The "Ainulindalë" (Quenya: [ˌai̯nuˈlindalɛ]; "Music of the Ainur") is the creation account in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium, published posthumously as the first part of The Silmarillion in 1977. The "Ainulindalë" sets out a central part of the cosmology of Tolkien's legendarium, telling how the Ainur, a class of angelic beings, perform a great music prefiguring the creation of the material universe, Eä, including Middle-Earth. The creator Eru Ilúvatar introduces the theme of the sentient races of Elves and Men, not anticipated by the Ainur, and gives physical being to the prefigured universe. Some of the Ainur decide to enter the physical world to prepare for their arrival, becoming the Valar and Maiar.
Tolkien wrote the initial version of the "Ainulindalë" between November 1919 and the spring of 1920 as "Music of the Ainur", and then completely rewrote it in 1930. He continued to make further revisions throughout his life. The early version was eventually published by his son Christopher in The Book of Lost Tales 1.
Context
J. R. R. Tolkien was an English author and philologist of ancient Germanic languages, specialising in Old English, and a devout Roman Catholic; he spent much of his career as a professor at the University of Oxford.[1] He is best known for his novels about his invented Middle-earth, The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. He described The Lord of the Rings as "a fundamentally religious and Catholic work", rich in Christian symbolism.[T 1] He however spent much of his life working on his Middle-earth legendarium, which remained unpublished in his lifetime. That large body of stories was edited after his death by his son Christopher, initially in 1977 as a single text, The Silmarillion, containing a version of the "Ainulindalë".[T 2] That was followed, between 1983 and 1996, by the twelve volumes of The History of Middle-earth, which revealed and annotated the many drafts of the overlapping stories of the legendarium, including other versions of the "Ainulindalë".[2]
| Age | Silmarillion section | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Creation | "Ainulindalë" | The music of creation. Melkor strikes a discordant note but is unable to prevent Eru and the singing of the Valar from creating Arda. |
| ——— | Valaquenta | A description of the pantheon of the Valar |
| Years of the Lamps | Quenta Silmarillion | Melkor destroys the Two Lamps; Aman and Middle-earth are created; the Valar move to Aman. |
| Years of the Trees | Yavanna creates the Two Trees of Valinor to restore light to the world; the Elves awaken; Melkor (Morgoth) steals the Silmarils, and Ungoliant kills the Two Trees of Valinor. | |
| First Age | Elves fight Morgoth in Beleriand; Eru intervenes, banishing Morgoth and destroying Beleriand. | |
| Second Age | Akallabêth | The people of Númenor become too proud; their island is drowned. |
| Second Age/ Third Age | Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age | A description of the forging of the Rings of Power and the destruction of the One Ring, as described in The Lord of the Rings |
Synopsis
The "Ainulindalë" recounts the creation of Arda by the deity Eru Ilúvatar. The story begins with a description of the Ainur as "children of Ilúvatar's thought". They are taught the art of music, which becomes the subject of their immortal lives. The Ainur sing alone or in small groups about themes given to each of them by Ilúvatar, who proposes a "great" plan for them all: a collaborative symphony where they would sing together in harmony. Although the Ainur embody Ilúvatar's thoughts, they are expected to use their freedom to assist the development of the "great" plan.
The most powerful of the Ainur, Melkor, is introduced to the music. Although his "loud, and vain" music disrupts the harmony, Ilúvatar stands, smiles and raises his left hand to begin a new theme. When Melkor again spoils the second theme, Ilúvatar rises sternly and raises his right hand to begin a third. Melkor tries to corrupt this theme with the volume of his music, but it is powerful enough to prevent him from succeeding. Ilúvatar ends the music, chastises Melkor and leaves the Ainur to their thoughts.
The deity takes the Ainur to see how music, at the end of the Void, created Arda. When the third theme results in the arrival of the Children of Ilúvatar, the Elves and the Men, many Ainur want to go into the world to visit them. Although Melkor was the first of the Ainur to be named, Ulmo was the first to take action in Arda. Despite Melkor's efforts, Ulmo's water cannot be ruined by heat or cold; he and Manwë are revealed as the primary agents of Ilúvatar's plans.
Some Ainur remain in the Timeless Halls with Ilúvatar, and others go into Arda as the Valar and Maiar. The Ainur begin to prepare for the arrival of the Children of Ilúvatar; Melkor repeatedly thwarts their preparations, desiring to rule Arda. Manwë summons the Ainur to resist Melkor, who retreats. When the Valar later assume bodily form, the first war of Eä begins, but Manwë's efforts make the Earth habitable for Elves and Men.
Writing
Tolkien initially intended the "Ainulindalë" ("The Music of the Ainur") to be part of The Book of Lost Tales, which he wrote in the 1910s and 1920s.[T 3] In a letter to Christopher Bretherton, dated 16 July 1964, Tolkien stated that he had written the first version of the "Ainulindalë" between November 1918 and the spring of 1920, while he was working on the Oxford English Dictionary.[T 4]
The first draft of the story, written in pencil, does not vary significantly from the published version; future changes involved the addition of Manwë and Aulë.[T 5] The narrator in the earlier version is the elf Rúmil of Tirion and the language differs from that of the Silmarillion version. "Melkor" is spelt "Melko", and Ilúvatar weeps before he creates the third theme. At the end is a section about the Valar, which was later moved to the "Valaquenta".[T 5]
Tolkien abandoned the "Ainulindalë" for many years. Although it did not appear in the "Sketch of the Mythology", in which he summarised his legendarium in 1926,[T 6] the subject was briefly mentioned in "Annals of Valinor" and "Quenta Silmarillion". Tolkien rewrote "The Music of the Ainur" during the 1930s, leaving most of its storyline intact.[T 7]
In 1946, while he was drafting The Lord of the Rings, Tolkien wrote a new version of the "Ainulindalë" of which only half a torn page survives. His legendarium then changed radically, so that Arda had always existed, the Sun existed when the world was formed, and the Moon was formed as a result of Melkor's destruction.[T 8] Tolkien's concept of the Lamps of the Valar was abandoned in favour of a more coherent creation myth, with scientific elements. The idea of a spherical world was abandoned after a reader said that she preferred a flat one.[T 9][T 10]
In 1948 Tolkien began a new version, eliminating mentions of the Sun and the Moon, and introducing the concept that Ilúvatar created the world after the visions of the Ainur died away. In this version, which added several new details,[T 11] the story is framed by a fictional narrator, the elf Pengoloð.[T 12]
Analysis
The "Ainulindalë", written early in Tolkien's career, demonstrates the importance of music in his legendarium.[3] According to John Gardner, "Music is the central symbol and the total myth of The Silmarillion, a symbol that becomes interchangeable with light (music's projection)."[4] The scholar Verlyn Flieger, too, stresses the pervasive themes of music and light from the creation onwards.[5][6]
"The Music of the Ainur", as it appears in The Book of Lost Tales, is based on Norse mythology. Like Hesiod's Theogony or the Gylfaginning in the Prose Edda, it answers questions of cosmogony,[7] and story's style has been compared to that of old Norse texts. Although the wording differs substantially, the Valar and the Æsir are alike in influencing the world and being influenced by their actions; Manwë has been compared to Odin in this context.[8]
Despite the story's Norse pagan elements, such as the Ainur performing the creative work of Ilúvatar, other aspects of the "Ainulindalë" reflect Tolkien's Catholicism.[9] His pre-Christian story[9] has been called "Tolkien's Genesis essay";[10] according to another source, "The Biblical parallels evinced by the creation account of the Ainulindalë ... are inescapable."[11]
The Tolkien scholar Marjorie Burns, who studied the different versions of the "Ainulindalë", said that Tolkien increasingly Christianised the Valar and reduced the influence of Norse mythology in successive revisions.[12] In the story, Tolkien expresses a global view of Christianity, with good and evil parallelling the stories in the Book of Genesis.[13] As Tolkien has Elrond say in "The Council of Elrond" in The Lord of the Rings, "For nothing is evil in the beginning. Even Sauron was not so."[T 13] In the "Ainulindalë", Ilúvatar creates everything good; evil intrudes later.[14] Though evil is brought about in the creation song by Melkor's pride, Ilúvatar incorporates it into the conclusion of his divine plan. The theme of evil being a perversion of good correlates to Christian theology regarding the existence of evil in a world made by a benevolent creator. Even Melkor's pride is Eru's will. As Eru himself declares "no theme may be played that hath not its uttermost source in me, nor can any alter the music in my despite".[15]
Reception and legacy
Although commentary on The Silmarillion has primarily focused on the work as a whole, the reaction to the "Ainulindalë" has been generally positive. Joseph Pearce, a Roman Catholic commentator, called it "the most important part of The Silmarillion" and said, "The myth of creation is perhaps the most significant and most beautiful of Tolkien's works."[16] The scholar of humanities Brian Rosebury considered the "Ainulindalë" a success, with "appropriately 'scriptural'" prose.[17] Several Jesuits have praised the story; James V. Schall said, "I have never read anything as beautiful as the first page of The Silmarillion" and Robert Murray said, "In all literature, from the formation of the sacred books of humanity, it is very difficult to find a comparable mythological story of creation by its beauty and imaginative power."[16]
According to Fantasy Literature: A Core Collection and Reference Guide, "Every part of [The Silmarillion] benefits from the power and audacity of imaginative genius Tolkien and his brilliant style" and the "Ainulindalë" has "organ tones".[18] Although Ralph C. Wood called it "one of the finest and most original of [Tolkien's] writings",[13] the stylistic differences between this story and the rest of The Silmarillion have been the subject of debate.[19]
The American opera singer Adam C. J. Klein composed an opera, Leithian, based on The Silmarillion,[20] while the American contemporary classical composer Frank Felice wrote an orchestral version of the "Ainulindalë".[21] According to the Tolkien scholar Colin Duriez, the "Ainulindalë" may have inspired C. S. Lewis to have his fictional world of Narnia created from a song.[22]
References
Primary
- ↑ Carpenter 1981, Letter 142 to Robert Murray, 2 December 1953
- 1 2 Tolkien 1977
- ↑ Tolkien 1984, p. 67
- ↑ Carpenter 1981, letter 257 to Christopher Bretherton, 16 July 1964
- 1 2 Tolkien 1984, pp. 88–90. Christopher Tolkien described the difference between the initial and final versions of the "Ainulindalë".
- ↑ Tolkien 1986, p. 42
- ↑ Tolkien 1987, p. 155
- ↑ Tolkien 1993, pp. 4–6
- ↑ Tolkien 1993, pp. 4–6
- ↑ Tolkien 1993, pp. 369–371
- ↑ Tolkien 1993, pp. 3–44
- ↑ Tolkien 1993, pp. 29–30
- ↑ Tolkien 1954a, book 2, ch. 2 "The Council of Elrond"
Secondary
- ↑ Carpenter 1977, pp. 111, 200, 266.
- ↑ "The History of Middle-earth". An Illustrated Tolkien Bibliography. TolkienBooks.net. 2014. Retrieved 16 July 2014.
- ↑ Eden, Bradford Lee (2004). "The Music of the Spheres: Relationship between Tolkien's Silmarillion and Medieval Religious and Cosmological Theory" in Chance 2002.
- ↑ Gardner 1977.
- ↑ Flieger 2005, chapter 1, and throughout.
- ↑ Flieger 1983, pp. 44–49, and throughout.
- ↑ Le Berre 2004, p. 344.
- ↑ Vos 2011.
- 1 2 Gough 1999.
- ↑ Bramlett & Christopher 2007, p. 36.
- ↑ Fisher 2011, p. 47.
- ↑ Burns, Marjorie. "All in One, One in All" in Agøy 1998.
- 1 2 Wood 2003, p. 11.
- ↑ Rosebury, Brian. "Good and Evil" in Drout 2007, p. 250.
- ↑ Degani, Jason (2005). "Of Faith and Fairy-story" (PDF). The Gray Book Online Journals of Middle Earth. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-07-06.
- 1 2 Pearce 1998, pp. 87–89.
- ↑ Rosebury 1992, p. 97.
- ↑ Tymn, Zahorski & Boyer 1979, p. 167.
- ↑ Smith 1986, p. 866.
- ↑ Eden 2010, p. 161.
- ↑ Eden 2010, p. 164.
- ↑ Bramlett & Christopher 2007, pp. 141–142, citing Duriez 1992.
Sources
- Agøy, Nils Ivar, ed. (1998). Between Faith and Fiction. Tolkien and the Powers of His World. Oslo. ISBN 978-91-973500-0-6.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Bramlett, Perry C.; Christopher, Joe R. (2007). I Am in Fact a Hobbit: An Introduction to the Life and Works of J. R. R. Tolkien. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-86554-894-7.
- Carpenter, Humphrey (1977). J. R. R. Tolkien: A Biography. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-0-04-928037-3.
- Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (1981). The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-31555-2.
- Chance, Jane (2002). Tolkien the Medievalist. Studies in Medieval Religion. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-28944-3.
- Drout, Michael D.C, ed. (2007). J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203961513. ISBN 978-0-415-96942-0.
- Duriez, Colin (1992). The J. R. R. Tolkien Handbook. Baker Books. ISBN 978-0-8010-3014-7.
- Eden, Bradford Lee (2010). Middle-earth Minstrel: Essays on Music in Tolkien. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-4814-2.
- Fisher, Jason (2011). Tolkien and the Study of His Sources: Critical Essays. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-6482-1.
- Flieger, Verlyn (1983). Splintered Light: Logos and Language in Tolkien's World. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 978-0-802-81955-0.
- Flieger, Verlyn (2005). Interrupted Music: The Making Of Tolkien's Mythology. Kent State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87338-824-5.
- Gardner, John (12 October 1977). "The World of Tolkien". The New York Times Book Review.
- Gough, John (1999). "Tolkien's Creation Myth in The Silmarillion—Northern or Not?". Children's Literature in Education. 30 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1023/A:1022476101121. S2CID 141295897.
- Le Berre, Aline (2004). From Prometheus to the steam engine Cosmogonies and myths through time and space. Presses Universitaires de Limoges. ISBN 978-2-84287-336-3.
- Pearce, Joseph (1998). Tolkien: Man and Myth. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-274018-0.
- Rosebury, Brian (1992). Tolkien: A Critical Assessment. St. Martin's. ISBN 978-0-333-53896-8.
- Tymn, Marshall B.; Zahorski, Kenneth J.; Boyer, Robert H. (1979). Fantasy Literature: A Core Collection and Reference Guide. R. R. Bowker. ISBN 978-0-8352-1153-6.
- Smith, Curtis C. (1986). Twentieth-century fiction writers. St. James Press. ISBN 978-0-912289-27-4.
- Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954a). The Fellowship of the Ring. The Lord of the Rings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 9552942.
- Tolkien, J. R. R. (1977). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The Silmarillion. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-25730-2.
- Tolkien, J. R. R. (1984). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The Book of Lost Tales. Vol. 1. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-35439-0.
- Tolkien, J. R. R. (1986). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The Shaping of Middle-earth. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-42501-5.
- Tolkien, J. R. R. (1987). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The Lost Road and Other Writings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-45519-7.
- Tolkien, J. R. R. (1993). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). Morgoth's Ring. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-68092-1.
- Vos, Holger (2011). Die Weltdeutung im 'Silmarillion' von J. R. R. Tolkien (in German). Grin Verlag. ISBN 978-3-640-81106-9.
- Wood, Ralph C. (2003). The Gospel According to Tolkien: Visions of the Kingdom in Middle-earth. Louisville, Kentucky: John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22610-7.