Naqadeh
Persian: نقده
City
Naqadeh is located in Iran
Naqadeh
Naqadeh
Coordinates: 36°57′17″N 45°23′17″E / 36.95472°N 45.38806°E / 36.95472; 45.38806[1]
Country Iran
ProvinceWest Azerbaijan
CountyNaqadeh
DistrictCentral
Population
 (2016)[2]
 • Total81,598
Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)

Naqadeh (Persian: نقده; Azerbaijani: سۇلدۇز;[3] Kurdish: نه‌غه‌ده‌, romanized: Nexede), formerly known as Sulduz,[4] is a city in the Central District of Naqadeh County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran, and serves as capital of both the county and the district.[5]

At the 2006 census, its population was 72,975 in 18,320 households.[6] The following census in 2011 counted 75,550 people in 21,283 households.[7] The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 81,598 people in 24,482 households.[2]

Etymology

Naqadeh is the current name of the town (and county). The former name, known as Solduz (also spelled Sulduz, in Kurdish: Sundus), in reference to the Mongol[8] Sulduz tribe, may have replaced an older name (now lost) during the reign of the Ilkhanid ruler Ghazan in 1303.[9]

Geography

Naqadeh is situated on the bank of the Bayzawa river, encompassing an old artificial mound. The county in which Naqadeh is located is to the south-west of Lake Urmia on the lower course of the Gadar river.[9]

Naqadeh is in the midst of the counties of Orumieh, Piranshahr, Mahabad and Oshnavieh, and is the axis of communications due to its position.[10]

Demographics

The town has a Shia Azerbaijani (Karapapakh) majority, with a Sunni Kurdish minority. The main Kurdish tribes are the Mamash and Zerza, while the Mangur and Mamachi tribe have had a historical presence in the town. Assyrians and Jews formerly populated the town as well.[11] The Lazarist missionary movement led by Augustin-Pierre Cluzel was moreover active in the town in the 1840s.[12] Before the 19th century, the town was mostly Kurdish, before the Karapapakhs were settled in the town. In the 1930s, Shahsevans from Hashtrud arrived to the town as well.[11]

In 1979, it was estimated that Azerbaijanis constituted 65% of the population, while the remaining portion was Kurdish.[13] In 1985, researcher Richard Tapper stated that the Azerbaijanis were nearly Kurdified culturally and linguistically.[14]

History

In 1303, during the reign of Ilkhanid ruler Ghazan, the area comprising Naqadeh County was distributed in fiefs.[9] According to the orientalist Vladimir Minorsky (died 1966), citing the 16th-century Kurdish prince and writer Sharafkhan Bidlisi, during the rule of the Turkoman Aq Qoyunlu and Qara Qoyunlu (in about the 15th century), "i.e. Jong after the Čōbānīs had disappeared", the Kurds of the Mukri occupied the county of Naqadeh, and its old inhabitants were most likely "reduced to servitude".[9] Minorsky, citing a mutilated and undated part of Bidlisi's work, narrates that a certain Budak of the Kurdish Baban tribe captured the county in which Naqadeh is located from the Qizilbash.[9] This event may refer to one of the abrupt outbursts of skirmishes which occurred on the Safavid frontier.[9]

In 1828, following the Treaty of Turkmenchay, Iranian crown prince Abbas Mirza handed over the district in which Naqadeh is situated as a fief to 800 Turkic Karapapakh families and these new settlers, in return, had to have 400 horsemen ready for disposal for the government. Just prior to their arrival, the district had a population of 4–5,000 families of both Kurds and Muqaddam Shia Turks. The district would gradually fall into the hands of the Karapapakh newcomers.[9] The state-supported Karapapakh consolidated their power quickly by attacking the Kurdish Mangur and Zerza tribes.[11]

In 1914, 80 Assyrian families were left in the town, and 120 Jewish families of which most have since then migrated to Israel.[9] The Jews of Naqadeh County were "probably the oldest element in the present population" of the county.[9] In 1917, there were 598 Assyrians in 108 families at Sulduz; 35 were elderly, 60 were orphans, and 84 were able-bodied.[15]

During the Ottoman occupation from 1908 to 1912, the Karapapakh population suffered considerably as they were seen as Iranian agents. The Ottomans attempted to destroy the tribal structure and free the rayah of the town. The town would change hands between the Ottomans and the Russians in this period, until the Iranians took control in 1919.[9]

Ethnic relations were friendlier despite clashes during the 1940s when the town was part of the short-lived Republic of Mahabad.[16]

The local Azerbaijanis were favored by the state and dominated the town politically and socially, which added to the ethnic violence in the town. Kurdish separatism and the political demands by Kurds were a source of concern for the Azerbaijanis, fearing the loss of influence in the region. In April 1979, after the Iranian Revolution, the two ethnic groups clashed in the town and about 100 to 300 people were killed. The reason for the clashes was the relatively liberal political atmosphere in the country which pushed the Kurds to openly aspire for self-governance. The new government furthermore recruited local Shia Azerbaijanis to the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps which went on to massacre the Kurds of nearby Qarna, Qalat and Egriqash.[17]

In recent years, nationalist Azerbaijani events have been repressed by the state, while Kurdish nationalism has become more radical as seen with the attraction among the youth towards the Kurdistan Free Life Party.[18]

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ↑ OpenStreetMap contributors (7 March 2023). "Naqadeh, Naqadeh County" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  2. 1 2 "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 04. Archived from the original (Excel) on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  3. ↑ تاریخچه و نقشه جامع شهر نقده در ویکی آنا
  4. ↑ Naqadeh can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3076454" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
  5. ↑ Habibi, Hassan (7 July 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the country divisions of West Azerbaijan province, centered in the city of Urmia". Lamtakam (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
  6. ↑ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 04. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  7. ↑ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 04. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  8. ↑ Minorsky, V. (1997). "Sulduz". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume IX: San–Sze (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-10422-8.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Minorsky (2014).
  10. ↑ "Naqadeh city, West Azerbaijan - ITTO".
  11. 1 2 3 Mohséni (2018), p. 219.
  12. ↑ Flynn, Thomas S. R. O. (2017). The Western Christian Presence in the Russias and Qājār Persia, C. 1760-C. 1870. Brill Publishers. p. 740. ISBN 9789004163997.
  13. ↑ Franz, Erhard (1981). Minderheiten in Iran: Dokumentation zur Ethnographie und Politik. Deutsches Orient-Institut, Dokumentations-Leitstelle Moderner Orient. p. 39. ISBN 9783886930081.
  14. ↑ Tappeh, R. (1985). "AZERBAIJAN vi. Population and its Occupations and Culture". Encyclopedia Iranica. III.
  15. ↑ Ishaya (2010), pp. 233–234.
  16. ↑ Mohséni (2018), p. 212.
  17. ↑ Mohséni (2018), pp. 219 & 224.
  18. ↑ Mohséni (2018), pp. 230–231.

Bibliography

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