The approximate territorial distribution of the Slovenian language, and thus the Slovene lands as traditionally defined, shown in blue

The Slovene lands or Slovenian lands (Slovene: Slovenske dežele or in short Slovensko) is the historical[1] denomination for the territories in Central and Southern Europe where people primarily spoke Slovene. The Slovene lands were part of the Illyrian provinces, the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary (in Cisleithania). They encompassed Carniola, southern part of Carinthia, southern part of Styria, Istria, Gorizia and Gradisca, Trieste, and Prekmurje.[2] Their territory more or less corresponds to modern Slovenia and the adjacent territories in Italy, Austria, Hungary, and Croatia,[3] where autochthonous Slovene minorities live.[4] In the areas where present-day Slovenia borders to neighboring countries, they were never homogeneously ethnically Slovene.[5]

Terminology

Like the Slovaks, the Slovenes preserve the self-designation of the early Slavs as their ethnonym. The term Slovenia ("Slovenija") was not in use prior to the early 19th century, when it was coined for political purposes by the Slovene romantic nationalists, most probably by some pupils of the linguist Jernej Kopitar.[6] It started to be used only from the 1840s on, when the quest for a politically autonomous United Slovenia within the Austrian Empire was first advanced during the Spring of Nations. "Slovenia" became a de facto distinctive administrative and political entity for the first time in 1918, with the unilateral declaration of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.[7]

Although Slovenia did not exist as an autonomous administrative unit between 1921 and 1941, the Drava Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was frequently called simply "Slovenia", even in some official documents.[8][9][10]

Consequently, most Slovene scholars prefer to refer to the "Slovene lands" in English rather than "Slovenia" to describe the territory of modern Slovenia and neighbouring areas in earlier times. The use of the English term "Slovenia" is generally considered by Slovene scholars to be anachronistic due to its modern origin.[11]

Geographical extension

Peter Kosler's "Map of Slovene Land and Provinces", drawn during the Spring of Nations in 1848 and published only in 1861, was the first map of the Slovene lands as a territorial unit.

In the 19th century, the territories regarded as part of the Slovene lands were:[12]

The Žumberak and the area around Čabar, which today belong to Croatia, were long part of the Duchy of Carniola, and thus generally regarded as part of the Slovene lands, especially prior to the emergence of Romantic nationalism in the 19th century, when the exact ethnic border between Slovenes and Croats had not yet been specified.

Not all of the territories referred to as the "Slovene lands" have always had a Slovene-speaking majority. Several towns, especially in Lower Styria, maintained a German-speaking majority until the late 1910s, most notably Maribor, Celje and Ptuj.[13] The area around Kočevje in Lower Carniola, known as the Gottschee County, had a predominantly German-speaking population between the 14th century and 1941 when they were resettled in an agreement between Nazi German and Fascist Italian occupation forces.[14] A similar German "linguistic island" within an ethnically Slovene territory existed in what is now the Italian comune of Tarvisio, but used to belong to the Duchy of Carinthia until 1919.[15] The city of Trieste, whose municipal territory has been regarded by Slovenes to be an integral part of the Slovene lands, has always had a Romance-speaking majority (first Friulian, then Venetian and Italian).[16] A similar case is that of the town of Gorizia, which served as a major religious center of the Slovene lands for centuries, but was inhabited by a mixed Italian-Slovene-Friulian-German population.[17] The towns of Koper, Izola and Piran, surrounded by an ethnically Slovene population, were inhabited almost exclusively by Venetian-speaking Italians until the Istrian–Dalmatian exodus in the late 1940s and 1950s, as were large areas of the comune of Muggia. In southern Carinthia, a process of Germanization started by the end of the 1840s, creating several German-speaking areas within what had previously been a compact Slovene territory. Since the late 1950s, most of southern Carinthia has had a German-speaking majority, with the local Slovene minority living in a scattered pattern throughout the area.[18]

On the other hand, other areas with historically important Slovene communities, such as the Croatian cities of Rijeka and Zagreb, as well as the Slovene villages in the Somogy county of Hungary (the Somogy Slovenes), were never regarded to be part of the Slovene lands.[19] The same goes for the Slovene communities in south-west Friuli (in the villages of Gradisca, Gradiscutta, Gorizzo, Goricizza, Lestizza, and Belgrado in the lower Tagliamento area) which extinguished themselves by the end of the 16th century.[20]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lenarčič, Andrej (July 2010). "Peace Conference on Yugoslavia". Lives Journal. Revija SRP. 1 (2). ISSN 1855-8267. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-05-11.
  2. ↑ Lenček, Rado (1990). "Note: The Terms Wende - Winde, Wendisch - Windisch in the Historiographic Tradition of the Slovene Lands". Slovene Studies. 12 (1): 94.
  3. ↑ Clissold, Stephen; Clifford, Henry (1966). A Short History of Yugoslavia: from Early Times to 1966. p. 20. ISBN 9780521095310.
  4. ↑ Polšak, Anton (October 2010). "Slovenci v zamejstvu" (PDF). Seminar ZRSŠ: Drugačna geografija [ZRSŠ Seminary: A Different Geography]. Livške Ravne. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04.
  5. ↑ Vodopivec, Peter (2009). "Politics of History Education in Slovenia and Slovene History Textbooks since 1990". In Dimou, Augusta (ed.). "Transition" and the Politics of History Education in Southeast Europe. V&R unipress GmbH. p. 57. ISBN 978-3-89971-531-6.
  6. ↑ Ingrid Merchiers, Cultural Nationalism in the South Slav Habsburg Lands in the Early Nineteenth Century: the Scholarly Network of Jernej Kopitar (1780-1844) (Munich: O. Sagner, 2007)
  7. ↑ Jurij Perovšek, Slovenska osamosvojitev v letu 1918 (Ljubljana: Modrijan, 1998)
  8. ↑ Ivan Selan, Slovenija [Kartografsko gradivo]: Dravska banovina (Ljubljana: Kmetijska zbornica Dravske banovine, 1938)
  9. ↑ Vinko Vrhunec, Slovenija v šestletki cestnih del (Ljubljana: Banovinska uprava Dravske banovine, 1939)
  10. ↑ Andrej Gosar, Banovina Slovenija: politična, finančna in gospodarska vprašanja (Ljubljana: Dejanje, 1940)
  11. ↑ Peter Štih, Vasko Simoniti, Peter Vodopivec, Slowenische Geschichte: Gesellschaft - Politik - Kultur (Graz: Leykam, 2008)
  12. ↑ Branko Božič, Zgodovina slovenskega naroda (Ljubljana: Prešernova družba, 1969)
  13. ↑ Janez Cvirn: Trdnjavski trikotnik (Maribor: Obzorja, 1997)
  14. ↑ Mitja Ferenc, Kočevska: izgubljena kulturna dediščina kočevskih Nemcev (Ljubljana: Muzej novejše zgodovine, 1993)
  15. ↑ Tina Bahovec, Das österreichisch-italienisch-slovenische Dreiländereck: Ursachen und Folgen der nationalstaatlichen Dreiteilung einer Region (Klagenfurt - Ljubljana: Hermagoras/Mohorjeva, 2006)
  16. ↑ Jože Pirjevec, "Trst je naš!" Boj Slovencev za morje (1848-1954) (Ljubljana: Nova revija, 2008)
  17. ↑ Aldo Rupel et al., Krajevni leksikon Slovencev v Italiji (Trieste - Duino: SLORI, 1995)
  18. ↑ Andreas Moritsch & Thomas M. Barker, The Slovene Minority of Carinthia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984)
  19. ↑ Etnologija Slovencev na Madžarskem = A Magyarországi szlovének néprajza (Budapest: A Magyar Néprajzi Társaság, 1997
  20. ↑ Ferdo Gestrin, Slovanske migracije v Italijo (Ljubljana: Slovenska matica, 1998)

Further reading

  • Bogo Grafenauer, Slovensko narodno vprašanje in slovenski zgodovinski položaj (Ljubljana: Slovenska matica, 1987)
  • Josip Gruden & Josip Mal, Zgodovina slovenskega naroda I.-II. (Celje: Mohorjeva družba, 1992-1993)
  • Janko Prunk, A brief history of Slovenia: Historical background of the Republic of Slovenia (Ljubljana: Mihelač, 1994)
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