ Words and Their Ways, by James B. Greenough; published 1902
- ↑ The Charleston Observer vol. 10, no. 44 (29 October 1836): 174, columns 4–5.
- ↑ "6 great things that happen to your body when you give up drinking". Cosmopolitan.com. 20 January 2016.
- ↑ Hanson, David J. (14 August 2019). "Anti-Alcohol Industry 101: Overview of the Neo-Temperance Movement". Alcohol Problems and Solutions. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
- ↑ Lawson, Wilfrid (August 1893). "Prohibition in England". The North American Review. 157 (441): 152. JSTOR 25103180. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
- ↑ "Alcohol and Islam: An Overview". APA PsycNet. 1 June 1999. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
- ↑ "Nothing in the Quran Says Alcohol "is Haram": Saudi Author".
- ↑ Beavers, Keith (n.d.). "What Wine Would Jesus Drink?". VinePair. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
- ↑ Eastlack, Anita (2016). The discipline of the Wesleyan Church 2016 (PDF). Indianapolis, Indiana: Wesleyan Publishing House. ISBN 978-1-63257-198-4. OCLC 1080251593.
- ↑ "2017-2021 Manual". Church of the Nazarene. Archived from the original on 31 August 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
- ↑ The Discipline of the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection (Original Allegheny Conference). Salem: Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection. 2014. p. 37.
- 1 2 Discipline of the Immanuel Missionary Church. Shoals, Indiana: Immanuel Missionary Church. 1986. p. 17.
- 1 2 Dunkard Brethren Church Polity. Dunkard Brethren Church. 1 November 2021. pp. 8–9.
- ↑ Dunkle, William Frederick; Quillian, Joseph D. (1970). Companion to The Book of Worship. Abingdon Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-687-09258-1.
The pure, unfermented juice of the grape shall be used. The "fair white linen cloth" is merely a table covering that is appropriate for this central sacrament of the church.
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Frances [Benjamin Johnston] was a Bohemian, a hard drinker and a loner," Highsmith says. "I don't walk that road.
External links
The dictionary definition of teetotal at Wiktionary
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