Louis-Napoléon
Prince Imperial of France
Napoléon, Prince Imperial at age 22
Louis-Napoléon in 1878
Head of the House of Bonaparte
Period9 January 1873 – 1 June 1879 (1873-01-09 – 1879-06-01)
PredecessorNapoleon III
SuccessorNapoléon-Jérôme
or
Napoléon Victor
Born(1856-03-16)16 March 1856
Tuileries Palace, Paris, French Empire
Died1 June 1879(1879-06-01) (aged 23)
Sobhuza's kraal near Ulundi, Zulu Kingdom
Burial
St Michael's Abbey, Farnborough
Names
Napoléon Eugène Louis Jean Joseph Bonaparte
HouseBonaparte
FatherNapoleon III
MotherEugénie de Montijo
ReligionRoman Catholicism
SignatureLouis-Napoléon's signature

Napoléon, Prince Imperial (Napoléon Eugène Louis Jean Joseph Bonaparte; 16 March 1856 – 1 June 1879), also known as Louis-Napoléon, was the only child of Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, and Empress Eugénie. After his father was dethroned in 1870, he moved to England with his family. On his father's death in January 1873, he was proclaimed by the Bonapartist faction as Napoleon IV.

In England, he trained as a British Army officer. Keen to see action, he persuaded the British to allow him to participate in the Anglo-Zulu War. In 1879, serving with British forces, he was killed in a skirmish with a group of Zulus. His early death caused an international sensation and sent shockwaves throughout Europe, as he was the last serious dynastic hope for the restoration of the House of Bonaparte to the throne of France.

Biography

Louis-Napoléon at age 14, 1870

Louis-Napoléon was born at the Tuileries Palace in Paris,[1] and he was baptised on 14 June 1856 at Notre Dame Cathedral. His godfather was Pope Pius IX, whose representative, Cardinal Patrizi, officiated. His godmother was Eugène de Beauharnais's daughter, Josephine, the Queen of Sweden, who was represented by Grand Duchess Stéphanie of Baden.[2]

His education, after a false start under the academic historian Francis Monnier, was from 1867 supervised by General Frossard as governor, assisted by Augustin Filon as a tutor. His English nurse, Miss Shaw, was recommended by Queen Victoria and taught the prince English from an early age. His valet Xavier Uhlmann[3] and his inseparable friend Louis Conneau[4] also figured prominently in his life. The young prince was known by the nickname "Loulou" in his family circle.[5] In 1868, he visited Corsica and attended the centenary festival of the annexation of the island to France.[1]

At the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, he accompanied his father as a sub-lieutenant to the front. The prince was present on the hills above Saarbrücken during the engagement at their base. Still, when the war began to go against the Imperial army, his father sent him to the border with Belgium.[1] In September, his father sent him a message to cross over into Belgium. He travelled from there to England, arriving on 6 September, where his parents joined him, the Second Empire having been abolished. The family settled in England at Camden Place in Chislehurst, Kent. Upon his father's death in 1873, Bonapartists proclaimed him Napoleon IV. On his 18th birthday, a large crowd gathered to cheer him at Camden Place.[5]

Studio portrait of the Prince Imperial, c. 1875

The prince attended elementary lectures in physics at King's College London. In 1872, he applied and was accepted to the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He finished seventh in his class of thirty-four and came top in riding and fencing.[6] He then served for a time with the Royal Artillery at Aldershot.[7]

During the 1870s, there was some talk of a marriage between him and Queen Victoria's youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice.[8] Queen Victoria also reportedly believed that it would be best for "the peace of Europe" if the prince became Emperor of France.[8] The prince remained a devout Catholic, and he retained hopes that the Bonapartist cause might eventually triumph if the secularising Third Republic failed. He supported the tactics of Eugène Rouher over those of Victor, Prince Napoléon, breaking with Victor in 1876.[6]

Louis-Napoléon in South Africa

With the outbreak of the Zulu War in 1879, the prince, with the rank of lieutenant, forced the hand of the British military to allow him to take part in the conflict, despite the objections of Rouher and other Bonapartists. He was only allowed to go to Africa by the special pleading of his mother, Empress Eugénie, and by the intervention of Queen Victoria herself. He left England on 27 February 1879 with letters of introduction from the Duke of Cambridge, the British commander-in-chief, in the hope he might be allowed to follow the movements of the troops.[1] Once he arrived at Durban, he joined the General's Head-Quarters and met Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford, the commander in South Africa, on 9 April and was nominally placed on his staff.[1] The prince accompanied Chelmsford on his march into Zululand. Keen to see action and full of enthusiasm, he was warned by Lieutenant Arthur Brigge, a close friend, "not to do anything rash and to avoid running unnecessary risks. I reminded him of the Empress at home and his party in France."[9]

Chelmsford, mindful of his duty, attached the prince to the staff of Colonel Richard Harrison of the Royal Engineers, where it was felt he could be active but safe. Harrison was responsible for the column's transport and for reconnaissance of the forward route on the way to Ulundi, the Zulu capital. While he welcomed the presence of the prince, he was told by Chelmsford that the prince must be accompanied at all times by a strong escort. Lieutenant Jahleel Brenton Carey, a French speaker and British subject from Guernsey, was given particular charge of him. The prince took part in several reconnaissance missions. However, his eagerness for action almost led him into an early ambush when he exceeded orders in a party led by Colonel Redvers Buller. Despite this, on the evening of 31 May 1879, Harrison agreed to allow the prince to scout in a forward party scheduled to leave in the morning, mistakenly believing that the path ahead was free of Zulu skirmishers.

Death

Death of the Prince Imperial by Paul Jamin (1882)

On the morning of 1 June 1879, the troop set out, earlier than intended and without the whole escort, largely owing to the prince's impatience. Led by Carey, the scouts rode deeper into Zululand. Without Harrison or Buller present to restrain him, the prince took command from Carey, even though the latter had seniority. At noon, the prince halted the troop at a temporarily deserted kraal. The prince and Carey made some sketches of the terrain and used part of the thatch to make a fire. No lookout was posted. As they were preparing to leave, about 40 Zulus fired upon them and rushed towards them, screaming.[1] The prince ran to mount his horse and was able to grab onto the holster on the saddle of his horse. The prince's horse then dashed off before he could mount. After about 100 yards, the strap the prince was clinging to broke and the horse kicked the prince in the belly, winding him. The prince fell beneath his horse, and his right arm was trampled. He leapt up, drawing his revolver with his left hand, and started to run, but the Zulus outpaced him.[10]

The prince fired three shots from his revolver at his assailants, but he missed each shot. The prince then fired two more shots, albeit slower in order to better aim. However, these, too, missed.[11] One of the prince's assailants, a Zulu named Langalibalele, threw his spear at the prince, but missed.[12] Another spear, thrown by a Zulu named Zabanga, struck the prince's left shoulder.[13] The prince tried to fight on, wielding the spear thrown by Langalibalele in his right hand and his revolver in his left.[14] However, weakened by his wounds, the prince sank to the ground and was overwhelmed. Zabanga stabbed the prince again with an assegai, followed by Gwabakana; and then the prince suffered a final blow from Klabawathunga - who stabbed the prince in the right eye - penetrating the prince's brain and killing him. When the prince's corpse was recovered the next day, it was found naked and an examination by surgeon-major F B Scott counted 18 wounds - all of which were stab wounds.[15] According to later testimonies from several of the Zulu men who had participated in the ambush of the prince's patrol, only 8 of the stab wounds were inflicted upon the prince while he was still alive - the remaining 10 stab wounds were done to the prince's corpse. This was due to the ambushers observing the customary Zulu hlomula ritual, which entailing stabbing the body of an already fallen adversary. The practice was related to the hunt, when all the participants of the hunt were expected to stab the carcass of a particularly formidable kill, like a lion or buffalo. To do the same to a human foe was to acknowledge that he had fought with the ferocity of a dangerous wild animal. Langalibalele confirmed that hlomula was performed on the prince's corpse because he had "fought like a lion".[16] It also transpired from the testimonies of the prince's Zulu assailants that the prince's corpse was found naked because Klabawathunga had ritually stripped the prince's body of all his apparel, except for a few medals and the locket around the prince's neck which contained a picture of his mother. After giving the prince's clothes to another Zulu man named Dabayane to hold onto, Klabawathunga explained that he personally performed a slight incision on the prince's naked abdomen in order to observe the customary Zulu qaqa ritual, which was customarily performed on the corpses of slain foes for the purposes of removing a perceived contagious ritual pollution that followed homicide, called umnyama in isiZulu (meaning 'dark contagion').[17] It was believed that the swelling that occurred in corpses was due to the homicide victim's soul trying but failing to escape the decaying body, and therefore the killer had a duty to make a hole in their victim to allow the soul to escape lest the killer's own body swell like a corpse.[18][19] This was the traditional Zulu explanation for the observable swelling of the body which occurs in corpses due to the fermentation of butyric acid in the gut.[20] The prince's bloodstained clothes had meanwhile been removed in order for Klabawathunga to observe the customary Zulu ritual of zila, where a killer was required to wear their victim's clothes (polluted by the harmful influences of his blood) while observing customary ritual abstentions in order to cleanse themself of the crime of homicide.[21] The Zulus had not looted the prince's jewellery because it was seen as a dishonourable thing to do to a warrior, and because it was believed the prince's spirit would haunt them if they stole the jewellery,[22] which was misconstrued for a magical talisman.[23]

Two troopers of the Natal Native Horse, Abel and Rogers, as well the Zulu guide accompanying them, died with the prince during the Zulu ambush.[24] Carey and the four surviving men came together about 50 yards (50 m) from where the prince made his final stand but did not fire at the Zulus. Carey led his men back to camp. The prince's body was recovered the next day. After a court of inquiry, a court-martial, and intervention by Empress Eugénie and Queen Victoria, Carey returned to his regiment. Carey died in Bombay on 22 February 1883.

Louis-Napoléon's death caused an international sensation. Rumours spread in France that the prince had been intentionally "disposed of" by the British.[8] Alternatively, the French republicans or the Freemasons were blamed.[25] In one account, Queen Victoria was accused of arranging the whole thing, a theory that was later dramatised by Maurice Rostand in his play Napoleon IV.[25] The Zulus later claimed that they would not have killed him if they had known who he was. Langalabalele, his chief assailant, was killed in July at the Battle of Ulundi.[25] Eugénie later made a pilgrimage to Sobuza's kraal, where her son had died, and where the Prince Imperial Memorial, paid for by Queen Victoria, had been erected. The prince, who had begged to be allowed to go to war and who had worried his commanders by his dash and daring, was described by Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley, as "a plucky young man, and he died a soldier's death. What on earth could he have done better?"[26]

His decomposed body was brought back to Spithead on board the British troopship HMS Orontes, and thence transferred onto HMS Enchantress for sailing on to Woolwich Arsenal;[27] overnight, he lay in state in the western octagonal guardhouse by the riverfront. The funeral procession, including Queen Victoria, went from there to Chislehurst, where he was buried. On 9 January 1888, his body was transferred to a special mausoleum constructed by his mother as the Imperial Crypt at St Michael's Abbey, Farnborough, next to his father.

The Prince Imperial had appointed Prince Napoléon Victor Bonaparte as his heir, thus skipping the genealogically senior heir, Victor's father, Prince Napoléon.

Legacy

Portrait of Louis-Napoléon

In 1880, the inhabitants of Chislehurst erected a monument to the Prince Imperial on Chislehurst Common near Camden Place, which is now Grade II listed.[28] In the 1950s, the road which passes the monument, previously called Station Road, was renamed Prince Imperial Road in his memory.

The Australian Rules football club Footscray, inspired by the story of the prince's death, renamed their club to the Prince Imperial Football Club in the early 1880s, but they reverted back to Footscray a mere two years later.[29]

The asteroid moon Petit-Prince was named after the Prince Imperial in 1998, because it orbits an asteroid named after his mother (45 Eugenia).[30]

In literature

The death is presented in some detail in G. A. Henty's The Young Colonists: A Tale of The Zulu and Boer Wars (1885).[31]

In the R. F. Delderfield novel Long Summer Day (the first of the A Horseman Riding By trilogy), Boer War veteran Paul Craddock buys a farm in 1900 or 1901. The middle-aged estate manager, Rudd, is somewhat embittered at having been one of the soldiers who had failed to rescue the Prince Imperial in 1879. Craddock is aware of the events because, by coincidence, he had been born that very day.

Emma Lazarus wrote sonnets, under the common title of "Destiny", commemorating the prince's birth and death.

The contemporary Italian poet Giosuè Carducci composed a poem in Alcaic stanzas in his memory in 1879 (later in his Odi Barbare), in which he described the Prince's death as follows (vv. 1 - 4) "Questo la inconscia zagaglia barbara / prostrò, spegnendo li occhi di fulgida / vita sorrisi da i fantasmi / fluttuanti ne l'azzurro immenso". ("The unconscious barbarous assegai / prostrated him and extinguished his eyes / of radiant life, at which smiled the ghosts / floating in the immense blue").

In the play Napoleon IV by Maurice Rostand, the prince is killed in a carefully planned ambush arranged with the connivance of Queen Victoria.[32]

In a 1943 Southern Daily Echo article, former Sapper George Harding (2nd Company Royal Engineers) recalled being ordered to take a horse ambulance and find the prince's body and bring it back to the column. The Prince Imperial had been out on reconnaissance mission with a party of the 17th Lancers. Describing the mission, he said

We advanced to a dried-up river bed and had to cut away the banks to get the ambulance across. Eventually, we reached a kraal beside a large mealie field where we found the bodies of the Prince and some of his party. They had been surprised by Zulus as they rested in the kraal. The Zulus broke out of the mealie field and killed them before they could remount their horses. The Prince had been stabbed 16 times with assegais. We made a rough coffin and put his body in the ambulance. After burying the other bodies where they were found, we went back to the column. The Prince's body was taken back to England for burial.[33]

The Prince Imperial is a minor character in Donald Serrell Thomas's Sherlock Holmes pastiche novel Death on a Pale Horse (2013).[34]

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Styles of
Napoléon, Prince Imperial
Reference styleHis Imperial Highness
Spoken styleYour Imperial Highness

He was styled Prince Imperial of France from birth.

French honours

Foreign honours

Arms

See also

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Prince Imperial, Mackinnon, J. P., and S. H. Shadbolt. The South African Campaign, 1879 : a Memorial Volume Containing Sixty Permanent Cabinet Photographs of the Officers of the British Army and Navy Who Lost Their Lives in the Zulu War, Biographical Notices, Detailed Accounts of the Various Engagements, Maps of the Country Showing the Movements of the Various Regiments in the Field, and Separate Records of the Services of Every British Officer Who Was Engaged / Compiled by J.P. Mackinnon ... and Sydney Shadlbolt. Sampson, Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington, 1880. p. 35-39, State Library of New South Wales, TQ047678
  2. ↑ Filon 1913, p. 7.
  3. ↑ Filon 1920, p. 292.
  4. ↑ Filon 1920, pp. 56–57, 84, 238, 272.
  5. 1 2 Echard 1985, p. 512.
  6. 1 2 Echard 1985, p. 513.
  7. ↑ Filon 1913, pp. 135–138.
  8. 1 2 3 Markham 1975, p. 210.
  9. ↑ Kurtz 1964, p. 299.
  10. ↑ Morris 1994, p. 529.
  11. ↑ Mwunzane's testimony in Ian Knight (ed) "Kill Me in the Shadows" in 'The Bowden Collection of Anglo-Zulu War Oral History' in Soldiers of the Queen 74 (September 1993) 17.
  12. ↑ Langalibalele's testimony, 1 June 1880, in Wood Collection (National Archives Depot, Pietermaritzburg) II/1/2, quoted in John Laband ' "He fought like a lion": An assessment of Zulu accounts of the death of the Prince Imperial of France during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879' (Society for Army Historical Research, Autumn 1998) Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 76 (307) 194 - 201 198 - 199, available online via JSTOR
  13. ↑ Morris 1994, p. 530.
  14. ↑ Langalibalele's testimony, 1 June 1880, Nyadana's testimony, 27 May 1880, & Mphalazi's testimony, 28 May 1880, in Wood Collection (National Archives Depot, Pietermaritzburg) II/1/2, quoted in John Laband ' "He fought like a lion": An assessment of Zulu accounts of the death of the Prince Imperial of France during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879' (Society for Army Historical Research, Autumn 1998) Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 76 (307) 194 - 201 198 - 199, available online via JSTOR
  15. ↑ Laband, John. ""He fought like a lion": An assessment of Zulu account of the death of the Prince Imperial of France during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879". Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. 76 (307): 194 - 201 196 - 197 via JSTOR citing a quote attributed to Surgeon-Major F B Scott in Charles L Norris-Newman, 'In Zululand with the British throughout the war of 1879' (London, 1880), appendix H, 301 - 302.
  16. ↑ Laband, John. ""He fought like a lion": An assessment of Zulu account of the death of the Prince Imperial of France during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879". Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. 76 (307): 194 - 201 200 - 201 via JSTOR citing Langalibalele's testimony, 1 June 1880 in Wood Collection (Natal Archives Depot, Pietermaritzburg), II/1/2.
  17. ↑ Klabawathunga's testimony, 26 May 1880, in Wood Collection (National Archives Depot, Pietermaritzburg) II/1/2, quoted in John Laband ' "He fought like a lion": An assessment of Zulu accounts of the death of the Prince Imperial of France during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879' (Society for Army Historical Research, Autumn 1998) Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 76 (307) 194 - 201 200, available online via JSTOR.
  18. ↑ Provan, Josh (30 May 2016). "Isandlwana, The Zulu Victory. Part 4". Adventures In Historyland. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  19. ↑ Laband, John. ""He fought like a lion": An assessment of Zulu account of the death of the Prince Imperial of France during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879". Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. 76 (307): 194 - 201 200 - 201 via JSTOR.
  20. ↑ "Definition of BUTYRIC FERMENTATION". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  21. ↑ Klabawathunga's testimony, 26 May 1880, in Wood Collection (National Archives Depot, Pietermaritzburg) II/1/2, quoted in John Laband ' "He fought like a lion": An assessment of Zulu accounts of the death of the Prince Imperial of France during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879' (Society for Army Historical Research, Autumn 1998) Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 76 (307) 194 - 201 200, available online via JSTOR.
  22. ↑ Testimonies of all nine of the Zulus interviewed on 27 May 1880, in Wood Collection (National Archives Depot, Pietermaritzburg) II/1/2, quoted in John Laband ' "He fought like a lion": An assessment of Zulu accounts of the death of the Prince Imperial of France during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879' (Society for Army Historical Research, Autumn 1998) Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research 76 (307) 194 - 201 200 - 201, available online via JSTOR
  23. ↑ "Battle Royal - Louis, Prince Imperial". Military History. 8 November 2018. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
  24. ↑ Laband, John (1998). ""He fought like a lion": An assessment of Zulu account of the death of the Prince Imperial of France during the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879". Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. 76 (307): 194–196. JSTOR 44230133 – via JSTOR.
  25. 1 2 3 Morris 1994, p. 537.
  26. ↑ Wolseley 1922, p. 44.
  27. ↑ "Funeral of the Late Prince Louis Napoleon: The Arrival of the Remains at Woolwich". The Graphic. 19 July 1879. Retrieved 24 December 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
  28. ↑ Historic England. "The Prince Imperial Monument (1186798)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 23 March 2022.
  29. ↑ "1880s". Western Bulldogs. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  30. ↑ "Solar System Exploration: Asteroids – Moons". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 2011. Archived from the original on 3 August 2004. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
  31. ↑ Arnold, Guy (1980). "Preface". Held Fast for England: G. A. Henty, Imperialist Boys Writer. London: Hamish Hamilton.
  32. ↑ "French Theater". glbtq.com. 2003. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  33. ↑ "Southampton Survivor of the Zulu War: Vivid Story of Final Battle At Ulundi". Southern Daily Echo. Southampton, UK. 30 December 1943.
  34. ↑ Death on a Pale Horse: Sherlock Holmes on Her Majesty's Secret Service (Pegasus, March 2013) ISBN 1-60598-394-2
  35. ↑ "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ↑ Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 273. ISBN 978-87-7674-434-2.
  37. ↑ "Seccion IV: Ordenes del Imperio", Almanaque imperial para el año 1866 (in Spanish), 1866, pp. 243–244, retrieved 29 April 2020
  38. ↑ "Condecorações de Napoleão III" [Decorations of Napoleon III]. Academia Falerística de Portugal (in Portuguese). 3 February 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  39. ↑ Cibrario, Luigi (1869). Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri [History of the Most Noble Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation. Summary of the statutes, catalog of knights] (in Italian). Eredi Botta. p. 116. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
  40. ↑ Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen (1867) (in German), "Königliche Ritter-Orden", p. 4
  41. ↑ "Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro", Guóa Oficial de España (in Spanish): 102, 1875, retrieved 4 March 2019
  42. ↑ Sveriges och Norges statskalender. Liberförlag. 1874. p. 468.

Bibliography

  • Balansó, Juan (mayo de 1999). "Capítulo VI. Las hijas de Isabel", Las perlas de la corona, 2ª edición, Plaza Janés, p. 126. ISBN 84-01-54071-2.
  • David, Saul Zulu. Penguin/Viking, 2004, pp 311–336.
  • Echard, William (1985). Historical Dictionary of the French Second Empire, 1852–1870. London: Greenwood Press.
  • Filon, Augustin (1913). Memoirs of the Prince imperial (1856-1879) from the French of Augustin Filon. London: W. Heinemann. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t4fn15x3g.
  • Filon, Augustin (1920). Recollections of the Empress Eugénie. London: Cassell and Company, Ltd. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
  • Kurtz, Harold (1964). The Empress Eugénie, 1826–1920. London: H. Hamilton.
  • Markham, Felix (1975). The Bonapartes. London: Taplinger Publishing Company.
  • Morris, Donald R. The Washing of the Spears. Simon & Schuster, 1965, pp 511–545.
  • Morris, Donald R. (1994). The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation Under Shaka and Its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879. London: Random House.
  • Wolseley, Garnet (1922). The Letters of Lord and Lady Wolseley, 1870–1911. London: Doubleday, Page, & Company.

Further reading

  • Ellen Barlee, Life of Napoleon, Prince Imperial of France, (London, 1889)
  • M. d'Hérrison, Le prince impérial, (Paris, 1890)
  • André Martinet, Le prince impérial, (Paris, 1895)
  • R. Minon, Les derniers jours du prince impérial sur le continent, (Paris, 1900)
  • Ernest Barthez, Empress Eugenie and her Circle, (New York, 1913)
  • Digby Hague-Holmes Napoleon the Fourth, (Farnborough, St. Michael's Abbey Press, 2016)
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