Naulakha Pavilion
نولکھا
General information
TypePublic monument
Architectural styleMughal
LocationLahore, Punjab Pakistan
Coordinates31°35′23″N 74°18′47″E / 31.589827°N 74.313165°E / 31.589827; 74.313165
Construction started1631
Completed1633
Design and construction
Architect(s)Wazir Khan (Lahore)
Civil engineerAbd al-Karim

The Naulakha Pavilion (Urdu: نولکھا) is a white marble personal chamber with a curvilinear roof, located beside the Sheesh Mahal courtyard, in the northern section of the Lahore Fort in Lahore, Pakistan. The monument is one of the 21 monuments situated within the Lahore Fort, with its western façade providing a panoramic view of the ancient city of Lahore.[1]

The structure was originally inlaid with precious and semi-precious stones and overlooked the Ravi River. In 1981, as part of the larger Lahore Fort Complex, Naulakha was a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The pavilion is now one of Lahore's most recognizable sights, and has influenced architectural design of notable buildings, including the Pakistani embassy in Washington, D.C.

Etymology

When the pavilion was built in 1633 by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan as a small summer house, it cost around 900,000 rupees, an exorbitant amount at the time.[2] It is called Naulakha because in Urdu language, the word means 'worth 9 lakhs rupees'.[3] This also brought the word Naulakha into common use to signify something precious.[4]

History

The pavilion is adjacent to the Sheesh Mahal in the Shah Burj Quadrangle of the Lahore Fort.
Pietra dura detail.

The Lahore Fort was built in 1566 under the rule of Mughal emperor Akbar the Great on the location of an earlier mud-fort. The solid brick masonry complex was later extended and modified by subsequent emperors. Mughal emperor Shah Jahan was a romantic man who constructed Taj Mahal in Agra and after that this master piece in Lahore was built in 1633 as a small summer house costing around 900,000 rupees - an exorbitant amount at the time. Naulakha Pavilion is among the buildings that were erected or reconstructed between 1628 and 1634 under Shah Jahan's rule.[5] Due to his personal interest in the design and construction, Shah Jahan's architectural traditions manifest distinctive symmetry and hierarchical accents. Naulakha Pavilion is part of the Shah Burj block in the northwest section of the fort that was actually built by his predecessor Jahangir.[5]

In 1927, the building was listed by the Department of Archaeology of British India. In 1975, it was listed as a protected monument under the Antiquities Act by Pakistan's Department of Archaeology, whereas in 1981, as part of the larger Lahore Fort Complex, it became inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[6]

More recently, the building and its materials have started showing signs of damage and discolouration due to the air pollution. The pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and other emissions, have already affected the white marble of the nearby Sheesh Mahal in the Lahore Fort Complex.[7]

Design

The pavilion features a carved marble screen.
Naulakha Pavilion is known for its distinctive Bengali Do-chala style curvilinear roof.

The pavilion is rectangular in shape, situated in the west of Sheesh Mahal, and is prominent because of its centrally arched and extraordinarily curved roof typical of Bengal’s Do-chala style. This unique feature is symbolic of Shajahani architecture.[8] It reflects a mixture of contemporary traditions (at the time of its construction) of sloping-roof from Bengal, and Baldachin from Europe. This demonstrates the imperial as well as religious image of the subject.[9] The original roof was probably gilded.[10] The inner walls are minutely inlaid with precious and semi-precious stones[11] and silver with delicate parchin kari ornamentation are considered among the finest in the world.[10] Glazed tile mosaics have been used to decorate the spandrels of the arched openings with floral designs and images of angels, genies, and solomonic symbols.[12] The marble screens of the pavilion are crowned with merlons to prevent inmates being seen from the grounds in between the Fort and the river.[13] The overall quadrangle comprises private quarters for royal family[14] and closely resembles Agra fort.

Influence

The architectural style of the Pakistani embassy in Washington, D.C. is inspired by the Naulakha Pavilion.

As a unique and impressive monument of Mughal architecture,[15] the building became a source of inspiration to Rudyard Kipling during his early days in Lahore. One of his novels is titled The Naulahka (sic), written in collaboration with Wolcott Balestier, the brother of his then-fiancée Caroline.[16] The novel is about a precious necklace, which is called the Naulahka. When Kipling settled in his house in Dummerston, Vermont, he named it Naulakha, after the pavilion.[17] To him, Naulakha symbolised the virtues, peacefulness, and solitude of the rural Vermont.[18]

Numismatics

The Naulakha Pavilion motif was used on the reverse of the Pakistani one rupee banknote, issued by the Government of Pakistan in 1964. The motif was subsequently replaced with the Tomb of Muhammad Iqbal in 1980s, until the one rupee Banknote was taken out of circulation in 2005.[19] The Pakistan Embassy building in Washington D.C. is partly modelled on the Naulakha Pavilion.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Naulakha Pavilion.

Notes

  1. ↑ Majid Sheikh (18 July 2015). "Harking back: Exquisite Naulakha Pavilion and its amazing origins". Dawn. Pakistan. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  2. ↑ Rajput (1963), pp. 8-9
  3. ↑ In the monetary system consolidated by Mughals across India, they adopted Indian numbering system, in which one lakh denotes 100,000 units.
  4. ↑ Dogar (1995), p. 65
  5. 1 2 Koch (1991), p. 114
  6. ↑ Khan (1997)
  7. ↑ Syeda Sheharbano Kazim (30 April 2014). "Pietra Dura - an art form passed down through centuries". Dawn. Pakistan. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  8. ↑ Koch (1991), p. 93
  9. ↑ Asher (1992), p. 180
  10. 1 2 Lahore Fort Complex: Naulakha Pavilion Archived 14 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine at Archnet Archived 2 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 4 May 2008.
  11. ↑ Turner (1996) p. 365
  12. ↑ Chaudhry (1998), Asher (1992)
  13. ↑ Khan (1997) p. 117
  14. ↑ Fergusson (1967) p. 304
  15. ↑ Wilber (1964) p. 195
  16. ↑ Kaplan, Robert D. (1989) Lahore as Kipling Knew It The New York Times. Retrieved 7 March 2021
  17. ↑ Kipling (1996). see p.36 and p.173
  18. ↑ Naulakha (Kipling House) in rural Vermont. Retrieved 8 March 2008
  19. ↑ Naulakha Pavilion motif on reverse of One Rupee Pakistani Note in Purple and Blue at Reference Site for Islamic Banknotes. Retrieved 4 May 2008

References

  • Asher, Catherine E G (1992) Architecture of Mughal India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-26728-5
  • Burki, Shahid Javed (1991) Historical Dictionary of Pakistan. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-2411-6
  • Chaudhry, Nazir Ahmed (1998) Lahore: Glimpses of a Glorious Heritage . Sang-e-Meel Publications. ISBN 969-35-0944-7
  • Dogar, Muhammad Aasim (1995) Splendour of Lahore Fort. Ilm Dost Publishers.
  • Fergusson, James (1967) History of Indian and Eastern Architecture. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.
  • Haider, Zulqarnain (1978) Pietra Dura Decorations of Naulakha at Lahore Fort. (Mujallah-e-Taḥqĭq, Kullīyah-e-ʻUlūm-e-Islāmiyah va Adabiyāt-e-Sharqiyah). Faculty of Islamic and Oriental Learning University of the Punjab.
  • Khan, Ahmed Nabi (1997) Studies in Islamic Archaeology of Pakistan. Sang-e-Meel Publications. ISBN 969-35-0717-7
  • Kipling, Rudyard (1996) Writings on Writing. Cambridge University Press. 241 pages. ISBN 0-521-44527-2
  • Koch, Ebba (1991). Mughal Architecture: An Outline of Its History and Development, 1526-1858. Prestel. ISBN 3-7913-1070-4
  • Rajput A B (1963) Architecture in Pakistan. Pakistan Publications
  • Taher, Muhammad (1997) Encyclopaedic Survey of Islamic Culture. Anmol Publications. ISBN 81-7488-487-4
  • Turner, Jane (1996) The Dictionary of Art. Grove. ISBN 1-884446-00-0
  • Wilber, Donald Newton (1964) Pakistan, Its People, Its Society. HRAF Press

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